انسحاب جو بايدن من الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2024

رسالة الرئيس بايدن بشأن تعليق حملته الانتخابية.
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الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2024
الحزب الديمقراطي
الحزب الجمهوري
الأحزاب الثالثة
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في 21 يوليو 2024، أعلن جو بايدن، رئيس الولايات المتحدة الحالي، انسحابه من الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2024 في بيان على وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي.[1] وأيد نائبته كمالا هاريس كمرشحة للحزب الديمقراطي في الانتخابات بدلاً منه.[2]

في 25 أبريل 2023، أعلن بايدن عزمه الترشح لفترة رئاسية ثانية، مع هاريس مرة أخرى كمرشحة لمنصب نائب الرئيس.[3] ومع ذلك، ظهرت مخاوف حول الحالة الصحية لبايدن أثناء رئاسته، وخاصة فيما يتعلق بعمره وقدرته على الترشح لولاية ثانية. وتصاعدت هذه المخاوف في يونيو 2024، بعد مناظرة بين بايدن ومرشح الحزب الجمهوري دونالد ترمپ. وتعرض أداء بايدن لانتقادات واسعة النطاق، حيث قال المعلقون أنه كثيراً ما فقد تركيزه وأعطى إجابات غير متناسقة، وكان مظهره متعثرًا، وتحدث بصوت أجش، وفشل في تذكر الإحصائيات أو التعبير عن رأيه بشكل متماسك في عدة مناسبات.[4] واجه بايدن بعد ذلك دعوات للانسحاب من السباق الانتخابي من زملائه الديمقراطيين،[5] ومجالس تحارير العديد من الوسائل الإخبارية الكبرى.[6][7] بحلول 19 يوليو، طالبه أكثر من 30 من كبار الديمقراطيين بالانسحاب.[8]

وعلى الرغم من الدعوات العديدة له للانسحاب، أصر بايدن مرارًا وتكرارًا على أنه سيظل مرشحًا.[9] إلا أنه، في 21 يوليو، نشر بايدن رسالة موقعة على حسابه على إكس يعلن فيها انسحابه من الانتخابات، وكتب أن هذا "في مصلحة حزبي ومصلحة البلاد".[10][11] كان بايدن أول رئيس شاغر ينسحب من السباق الانتخابي منذ لندون جونسون عام 1968، وأول رئيس منذ القرن التاسع عشر ينسحب بعد فترة ولاية واحدة فقط،[أ] والأول على الإطلاق الذي ينسحب بعد فوزه في الانتخابات التمهيدية.[12][14]

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خلفية

رؤساء سابقون لم يخوضوا انتخابات لفترة ثانية

Most sitting US presidents who completed one full term chose to run for a second. The following presidents were eligible for reelection after completing a full term in office, but chose not to run:[15]

Passed by Congress in 1947 and ratified by the states in 1951, the 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution imposes a term limit of two terms on presidents.[ب] Prior to the term limit, an informal two-term tradition was generally followed by many presidents after a precedent set by George Washington, who chose not to run for re-election after serving two terms.

Joe Biden 2013.jpg هذا المقال هو جزء من
سلسلة عن
جو بايدن
الحالي
نائب رئيس الولايات المتحدة
الحملات الرئاسية
حملات انتخابات نائب الرئيس
جدل
الأعمال المنشورة

جو بايدن's signature

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ترشح بايدن

المقالة الرئيسية: حملة جو بايدن الرئاسية 2024

On April 25, 2023, after months of speculation,[16][17] President Joe Biden confirmed he would run for reelection as president in the 2024 United States presidential election, with Vice President Kamala Harris again as his running mate. The campaign launched four years to the day after the start of his 2020 presidential campaign.[3] On the day of his announcement, a Gallup poll found that Biden's approval rating was 37 percent, with most of those surveyed saying the economy was their biggest concern.[18] During his campaign, Biden promoted higher economic growth and recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic.[19][20] He frequently stated his intention to "finish the job" as a political rallying cry.[3][21][22]

