قائمة بنى الارتطام المحتملة على الأرض

Coordinates: 32°1′S 135°27′E / 32.017°S 135.450°E / -32.017; 135.450

According to the Planetary and Space Science Centre (PASSC) at the University of New Brunswick in Canada, there are 190 confirmed impact structures on Earth. Each is recorded in a database called the Earth Impact Database (EID).[1]

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قائمة بنى الارتطام المؤكدة والمحتملة

The following tables list geological features on Earth that are known impact events as well as possible, but for which there is currently no confirming scientific evidence in the peer-reviewed literature, impact events. In order for a structure to be confirmed as an impact crater, it must meet a stringent set of well-established criteria. Some proposed impact structures are likely to eventually be confirmed, whereas others are likely to be shown to have been misidentified (see below). Recent extensive surveys have been done for Australian (2005),[2] African (2014),[3] and South American (2015)[4] craters, as well as those in the Arab world (2016).[5] A book review by A. Crósta and U. Reimold disputes some of the evidence presented for several of the South American structures.[6]

الاسم الموقع البلد القطر (كم) العمر (Ma) مؤكد الملاحظات الصورة الإحداثيات
38th Parallel structures Missouri, etc. United States 2-17 320 ± 10 [7]
38th parallel structures loc.svg
 37°30′N 88°18′W / 37.5°N 88.3°W / 37.5; -88.3 (Hicks Dome)
37°48′N 90°12′W / 37.8°N 90.2°W / 37.8; -90.2 (Avon crater)
37°48′N 91°24′W / 37.8°N 91.4°W / 37.8; -91.4 (Crooked Creek crater)
37°54′N 92°42′W / 37.9°N 92.7°W / 37.9; -92.7 (Decaturville crater)
37°42′N 92°24′W / 37.7°N 92.4°W / 37.7; -92.4 (Hazelgreen crater)
38°00′N 93°36′W / 38.0°N 93.6°W / 38.0; -93.6 (Weaubleau-Osceola structure)
37°42′N 95°42′W / 37.7°N 95.7°W / 37.7; -95.7 (Rose Dome)
Acraman South Austrialia Australia 90 590 Yes [8] 32°1′S 135°27′E / 32.017°S 135.450°E / -32.017; 135.450
Ak-Bura (Murgab) Tajikistan Tajikistan 0.080 0.0003
(1700 AD) 		[9][10][11][12] 38°5′38.5″N 74°16′58″E / 38.094028°N 74.28278°E / 38.094028; 74.28278 (Ak-Bura)
Al Madafi Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 6 6-66 [13][14][15] 28°40′N 37°11′E / 28.67°N 37.18°E / 28.67; 37.18 (Al Madafi)
Alamo bolide impact Nevada United States 100 ± 40 367 [16][17] [note 1] 37°19′N 116°11′W / 37.31°N 116.18°W / 37.31; -116.18 (Alamo)
Amelia Creek Northern Territory Australia 20 600-1660 Yes 20°55′S 134°50′E
Ames Oklahoma United States Yes
Amguid Chad Yes
CratereAmguid.jpg
Anéfis Mali Mali 3.9 23? [20][9][21][22] 18°04′19″N 0°02′53″W / 18.072°N 0.048°W / 18.072; -0.048 (Anefis)
Aorounga Central Chad Chad 11.6 <345 Yes [23][24][25]
Aorounga Impact Crater, Chad.jpg
 19°13′44″N 19°15′40″E / 19.229°N 19.261°E / 19.229; 19.261 (Aorounga center)
