يوري أوغانيسيان

(تم التحويل من Yuri Oganessian)
في هذا article، اسم الأب هو Tsolakovich and the family name is Oganessian.
Yuri Oganessian
Юрий Оганесян
Yuri Oganessian.jpg
Oganessian in 2016
وُلِدَ14 أبريل 1933 (العمر 91 سنة)
Rostov-on-Don, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
الجنسيةSoviet Union, Russia, Armenia[1][2]
المدرسة الأمMoscow Engineering Physics Institute
اللقبCo-discoverer of the heaviest elements in the periodic table; element oganesson named after him
الجوائزLomonosov Gold Medal (2017)
Demidov Prize (2019)
السيرة العلمية
المجالاتNuclear physics[3]
الهيئاتFlerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

يوري تسولاكوڤتش أوگانيسيان (روسية: Юрий Цолакович Оганесян [ˈjʉrʲɪj t͡sɐˈlakəvʲɪt͡ɕ ɐgənʲɪˈsʲan]؛ بالأرمينية: Յուրի Ցոլակի Օգանեսյան،[أ] born 14 April 1933) is a Soviet, Armenian and Russian nuclear physicist who is best known as a researcher of superheavy chemical elements.[7] He participated with the discovery of multiple elements of the periodic table.[8][9] He succeeded Georgy Flyorov as director of the Flyorov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in 1989 and is now its scientific director.[10] The heaviest element known of the periodic table, oganesson, is named after him, only the second time that an element was named after a living person (the other being seaborgium).[7]

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Personal life

Yuri Tsolakovich Oganessian was born in Rostov-on-Don, Russian SFSR, USSR on 14 April 1933[11] to Armenian parents.[12][13] His father was from Iğdır (now in Turkey),[14] while his mother was from Armavir in what is now Russia's Krasnodar Krai.[15] Oganessian spent his childhood in Yerevan, the capital of Soviet Armenia, where his family relocated in 1939. His father, Tsolak, a thermal engineer, was invited to work on the synthetic rubber plant in Yerevan. After the Eastern Front of World War II commenced, his family decided to not return to Rostov since it was occupied by Germans. Yuri attended and finished school in Yerevan.[15][4][14] He initially wanted to become a painter.[14]

Oganessian was married to Irina Levonovna (1932–2010), a violinist and a music teacher in Dubna,[16][17] with whom he had two daughters.[18][19] As of 2017, his daughters resided in the U.S.[20]

Oganessian speaks Russian, Armenian,[14] and English.[21][22]


السيرة

"A remarkable physicist and experimentalist… his work is characterised by originality, an ability to approach a problem from an unexpected side, and to achieve an ultimate result."

 —Flyorov on Oganessian, 1990[7]

Oganessian relocated to Russia, where he graduated from the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) in 1956.[9][11] He thereafter sought to join the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy in Moscow, but as there were no vacancies left in Gersh Budker's team, he was instead recruited by Georgy Flyorov and began working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, near Moscow.[7][11]

He became director of the Flyorov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at JINR in 1989, after Flyorov retired, and had the job until 1996, when he was named the scientific director of the Flyorov laboratory.[10]

اكتشاف عناصر كيميائية فائقة الثقل

During the 1970s, Oganessian invented the "cold fusion" method[7] (unrelated to the unproven energy-producing process cold fusion), a technique to produce transactinide elements (superheavy elements). It was crucial for the discoveries of elements from 106 to 113.[7] From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s, the partnership of JINR, directed by Oganessian, and the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Germany, resulted in the discovery of six chemical elements (107 to 112): bohrium,[23][24][11] meitnerium, hassium,[25] darmstadtium, roentgenium, and copernicium.[7]

His newer technique, termed "hot fusion" (also unrelated to nuclear fusion as an energy process), helped to discover elements 113 to 118, completing the seventh row of the periodic table.[7] The technique involved bombarding calcium into targets containing heavier radioactive elements that are rich in neutrons at a cyclotron.[26] The elements discovered using this method are nihonium (2003; also discovered by Riken in Japan using cold fusion),[27] flerovium (1999),[28] moscovium (2003),[29] livermorium (2000),[30] tennessine (2009),[31] and oganesson (2002).[32]

Recognition

American chemist Sherry Yennello has called him the "grandfather of superheavy elements".[7] Oganessian is the author of three discoveries, a monograph, 11 inventions, and more than 300 scientific papers.[9]

Oganessian has been considered worthy of a Nobel laureate in Chemistry,[33] including by Alexander Sergeev, former head of the Russian Academy of Sciences.[34]

Oganesson

During early 2016, science writers and bloggers speculated that one of the superheavy elements would be named oganessium or oganesson.[35] The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) announced in November 2016 that element 118 would be named oganesson to honor Oganessian.[36][37][38] It was first observed in 2002 at JINR, by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. Directed by Oganessian, the team included American scientists of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California.[39] Prior to this announcement, a dozen elements had been named after people,[ب] but of those, only seaborgium was likewise named while its namesake (Glenn T. Seaborg) was alive.[7] As Seaborg died in 1999, Oganessian is the only currently living namesake of an element.[40][41][42]

Honors and awards

In 1990, he was elected Corresponding Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and in 2003 a Full Member (Academician) of the Russian Academy of Sciences.[11]

Oganessian has honorary degrees from Goethe University Frankfurt (2002),[43] University of Messina (2009),[44] and Yerevan State University (2022).[45] In 2019, he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of St Catharine's College, Cambridge.[46]

State awards

Professional awards

Recognition in Armenia

Oganessian was granted Armenian citizenship in July 2018 by Premier Nikol Pashinyan.[58] Oganessian is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Foundation for Armenian Science and Technology (FAST). He is also the chairman of the international scientific board of the Alikhanian National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute).[59] In 2017 HayPost issued a postage stamp dedicated to Oganessian.[60] In 2022 the Central Bank of Armenia issued a silver commemorative coin dedicated to Oganessian and the element oganesson (Og).[61] In April 2022 he was named honorary professor of Yerevan State University.[45]

Selected publications

  • Oganessian, Yuri (13 September 2001). "Nuclear physics: Sizing up the heavyweights". Nature. 413 (6852): 122–125. Bibcode:2001Natur.413..122O. doi:10.1038/35093194. PMID 11557964. S2CID 4414134.


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Notes

  1. ^ بالأرمينية: Յուրի Ցոլակի Հովհաննիսյան Yuri Ts‘olaki Hovhannisyan [juˈɾi t͡sʰɔlɑˈki hɔvhɑnnisˈjɑn].[4][5] أوگانيسيان هو النسخة المروْسسة للقب العائلة الأرمني هوڤهانيسيان. المقالة عن أوگانيسيان في الموسوعة السوڤيتية الأرمنية (1980) described him as an "Armenian Soviet physicist".[6]
  2. ^ 12 other elements named in honor of people: curium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium, lawrencium, rutherfordium, seaborgium, bohrium, meitnerium, roentgenium, copernicium; in addition, the intention behind the name flerovium was to honour Flerov.

المراجع

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    Александр Сергеев: Конечно, кандидатура достойнейшая. Очень надеюсь, что ему поможет наступающий год, который Генеральная ассамблея ООН объявила Годом Периодической таблицы химических элементов.
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قالب:People whose names are used in chemical element names

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