Biden made protecting American democracy a central focus of his campaign,[23][24] along with restoring the federal right to abortion following the Supreme Court's overturning of Roe v. Wade.[25] He also intended to increase funding for border patrol and security,[25][26] and increase funding for law enforcement coupled with police reform.[27] Biden promised to support, protect and expand LGBT rights[25] and frequently touted his previous passage of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, the Chips and Science Act, and the Inflation Reduction Act's landmark[28][29] investment to combat climate change.[30]

Biden made strengthening U.S. alliances a key goal of his foreign policy[31] and promised to continue supporting Ukraine following the Russian invasion of the country and Israel following their war with Hamas, describing them as "vital" to U.S. national security interests. Biden promised to continue efforts to tackle gun violence and defend the Affordable Care Act following comments from Donald Trump suggesting he would repeal the law.[32][25] Biden proposed increasing taxes on the wealthy through a "billionaire minimum income tax" to reduce the deficit and fund social services for the poor.[33][25]

Biden's trade policy was described as rejecting traditional neoliberal economic policy and the Washington Consensus that resulted in the offshoring of manufacturing and thus resulted in increased populist backlash.[34] Biden proposed and enacted targeted tariffs against strategic Chinese industries to protect manufacturing jobs and counter China's technological and military ambitions.[35] Biden was not on the ballot in the January 23, New Hampshire primary, but he won it in a write-in campaign with 63.8% of the vote. He had wanted South Carolina to be the first primary, and won that state on February 3 with 96.2% of the vote.[36] Biden received 89.3% of the vote in Nevada and 81.1% of the vote in Michigan, with "None of These Candidates" and "uncommitted" coming in second in each state, respectively. On March 5 ("Super Tuesday"), he won 15 of 16 primaries, netting 80% or more of the vote in 13 of them.[37][38] On March 12, he reached more than the 1,968 delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination, becoming the presumptive nominee.[39][40]

حركة غير ملتزمة والتخلي عن حملة بايدن

المقالة الرئيسية: حركات التصويت الاحتجاجية على الحرب الإسرائيلية الفلسطينية

The Israel–Hamas war protest vote movements began as movements targeting Biden's policy towards the Israel–Hamas war. After a notable "uncommitted" vote in the US state of Michigan, activists sought to replicate the protest in other US states. A parallel Abandon Biden movement grew urging Biden to drop out of the presidential race.[41][42]

الحالة العمرية والصحية لبايدن

المقالة الرئيسية: Age and health concerns of Joe Biden

At his inauguration, Biden took the oath of office at 78 years old, making him the oldest individual to assume the presidency.[43] Biden was older when he assumed office than any other president had been when leaving office. Health concerns surrounding Biden emerged during his presidency, primarily about his age and ability to carry out a second term. In a report in the Journal on Active Aging, doctors noted he had an "exceptional health profile" relative to his age, and a medical assessment performed by physician Kevin O'Connor attested to his physical acuity.[44] The Washington Post's Dan Zak described the U.S. government as a gerontocracy with Biden's inauguration.[45]

In July 2024, The New York Times reported that Kevin Cannard, a neurologist from Walter Reed National Military Medical Center specializing in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, visited the White House eight times within the last eight months, including a meeting with Biden's physician.[46] The report generated controversy as O'Connor refuted the report, citing Cannard's appearances during Barack Obama's administration and personnel within the White House who suffer from neurological disorders.[47]

المناظرة مع ترمپ

المقالة الرئيسية: المناظرات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2024%مناظرة 27 يونيو (أطلنطا)
Following Biden's performance in the debate, some Democrats began to suggest that he should drop out of the presidential race (video from Voice of America).