Aouelloul Mauritania Mauritania 0.39 3.0 ± 0.3 Yes
Araguainha Central Brazil Brazil 40 244.4 Yes 16°47′S 52°59′W
Arganaty Almaty region Kazakhstan 300 250 [26][27][28][note 1] 46°30′N 79°48′E / 46.5°N 79.8°E / 46.5; 79.8 (Arganaty)
Arlit Niger Niger 10 ? [29][30][31] 21°21′11″N 9°08′42″E / 21.353°N 9.145°E / 21.353; 9.145 (Arlit)
Avak Alaska United States 12 3-95 Yes [32]
Azuara Spain Spain 35-40 30-40 [33]
Azuara-impact-structure-Map.jpg
 41°07′N 0°13′W / 41.117°N 0.217°W / 41.117; -0.217 (Azuara)
Bajada del Diablo Argentina Argentina 40 0.45 ± 0.3 [34][35][36] 42°46′S 67°24′W / 42.767°S 67.400°W / -42.767; -67.400 (Bajada del Diablo)
Bajo Hondo Argentina Argentina 3.9 <10 [37][38] 42°15′S 67°55′W / 42.250°S 67.917°W / -42.250; -67.917 (Bajo Hondo)
Bangui magnetic anomaly Central African Republic Central African Republic 600-800? >542 [39][3][40]
Bangui anomaly.JPG
 6°00′N 18°18′E / 6°N 18.3°E / 6; 18.3 (Bangui)
Barringer Meteorite Arizona United States 1.18 0.049 ± 0.003 Yes [41]
Bateke Plateau Gabon Gabon 7.1 <2.6 [42][43] 0°38′45″S 14°27′29″E / 0.64583°S 14.45806°E / -0.64583; 14.45806 (Bateke)
Beaverhead Montana United States 60 600 Yes 44°15′N 114°0′W
Bedout Australia (offshore) Australia 250 250 [44][45][2] 18°S 119°E / 18°S 119°E / -18; 119 (Bedout)
Beyenchime-Salaatin Russia Russia 8 40 ± 20 Yes
Bee Bluff Texas United States 2.4 40? [46][47][48][note 1] 29°02′N 99°51′W / 29.03°N 99.85°W / 29.03; -99.85 (Bee Bluff)
Bigach Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 8 5 ± 3 Yes
Björkö Björkö, Ekerö Sweden 10 1200 [49][50] 59°18′N 17°36′E / 59.30°N 17.60°E / 59.30; 17.60 (Björkö)
Bloody Creek Nova Scotia Canada 40 ? [51] 44°45′N 65°14′W / 44.750°N 65.233°W / 44.750; -65.233 (Bloody Creek)
Bohemian Czech Republic Czech Republic 260-300 >700? [52][9][53][54] 50°00′N 14°42′E / 50.0°N 14.7°E / 50.0; 14.7 (Bohemian)
Boltysh Kirovohrad Oblast Ukraine 24 65.17 Yes 48°54′N 32°15′E
Bow City Alberta Canada 8 70 [55] 50°25′N 112°16′W / 50.417°N 112.267°W / 50.417; -112.267 (Bow City)
Bowers Antarctic Ocean (Ross Sea) 100 3-5 [56][57][58][59] 71°12′S 176°00′E / 71.2°S 176°E / -71.2; 176 (Bowers)
Brushy Creek Feature Louisiana United States 2.0 0.011–0.030 [60][61][62][63] 30°46′N 90°44′W / 30.76°N 90.73°W / 30.76; -90.73 (Brushy Creek Feature)
Burckle Indian Ocean 30? 3000 BC [64][65][66] 30°52′S 61°22′E / 30.86°S 61.36°E / -30.86; 61.36 (Burckle)
Carswell Saskatchewan Canada 39 115 Yes 58°27′N 109°30′W
Catalina structures
(Navy, Catalina, Emery Knoll) 		Pacific Ocean (NE) 12, 32, 37 16-18 [67][68][69] 32°55′N 118°05′W / 32.91°N 118.09°W / 32.91; -118.09 (Catalina)
Cerro do Jarau Paraná Brazil 10 117 [70][71][72] 30°12′S 56°32′W / 30.200°S 56.533°W / -30.200; -56.533 (Cerro)
