الدولة الكفل
(تم التحويل من Rump state)
Kingdom of Soissons، a Roman rump state
A rump state is the remnant of a once much larger state، left with a reduced territory in the wake of secession، annexation، occupation، decolonization، or a successful coup d'état or revolution on part of its former territory.[1] In the last case, a government stops short of going into exile because it controls part of its former territory.
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أمثلة
التاريخ القديم
- During the Second Intermediate Period، following the conquest of Lower Egypt by the Hyksos، there was a rump Egyptian kingdom in Upper Egypt centered on Thebes، which eventually reunified the country at the start of the New Kingdom.[2][3][4]
- Seleucid Empire after losing most of its territory to the Parthian Empire.[5]
- The State of Shu Han during the Chinese Three Kingdoms Period، claimed to be a continuation of the original Han Dynasty.[6]
- After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in Gaul، the Kingdom of Soissons survived as a rump state under Aegidius and Syagrius until conquered by the Franks under Clovis I in 486.[7]
التاريخ بعد الكلاسيكي
- سلطنة الروم، a rump state of the Seljuk Empire.[8]
- After the Almoravid conquest of the Taifa of Zaragoza in 1110, the taifa's last ruler, Abd-al-Malik, maintained a tiny rump emirate at Rueda de Jalón until his death in 1130.[9]
- After the Jin dynasty assumed control over northern China in 1127, the Southern Song existed as a rump state of the Northern Song dynasty، although it still retained over half of Northern Song's territory and more than half of its population.[10][11]
- By summer 1503, the Aq Qoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran. Some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to rule until 1508, before they were absorbed into the Safavid Empire by Ismail I.[12]
- After the fall of the Malacca Sultanate in 1511 to the Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to the southern region of the Malay Peninsula and established the Johor Sultanate.[13]
- After the Ming dynasty established control over China proper، the Yuan dynasty retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and survived as a rump state called the Northern Yuan.[14]
- After the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532, the Neo-Inca State based at Vilcabamba survived as a rump state until 1572.[15]
التاريخ الحديث
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was left as a rump state after the First Partition of Poland by Russia، Prussia، and Austria in 1772.[16] The resulting rump state was partitioned again in 1793 and annexed outright in 1795. After Napoleon's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1807, he created a new Polish rump state, the Duchy of Warsaw.[17] After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna created a state, Congress Poland in 1815.
The modern country of Luxembourg is the rump state of the former Duchy of Luxembourg، which lost two thirds of its territory due to multiple partitions between 1659 and 1839. This was cemented by the Treaty of London، which gave most of its former territory to newly-independent Belgium.[18]
The Republic of German-Austria was created in 1918 as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[19]
The Ottoman Empire became a rump state at the end of the First World War when Britain and France divided the majority of its territory into League of Nations mandate states.[20]
The fascist Italian Social Republic، a German puppet state led by Benito Mussolini، was a rump state of the Kingdom of Italy between 1943–1945.[21][22][23]
The Republic of China towards the end of the Chinese Civil War retreated to the island of Taiwan.[24] Although the original territory was reduced to Kinmen and Matsu Islands، the ROC had obtained control of the island of Taiwan and Penghu from the Empire of Japan in 1945, a controversial status that remains legally debated to this day.[25]
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) / Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) was often viewed as the rump state left behind by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) after it broke up.[26]
The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: After the Fall of Kabul in 2021، the Taliban forces defeated the Afghan military and forced it to relocate to the Panjshir Valley (beginning the Republican insurgency in Afghanistan). Despite controlling less than 1% of the territory of Afghanistan، it continues to remain the internationally recognized Government of Afghanistan.[27]
انظر أيضاً
- حكومة في المنفى
- List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
- دولة دمية
- Successor state
- Secession
المراجع
الهامش
- ^ (Feb 22, 2005) "Keeping the Peace After Secessions: Territorial Conflicts Between Rump and Secessionist States"., Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu: Hawaii Online.