Biden was widely criticized after a televised debate against Trump on June 27, 2024, with many Democrats in particular criticizing the performance, in which Biden had a faltering appearance and spoke with a hoarse voice.[48] Several newspaper columnists declared Trump the winner,[49] and polling indicated the majority of the public believed Trump won.[50] Following Biden's performance at the debate, many Democrats called for him to withdraw from the race, leading to political turmoil within the party that the media referred to as the "Biden crisis".[ت]


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تبعات المناظرة

On July 17, ABC News reported that House minority leader Hakeem Jeffries and Senate majority leader Chuck Schumer had met with Biden on July 12 and 13, respectively, and had expressed concerns to Biden about Democratic losses in Congress.[54] Biden reportedly told Schumer that he needed another week to make a decision.[55] Jeffrey Katzenberg, a campaign co-chairman, reportedly warned Biden on July 17 that donors were stopping funding his campaign, although Katzenberg disputed that characterization of their discussion.[56]

That evening, Biden tested positive for COVID-19.[57] He experienced mild symptoms, including a cough, runny nose, and "general malaise".[58] However, images of him looking frail exiting from Air Force One on the way to isolation at his residence in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, fueled further speculation over his health.[59] The New York Times reported that Biden was "more receptive" to withdrawing his nomination.[60] In phone conversations, former House speaker Nancy Pelosi told Biden she was pessimistic about his candidacy.[61] On July 18, Axios reported that Democrats believed Biden would exit the election, citing pressure from Jeffries and Schumer, internal polling, and criticism.[62] The New York Times reported that day that Biden was considering that he may have to withdraw.[63] By the evening of July 20, Biden began planning a possible exit from the race with close advisors, and fully committed to the decision on the morning of July 21.[64][65]

Prior to Biden's withdrawal, the word Joever ( /ˈdʒoʊ.vər/ JOH-vər), a portmanteau of Joe and over, was used by critics and media to describe the state of Biden's campaign.[ث] The term originated from a 2020 4chan post mocking Biden's perceived inability to win the 2020 election, and quickly became a popular Internet meme, particularly on Twitter. The Joever meme received widespread prominence in 2024 as concerns about his fitness and health grew.[71]

ردود فعل الحملة

الاستراتيجية

The Biden campaign employed a strategy to reduce the tenacity of comments seeking Biden's withdrawal until he was formally nominated in a presumed virtual roll call vote prior to the Democratic National Convention, in effect running out the clock.[72]

السياسة

In response to criticisms following the debate, Biden announced several progressive policies,[73] including Supreme Court reform to impose term limits and a binding code of ethics, a constitutional amendment to institute prosecutorial authority for presidential actions, a national assault weapons ban, and limiting rent increases.[74]

انسحاب بايدن

انظر أيضاً: حملة كمالا هاريس الرئاسية 2024

On July 21, the official X account of Biden posted a letter announcing his withdrawal. In the letter, he wrote, "And while it has been my intention to seek reelection, I believe it is in the best interest of my party and the country for me to stand down and to focus solely on fulfilling my duties as President for the remainder of my term."[2] Later the same day, a post from the same account endorsed Harris, the vice president since 2021, as his replacement in the presidential race.[75]

المرشح البديل

A Biden/Harris yard sign with Biden's name removed, in Oakland, CA, the day after Biden withdrew
المقالة الرئيسية: المؤتمر الوطني الديمقارطي 2024

Biden's pledged delegates were released by his resignation from the race. A candidate who receives 300 signatures from delegates will appear on the convention ballot. A candidate must receive a majority of delegate votes at the convention to become the nominee; if no candidate initially receives a majority of votes, an additional 700 superdelegates are permitted to vote on a candidate.[76] All of the nearly 3,800 delegates previously committed to Biden became unbound. Biden's endorsement of Harris notwithstanding, Democratic National Committee rules do not require these delegates to follow his recommendation and support his selected successor.[77]

In a survey of delegates by the Associated Press on July 22, 2024, Kamala Harris became the new presumptive candidate after receiving pledges from more than half of the delegates.[78]