Charity Shoal Ontario Canada 1.2 <470 [73][74][75][76]
NOAA map of Charity Shoal in Lake Ontario.jpg
 44°2′15″N 76°29′37″W / 44.03750°N 76.49361°W / 44.03750; -76.49361 (Charity Shoal)
Charlevoix Quebec Canada 54 342 Yes 47°32′N 70°18′W
Chesapeake Bay Virginia United States 40 34.86 ± 0.23 Yes [77] 37°17′N 76°1′W
Clearwater East Quebec Canada 26 460-470 Yes [78]
Clearwater West Quebec Canada 36 290 Yes 56°13′N 74°30′W
Chicxulub Yucatan Mexico 150 66.051 ± 0.031 Yes 21°20′N 89°30′W
Corossol Quebec Canada 4 <470 [79][80][81][82] 50°03′N 66°23′W / 50.050°N 66.383°W / 50.050; -66.383 (Corossol)
Darwin Crater Tasmania Australia 1.2 0.816 [83][note 1]
Darwin Crater Landsat.jpg
 42°19′S 145°40′E / 42.317°S 145.667°E / -42.317; 145.667 (Darwin crater)
Decorah Iowa United States 5.6 470 [84][85][86]
USGS Decorah crater.jpg
 43°18′50″N 91°46′20″W / 43.31389°N 91.77222°W / 43.31389; -91.77222 (Decorah)
Dhala Madhya Pradesh India 11 1700-2100 Yes 25°18′N 78°8′E
Diamantina River ring feature Queensland Australia 120 300 [87][88]
UpperDiamantinaCrustalAnomaly.png
 22°09′S 141°54′E / 22.150°S 141.900°E / -22.150; 141.900 (Winton crustal anomaly)
Dumas magnetic anomaly Saskatchewan Canada 3.2 70 ± 5 [89][90] 49°55′N 102°07′W / 49.92°N 102.12°W / 49.92; -102.12 (Dumas)
Duolun Inner Mongolia China 120 ± 50 129 ± 3 [91][92] 42°3′N 116°15′E / 42.050°N 116.250°E / 42.050; 116.250 (Duolun)
El-Baz Egypt Egypt 4 ? [93][25][94] 24°12′N 26°24′E / 24.200°N 26.400°E / 24.200; 26.400 (El-Baz)
Eltanin Pacific Ocean (SE) 35? 2.5 [95][96][97][note 1] 57°47′S 90°47′W / 57.783°S 90.783°W / -57.783; -90.783 (Eltanin)
Faya Basin Chad Chad 2 385 ± 15 [98][99] 18°10′N 19°34′E / 18.167°N 19.567°E / 18.167; 19.567 (Faya)
Falkland Plateau anomaly Atlantic Ocean
(near Falkland Islands) 		250-300 250 [100][101][102][103][104] 51°S 62°W / 51°S 62°W / -51; -62 (Malvinas)
Fried Egg structure Atlantic Ocean (near Azores) 6 17 [105][106] 36°N 27°W / 36°N 27°W / 36; -27 (Fried Egg)
Garet El Lefet Libya Libya 3 ? [107][108][109] 25°00′N 16°30′E / 25.0°N 16.5°E / 25.0; 16.5 ("Garet El Lefet")
Gatun Panama Panama 3 20 [110][111][112] 09°05′58″N 79°47′22″W / 9.09944°N 79.78944°W / 9.09944; -79.78944 (Gatun structure)
General San Martín Argentina Argentina 11 1.2 [113][114][115] 38°0′S 63°18′W / 38.000°S 63.300°W / -38.000; -63.300 (General San Martin)
Gnargoo Western Australia Australia 75 <300 [116][117] 24°48′24″S 115°13′29″E / 24.80667°S 115.22472°E / -24.80667; 115.22472 (Gnargoo)
Gosses Bluff Northern Territory Australia 22 142.5 Yes 23°49′S 132°18′E
Guarda Portugal Portugal 30 200 [118][119][120] 40°38′N 07°06′W / 40.633°N 7.100°W / 40.633; -7.100 (Guarda)
Hartney anomaly Manitoba Canada 8 120 ± 20 [121][90][122] 49°24′N 100°40′W / 49.4°N 100.67°W / 49.4; -100.67 (Hartney)
Haughton Nunavut Canada 23 39 Yes 75°23′N 89°40′W