- ^ Van de Mieroop, Marc (2021). A history of ancient Egypt (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. p. 152. ISBN 9781119620891.
- ^ Myśliwiec, Karol (2000). The twilight of ancient Egypt : first millennium B.C.E. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780801486302.
- ^ Potts, D. T.; Radner, Karen; Moeller, Nadine (2020). The Oxford history of the ancient Near East. Volume III: from the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780190687601.
- ^ Fattah, Hala Mundhir; Caso, Frank (2009). A Brief History of Iraq. p. 277.
- ^ Eberhard, Wolfram (1977). A history of China. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03227-6. OCLC 2760116.
- ^ Dodd, Leslie (25 November 2016). "Kinship Conflict and Unity among Roman Elites in Post-Roman Gaul". Official Power and Local Elites in the Roman Provinces. Routledge. p. 170. ISBN 9781317086147.
- ^ Richard Todd (2014), The Sufi Doctrine of Man: Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī's Metaphysical Anthropology, p. 6
- ^ Fletcher, R. A. (2001). Moorish Spain. London: Phoenix Press. p. 117. ISBN 9781842126059.
- ^ Des Forges, Roger V. (2003). Cultural centrality and political change in Chinese history : northeast Henan in the fall of the Ming. Stanford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780804740449.
- ^ Chaffee, John W. (2015). The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part Two Sung China, 960-1279. Cambridge University Press. p. 625.
- ^ Charles Melville (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran. Vol. 10. p. 33.
Only after five more years did Esma'il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma'il.
- ^ Husain, Muzaffar; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011). Concise History of Islam (unabridged ed.). Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 310. ISBN 9789382573470. OCLC 868069299.
- ^ Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 115.
- ^ Bauer, Brian S.; Fonseca Santa Cruz, Javier; Araoz Silva, Miriam (2015). Vilcabamba and the Archaeology of Inca Resistance. Los Angeles. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781938770623.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Fazal, Tanisha M. (2011). State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation. Princeton University Press. p. 110. ISBN 9781400841448.
- ^ Lerski, George J. (1996). Historical dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780313260070.
- ^ "History". Embassy of Luxembourg in Vientiane. Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
The Belgian Revolution of 1830 and subsequent Treaty of London (1839) led to the partitioning of a section of Luxembourg territory between Belgium and the Dutch king, which resulted in the Grand Duchy's present-day geographical borders.
- ^ Magocsi, Paul Robert (2018). Historical atlas of Central Europe: Third Revised and Expanded Edition. University of Toronto Press. p. 128. ISBN 9781487523312.
- ^ Brower, Daniel (2014). The world in the 20th century, 7th edition (in English). Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson. pp. 79–85. ISBN 9780136052012.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ James Hartfield, Unpatriotic History of the Second World War, ISBN 178099379X, 2012, p. 424
- ^ Eric Morris, Circles of Hell: The War in Italy 1943-1945, ISBN 0091744741, 1993, p. 140
- ^ Neville, Peter (2014). Mussolini (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 199. ISBN 9781317613046.
- ^ Williams, Jack; Chang, Ch'ang-yi David (25 February 2008). Taiwan's Environmental Struggle: Toward a Green Silicon Island. ISBN 9781134062836.
- ^ "Democracy and the (Non)Statehood of Taiwan". 3 November 2022.
- ^ Sudetic, Chuck (1991-10-24), "Top Serb Leaders Back Proposal To Form Separate Yugoslav State", New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/24/world/top-serb-leaders-back-proposal-to-form-separate-yugoslav-state.html, retrieved on 2018-03-07.
- ^ "The War in Afghanistan Isn't Quite Over Yet". The National Interest. 23 August 2021.
المصادر
- Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999). "Western Zhou History". In Michael Loewe; Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.). The Cambridge History of ancient China - From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. Cambridge، England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–351. ISBN 9780521470308.