الاستجابات السياسية

في الولايات المتحدة

الحزب الديمقراطي

انظر أيضاً: قائمة تأييدات حملة كمالا هاريس الرئاسية 2024


Former presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama praised Biden's work as president, with Obama writing that "Joe Biden has been one of America's most consequential presidents" and that Biden "wouldn't make this decision unless he believed it was right for America."[79] Many Democrats praised Biden's decision as "selfless", such as South Carolina Congressman Jim Clyburn, Obama advisor David Axelrod, and Ohio Congressman Greg Landsman, with Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer writing that Biden "once again put his country, his party, and our future first" over himself.[80] Former Secretary of State and presidential candidate Hillary Clinton did the same and endorsed Harris.[81]

حملة ترمپ

Following the announcement of Biden's withdrawal, Trump released a statement on his social media platform, Truth Social, arguing that his former opponent "was not fit to run for President, and is certainly not fit to serve", calling him "the worst president, by far, in the history of our nation".[82] Trump's re-election campaign has prepared opposition research dossiers on Kamala Harris and Pennsylvania governor Josh Shapiro. The campaign intended to release messaging critical of Harris at the Republican National Convention, but ultimately decided against it.[83]


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الاستجابات الدولية

 أستراليا: Prime Minister Anthony Albanese praised Biden, saying he "has presided over an economy that has seen jobs grow, that has seen wages increase, and that has seen the transition proceed that is occurring as the world moves towards net zero. As well as he's standing up on issues such as gender equality. President Biden has been a great friend of Australia and that will continue,"[84] also stating that the "Australia–US Alliance has never been stronger with our shared commitment to democratic values, international security, economic prosperity and climate action for this and future generations".[85]

 البرازيل: President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva said of Biden, "Only he could decide whether or not he would be a candidate" and "...Brazil's relationship will be with whoever is elected."[86]

 كندا: Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said: "I've known President Biden for years. He's a great man, and everything he does is guided by his love for his country. As President, he is a partner to Canadians—and a true friend. To President Biden and the First Lady: thank you."[87][88]

 الصين: At a regular press briefing on July 22, the Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning declined to comment, and said the "presidential election is an internal affair of the United States."[89][90]

 التشيك: Prime Minister Petr Fiala stated: "It is undoubtedly the decision of a statesman who has served his country for decades. It is a responsible and personally difficult step, but it is all the more valuable. I am keeping my fingers crossed for the USA that a good president emerges from the democratic competition of two strong and equal candidates."[84][85]

 ألمانيا: Chancellor Olaf Scholz posted a statement on X, stating "Joe Biden has achieved a great deal: for his country, for Europe, for the world... Thanks to him, transatlantic cooperation is close, NATO is strong and the USA is a good and reliable partner for us. His decision not to run again deserves recognition."[84][85]

 أيرلندا: In a statement, Taoiseach Simon Harris issued thanks to Biden, saying: "On behalf of the people and government of Ireland. I ... would like to thank you Mr President for your global leadership and your friendship as you make your announcement that you will not stand in the 2024 US Presidential election... Joe Biden, in all the offices he has held, has always been an unwavering voice and passionate worker for peace on the island of Ireland and our country owes him a great debt for this."[84] Tánaiste Micheál Martin said he heard of Biden's decision "with both sadness and admiration... This has no doubt been the toughest of calls, but one done, as ever, with dignity & class. I know that the people of Ireland will wish President Biden the very best".[85]

 إسرائيل: President Isaac Herzog thanked Biden "for his friendship and steadfast support for the Israeli people over his decades long career,"[91] in a statement on social media,[92] continuing: "As the first US President to visit Israel in wartime, as a recipient of the Israeli Presidential Medal of Honor, and as a true ally of the Jewish people, he is a symbol of the unbreakable bond between our two peoples".[85][88] Defense Minister Yoav Gallant said: "Thank you President Joe Biden, for your unwavering support of Israel over the years. Your steadfast backing, especially during the war, has been invaluable. We are grateful for your leadership and friendship."[84]