Hiawatha Greenland Greenland 31 57.99 ± 0.54 [123][124][125]
Hiawatha v45 scene1 4k 5mtopo.1760.tif
 78°44′N 66°14′W / 78.733°N 66.233°W / 78.733; -66.233 (Hiawatha)
Hico Texas United States 9 <60 [126][127][128] 32°01′N 98°02′W / 32.01°N 98.03°W / 32.01; -98.03 (Hico)
Hotchkiss Alberta Canada 4 220 ± 100 [129][130] 57°32′20″N 118°52′41″W / 57.539°N 118.878°W / 57.539; -118.878 (Hotchkiss)
Howell Tennessee United States 2.5 380 ± 10 [131][132][133] 35°14′N 86°37′W / 35.23°N 86.61°W / 35.23; -86.61 (Howell)
Ibn-Batutah Libya Libya 2.5 120 ± 20 [134][135] 21°34′10″N 20°50′15″E / 21.56944°N 20.83750°E / 21.56944; 20.83750 (Ibn-Batutah)
Ilumetsa Põlva County Estonia 0.08 0.0066
(<4600 BC) 		[136][137] Ilumetsa crater, Estonia.jpg 57°57′N 27°24′E / 57.950°N 27.400°E / 57.950; 27.400
Ishim Akmola region Kazakhstan 300 430-460 [138][139][140][note 1] 52°0′N 69°0′E / 52.000°N 69.000°E / 52.000; 69.000 (Ishim Akmola)
Iturralde Bolivia Bolivia 8.0 0.011–0.030 [141]
Iturralde Crater PIA03359 cropped.jpg
 12°35′S 67°40′W / 12.583°S 67.667°W / -12.583; -67.667 (Iturralde)
Jackpine Creek magnetic anomaly British Columbia Canada 25 120 ± 20 [142][143] 55°36′N 120°06′W / 55.6°N 120.1°W / 55.6; -120.1 (Jackpine)
Jalapasquillo Puebla Mexico 1.2 <10 [144][145] 19°13′23″N 97°25′44″W / 19.2231°N 97.429°W / 19.2231; -97.429 (Jalapasquillo)
Jebel Hadid Libya Libya 4.7 <66 [146][147] 20°52′12″N 22°42′18″E / 20.87000°N 22.70500°E / 20.87000; 22.70500 (Jebel Hadid)
Jeptha Knob Kentucky United States 4.3 425 [148][note 1] 38°11′N 85°07′W / 38.183°N 85.117°W / 38.183; -85.117 (Jeptha Knob)
Johnsonville South Carolina United States 11 300? [149][9][150][note 1] 33°49′N 79°22′W / 33.817°N 79.367°W / 33.817; -79.367 (Snows Island)
Jwaneng South Botswana Botswana 1.3 <66 [151][152] 24°42′S 24°46′E / 24.700°S 24.767°E / -24.700; 24.767 (Jwaneng South)
Kamensk Southern Federal District Russia 25 49 Yes 48°21′N 40°30′E
Kebira Egypt Egypt 31 100 [153][154]
Kebira Crater.jpg
 24°40′N 24°58′E / 24.667°N 24.967°E / 24.667; 24.967 (Kebira)
Kilmichael Mississippi United States 13 45 [155][156][157][158] 33°30′N 89°33′W / 33.5°N 89.55°W / 33.5; -89.55 (Kilmichael)
Krk Croatia Croatia 12 40 [159][160] 45°04′N 14°37′E / 45.06°N 14.62°E / 45.06; 14.62 (Krk)
Kurai Basin Altai Region Russia 20 <200 [161][162] 50°12′N 87°54′E / 50.200°N 87.900°E / 50.200; 87.900 (Kurai)
La Dulce Argentina Argentina 2.8 0.445? [163][114] 38°13′S 59°13′W / 38.21°S 59.21°W / -38.21; -59.21 (La Dulce)
Labynkyr Russia Russia 67 150? [164][9][165][166][note 1] 62°19′30″N 143°05′24″E / 62.325°N 143.090°E / 62.325; 143.090 (Labynkyr)
Lac Iro Chad Chad 13 ? [167][3][168]
Lake Iro.jpg
 10°10′N 19°40′E / 10.167°N 19.667°E / 10.167; 19.667 (Iro Lake)
Lairg Gravity Low Scotland Scotland 40 1200 [169] 58°1′12″N, 4°24′0″W