 اليابان: Prime Minister Fumio Kishida said that Biden made the best political decision and that, "Needless to say, the Japan–U.S. alliance is the pillar of Japan's diplomacy and security, so we'll closely watch the future developments."[84]

 المكسيك: President Andrés Manuel López Obrador described Biden as a "good leader" with "very good results". He added: "Politically, he makes the decision not to participate in reelection, that is up to those who are members of the Democratic Party to decide, we are going to continue seeking to maintain a good relationship with the United States government."[93]

 نيوزيلندا: Prime Minister Christopher Luxon stated: "President Biden has dedicated his life to public service, and that is something that deserves much respect. I thank the President for his leadership of the United States and his commitment to New Zealand. And I look forward to working with him for the remainder of his presidency."[84][85]

 النرويج: Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre told Reuters: "I respect President Joe Biden's decision not to run for re-election. He justifies the decision by saying that he wants to put the country before himself. That reasoning commands respect... Joe Biden has been one of America's most prominent politicians over several decades, and a president who has carried out several important reforms. I particularly commend him for his leadership in NATO and look forward to working with Biden as the president of the United States until the end of January."[84]

 الفلپين: President Bongbong Marcos described Biden's withdrawal as "a demonstration of genuine statesmanship" and thanked him for his "constant and unwavering support for the Philippines in a delicate and difficult time".[94]

 پولندا: Prime Minister Donald Tusk said on X: "Mr. President @JoeBiden, many times you have made difficult decisions that have made Poland, America, and the world safer, and democracy and freedom stronger. I know that you were guided by the same principles when announcing your latest decision. Perhaps the most difficult one in your life."[84]

 روسيا: Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov stated that Russia was more focused on its goals in the ongoing invasion of Ukraine than the results of the election.[84][87]

 إسپانيا: Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez on X stated: "All my admiration and recognition for the brave and dignified decision of the president @JoeBiden. Thanks to its determination and leadership, the US overcame the economic crisis after the pandemic and the serious assault on the Capitol and has been exemplary in its support for Ukraine in the face of Putin's Russian aggression. A great gesture from a great president who has always fought for democracy and freedom."[84]

 أوكرانيا: President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said his country respected Biden's "tough but strong decision" and was grateful for his "unwavering support".[95][87]

 المملكة المتحدة: Prime Minister Keir Starmer published a statement on X, saying that he respects Biden's decision to drop out, and looks forward to working with him during the remainder of his presidency.[96] Leader of the Opposition and former Prime Minister Rishi Sunak also remarked on Biden's accomplishments and wished him well.[97]

 ڤنزويلا: President Nicolás Maduro said at a campaign event that Biden "made the most sensible and correct decision ... He prioritized his family and his health. He realized that at that age and with weakened health he could not assume the reins of his country, let alone a presidential candidacy."[84]

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

  1. ^ All three incumbents in the 1900s to withdraw or not seek reelection—Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson—had succeeded to the presidency when their predecessor died, then won a second term in their own right.[12] في القرن التاسع عشر، تعهد ثلاثة رؤساء بالبقاء في مناصبهم لفترة واحدة فقط، وكان آخرهم رذرفورد هايز.[13]
  2. ^ A grandfather clause exemption was made for the president serving when the amendment was passed by Congress; the president at the time was Truman.
  3. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[51][52][53]
  4. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[66][67][68][69][70]

المصادر

  1. ^ Baker, Peter (July 21, 2024). "Biden Drops Out of Race". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 21, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  2. ^ أ ب Schrader, Adam; Moran, Mark (July 21, 2024). "Biden drops out of presidential race, endorses Harris". United Press International. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  3. ^ أ ب ت Miller, Zeke (April 25, 2023). "Biden announces 2024 reelection bid: 'Let's finish this job'". Associated Press News. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
  4. ^
  5. ^ Allen, Jonathan (June 28, 2024). "Some Democrats start calling for Biden to step aside and 'throw in the towel' on 2024". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024.
  6. ^ "To Serve His Country, President Biden Should Leave the Race". The New York Times. June 28, 2024. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  7. ^ Robertson, Nick (June 30, 2024). "These major media outlets have called for Biden to drop out". The Hill. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
  8. ^ Tait, Robert; Gambino, Lauren (July 19, 2024). "Pressure mounts on Biden as tally of Democrats urging withdrawal passes 30". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on July 22, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  9. ^ Keith, Tamara; Shivaram, Deepa (July 3, 2024). "'I'm in this race to the end,' Biden tells campaign staffers". NPR. Archived from the original on July 3, 2024. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  10. ^ Biden, Joseph R. Jr. [@JoeBiden] (July 21, 2024). "My Fellow Americans" (Tweet) – via Twitter. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  11. ^ Shear, Michael D. (July 21, 2024). "Live Updates: Biden Drops Out of Presidential Race, Endorses Harris". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 21, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  12. ^ أ ب Klassen, Thomas (21 July 2024). "Biden steps aside, setting in motion an unprecedented period in American politics". The Conversation. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  13. ^ Gendler, Alex (23 July 2024). "US presidents who did not seek reelection". Voice of America (in الإنجليزية).
  14. ^ Kenning, Chris; Samuelsohn, Darren. "'It's unprecedented': Biden's exit is a history-making moment in the American presidency". USA Today. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  15. ^ "US presidents who did not seek reelection". Voice of America (in الإنجليزية). 2024-07-23. Retrieved 2024-07-24.
  16. ^ Martin, Jonathan (December 13, 2022). "Why the 2024 Race Is Eerily Quiet". Politico. Archived from the original on July 22, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
  17. ^ Cordes, Nancy; O'Keefe, Ed; Gomez, Fin (January 19, 2023). "Biden likely to announce 2024 reelection bid not long after State of the Union address". CBS. Archived from the original on July 22, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
  18. ^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (April 27, 2023). "Biden Begins Reelection Bid at Low Point in His Presidency". Gallup Inc. Archived from the original on July 26, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
  19. ^ "Bidenomics: President Biden and Congressional Democrats' Plan to Grow the Economy from the Bottom Up and Middle Out, Not the Top Down, Is Delivering for the American People" (PDF). White House. June 22, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 27, 2023. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  20. ^ Marquez, Alexandra; Bowman, Bridget; Kamisar, Ben (July 20, 2023). "Eyes on 2024: Bidenomics back on the campaign trail". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
  21. ^ "'It's Time to Finish the Job,' Biden Tells Union Workers as He Starts '24 Race". The New York Times. April 25, 2023. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
  22. ^ Lemire, Jonathan (February 7, 2023). "Biden urges GOP lawmakers to 'finish the job' and takes a few swipes at them too". Politico. Archived from the original on May 11, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2024.
  23. ^ Epstein, Reid J. (January 5, 2024). "Biden Condemns Trump as Dire Threat to Democracy in a Blistering Speech". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
  24. ^ "Transcript: Biden's first campaign speech of the 2024 election year". Associated Press. January 5, 2024. Archived from the original on July 22, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
  25. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Megerian, Chris (November 12, 2023). "Joe Biden wants to complete his goals on civil rights, taxes, and social services if he's reelected". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
  26. ^ Nichols, Hans (February 6, 2024). "Biden pledges to campaign "every day" on Trump's border meddling". Axios. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  27. ^ Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Broadwater, Luke (February 8, 2023). "Many of Biden's Goals on Police Reform Are Still Incomplete". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 22, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
  28. ^ Dennis, Brady (August 14, 2022). "As Congress funds high-tech climate solutions, it also bets on a low-tech one: Nature". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
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