Lake Cheko Siberia Russia 50 0.0001
(1908 AD) 		[170] 60°57′50″N 101°51′36″E / 60.964°N 101.86°E / 60.964; 101.86 (Cheko)
Lake Tai (Tai Hu) Jiangsu China 70 ± 5 365 ± 5 [171][172][173] 31°14′N 120°8′E / 31.233°N 120.133°E / 31.233; 120.133 (Tai)
Loch Leven Scotland Scotland 18x8 290 [174][175] 56°12′N 3°23′W / 56.200°N 3.383°W / 56.200; -3.383 (Loch Leven)
Lonar Deccan Plateau, Southern India India 1.83 0.57 ± 0.05 Yes [176]
Lorne Basin New South Wales Australia 30 250 ± 2 [177][178] 31°36′S 152°37′E / 31.60°S 152.62°E / -31.60; 152.62 (Lorne)
Lycksele 2 Sweden Sweden 130 1500 ± 300 [179][180][181] 64°55′N 18°47′E / 64.92°N 18.78°E / 64.92; 18.78 (Lycksele)
Madagascar 3 Madagascar Madagascar 12 ? [182][183] 18°50′20″S 46°13′16″E / 18.839°S 46.221°E / -18.839; 46.221 (Madagascar)
Magyarmecske anomaly Hungary Hungary 7 299 [184][185] 45°57′N 17°58′E / 45.95°N 17.97°E / 45.95; 17.97 (Magyarmecske)
Mahuika New Zealand (offshore) New Zealand 20? 0.0006
(1400 AD) 		[186][187][65] 48°18′S 166°24′E / 48.3°S 166.4°E / -48.3; 166.4 (Mahuika)
Manicouagan Quebec Canada 100 215.56 ± 0.05 Yes 51°23′N 68°42′W
Maniitsoq Greenland Greenland 100 3000 [188][189][190] 65°15′N 51°50′W / 65.250°N 51.833°W / 65.250; -51.833 (Maniitsoq)
Mejaouda (El Mrayer) Mauritania Mauritania 3 <542? [191][9][109][21][192] 22°43′19″N 7°18′43″W / 22.722°N 7.312°W / 22.722; -7.312 (Mejaouda)
Merewether Newfoundland Canada 20 0.0009
(1100 AD) 		[193][194][note 1] 58°02′N 64°03′W / 58.04°N 64.05°W / 58.04; -64.05 (Merewether)
Meseta de la Barda Negra Argentina Argentina 1.5 4 ± 1 [195][196] 39°10′S 69°53′W / 39.167°S 69.883°W / -39.167; -69.883 (Barda Negra)
Middle-Urals Ring Russia Russia 400–550 >542 [197][198][199] 56°N 56°E / 56°N 56°E / 56; 56 (Urals Ring)
Mistassini-Otish Quebec Canada 600 2200 [200][201] 50°34′N 73°25′W / 50.57°N 73.42°W / 50.57; -73.42 (Mistassini lake)
Mount Ashmore dome Indian Ocean (in Timor Sea) >50 35 [202][203][204] 12°33′S 123°12′E / 12.55°S 123.2°E / -12.55; 123.2
Mousso Chad Chad 3.8 <542 [205][206] 17°58′N 19°53′E / 17.967°N 19.883°E / 17.967; 19.883 (Mousso)
Mt. Oikeyama Japan Japan 90 0.030? [207][208] 35°24′18″N 138°00′47″E / 35.405°N 138.013°E / 35.405; 138.013 (Oikeyama)
Mulkarra South Australia Australia 17 105 [209][210] 27°51′S 138°55′E / 27.85°S 138.92°E / -27.85; 138.92 (Mulkarra)
Nastapoka (Hudson Bay) arc Quebec Canada 450 1800? [211][9][212][213]
Arc Nastapoka.png
 57°00′N 78°50′W / 57.000°N 78.833°W / 57.000; -78.833 (Hudson Bay)
Nadir Atlantic Ocean (Guinea Plateau, West Africa) ≥8.5 66 ± 0.8 [214] 9°24′N 17°06′W / 9.4°N 17.1°W / 9.4; -17.1 (Nadir)
Ouro Ndia Mali Mali 3 <2.6 [215][9][21] 14°59.8′N 4°30.0′W / 14.9967°N 4.5000°W / 14.9967; -4.5000 (Ouro Ndia)
Pantasma Nicaragua Nicaragua 10 ? [216] 13°22′N 85°57′W / 13.37°N 85.95°W / 13.37; -85.95 (Pantasma)
Panther Mountain New York United States 10 375 [217][218][219]
Panther rosette stream pattern.gif
 42°03′N 74°24′W / 42.050°N 74.400°W / 42.050; -74.400 (Panther Mountain)
Peerless Montana United States 6 470 ± 10 [220][221] 48°48′N 105°48′W / 48.8°N 105.8°W / 48.8; -105.8 (Peerless)
Piratininga Paraná Brazil 12 117 [222][71][223] 22°28′S 49°09′W / 22.467°S 49.150°W / -22.467; -49.150 (Piratininga)
Popigai Siberia Siberia 100 35.7±0.2 Yes 71°39′N 111°11′E
Praia Grande Santos Basin, offshore Brazil 20 84 [224][71][72] 25°39′S 45°37′W / 25.650°S 45.617°W / -25.650; -45.617 (prai grande)
Ramgarh Rajasthan India 3 ? [225][226][227][note 1]
Ramgarh Crater.JPG
 25°20′16″N 76°37′29″E / 25.33778°N 76.62472°E / 25.33778; 76.62472 (Ramgarh)
Ross Antarctic Ocean (Ross Sea) 600? <38 [228][57][229] 77°30′S 178°30′E / 77.5°S 178.5°E / -77.5; 178.5 (Ross)
Rubielos de la Cérida Spain Spain 80x40 30-40 [230][231][232][note 1]
Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure-karte topo.jpg
 40°46′59″N 1°15′00″W / 40.783°N 1.25°W / 40.783; -1.25 (Rubielos)
Sakhalinka Pacific Ocean (NW) 12 70 [233][234][235][236][237] 30°15′N 170°03′E / 30.250°N 170.050°E / 30.250; 170.050 (Sakhalinka)
São Miguel do Tapuio Piauí Brazil 22 120 [238][9][72][239][240][241] 5°37.6′S 41°23.3′W / 5.6267°S 41.3883°W / -5.6267; -41.3883 (Sao Miguel Do Tapuio)
Shanghewan Jilin China 30 ? [242][243][244] 44°29′N 126°11′E / 44.483°N 126.183°E / 44.483; 126.183 (Shangewan)
Shiva Indian Ocean 500 66 [245] 18°40′N 70°14′E / 18.667°N 70.233°E / 18.667; 70.233 (Shiva)
Shiyli Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 5.5 46 ± 7 [246][247][note 1] 49°10′N 57°51′E / 49.167°N 57.850°E / 49.167; 57.850 (Shiyli)
Silverpit Atlantic Ocean (North Sea) 20 60 ± 15 [248][249][250][251][252][253][254][255]
Silverpit northwest perspective.jpg
 54°14′N 1°51′E / 54.233°N 1.850°E / 54.233; 1.850 (Silverpit)
Sirente Italy Italy 10 0.0017
(320 ± 90 AD) 		[256][257] 42°10′38″N 13°35′45″E / 42.17722°N 13.59583°E / 42.17722; 13.59583 (Sirente)
Sithylemenkat Lake Alaska United States 12 0.033? [258][259][260][261] 66°07′34″N 151°23′20″W / 66.12611°N 151.38889°W / 66.12611; -151.38889 (Sithylemenkat)
Smerdyacheye Lake Russia Russia 20 0.01–0.03? [262][263] Озеро Смердячье.jpg 55°44′06″N 39°49′23″E / 55.735°N 39.823°E / 55.735; 39.823 (Smerdyacheye)
Sudan 1 (Red Sea Hills) Sudan Sudan 6 ? [264][265][266] 17°57.1′N 37°56.1′E / 17.9517°N 37.9350°E / 17.9517; 37.9350 (Red Sea)
Sudan 2 (Bayuda) Sudan Sudan 10 ? [267][268][269]
A map of Sudan showing three craters
Mahas
Mahas
Bayuda
Bayuda
Red Sea Hills
Red Sea Hills
 18°03.5′N 33°30.2′E / 18.0583°N 33.5033°E / 18.0583; 33.5033 (Bayuda)
Sudan 3 (Mahas) Sudan Sudan 2.8 ? [بحاجة لمصدر] 20°01.9′N 30°13.7′E / 20.0317°N 30.2283°E / 20.0317; 30.2283 (Mahas)
Sudbury Ontario Canada 130 1849 Yes 46°36′N 81°11′W
Svetloyar Lake Russia Russia 40 0.0026
(600 BC) 		[270][271][note 1] 7-е чудо Поволжья.jpg 56°49′08″N 45°05′35″E / 56.819°N 45.093°E / 56.819; 45.093 (Svetloyar)
Takamatsu Japan Japan 4-8 15 [272][273][274][275][276] 34°18′N 134°03′E / 34.3°N 134.05°E / 34.3; 134.05 (Takamatsu)
Tarek (Gilf Kebir) Egypt Egypt 2.1 112? [277][9][278][279] 24°36′04″N 27°12′18″E / 24.601°N 27.205°E / 24.601; 27.205 (Tarek)
Tatarsky North Pacific Ocean (NW) 14 ? [280][281] 49°57′35″N 141°23′40″E / 49.95972°N 141.39444°E / 49.95972; 141.39444 (Tatarsky1)
Tatarsky South Pacific Ocean (NW) 20 ? [282][281] 48°17′38″N 141°23′40″E / 48.29389°N 141.39444°E / 48.29389; 141.39444 (Tatarsky2)
Tefé River Amazonas Brazil 15 65 ± 20 [283][72][284] 4°57′S 66°03′W / 4.950°S 66.050°W / -4.950; -66.050 (Tefé)
Talundilly Queensland Australia 84 128 ± 5 [285][286][287] 24°44′S 144°37′E / 24.73°S 144.62°E / -24.73; 144.62 (Talundilly)
Temimichat Mauritania Mauritania 0.7 2? [288][9][289] 24°15′N 9°39′W / 24.250°N 9.650°W / 24.250; -9.650 (Temimichat)
Tsenkher Mongolia Mongolia 3.6 5 [290][291][292] 43°38′41″N 98°22′09″E / 43.64472°N 98.36917°E / 43.64472; 98.36917 (Tsenkher)
Toms Canyon New Jersey United States 22 35 [293][294][295][296] 39°08′N 72°51′W / 39.133°N 72.850°W / 39.133; -72.850 (Toms Canyon)
Kara Nenetsia, offshore Russia 65 70.3 ± 2.2 Yes [297][298]
Kara crateri crater Russia lansat 7 image.gif
 69°17′N 65°21′E / 69.28°N 65.35°E / 69.28; 65.35 (Ust-Kara)
Vélingara Senegal Senegal 48 23-40 [299][300]
Vélingara ring-structur in senegal.png
 13°02′N 14°08′W / 13.033°N 14.133°W / 13.033; -14.133 (Vélingara)
Versailles Kentucky United States 1.5 <400 [301][302] 38°05′N 84°40′W / 38.09°N 84.67°W / 38.09; -84.67 (Versailles)
Vredefort Free State South Africa 180-300 2023 Yes [303] 27°0′S 27°30′E
Vichada Vichada Colubia 50 30? [304][9]
Vichada Structure Skylab G40B091120000.jpg
 4°30′N 69°15′W / 4.500°N 69.250°W / 4.500; -69.250 (Vichada)
Victoria Island California United States 5.5 37-49 [305] 37°53′N 121°32′W / 37.89°N 121.53°W / 37.89; -121.53 (Victoria Island structure)
Warburton East South Australia Australia 200 300-360 [306][307][308] 28°00′S 140°30′E / 28°S 140.5°E / -28; 140.5 (Warbuton)
Warburton West South Australia Australia 200 300-360 [306][307][309]
Weaubleau (Weaubleau-Osceola) Missouri United States 19 330 ± 10 [310][311][312]
Weaubleau Structure shaded relief.jpg
 38°00′N 93°36′W / 38.0°N 93.6°W / 38.0; -93.6 (Weaubleau)
Wembo-Nyama (Omeonga) DR Congo DR Congo 36-46 60? [313][314][315] 3°37′52″S 24°31′07″E / 3.63111°S 24.51861°E / -3.63111; 24.51861 (Wembo-Nyama ring structure)
Wilkes Land 2 Antarctica 480 250-500 [316]
Antarctica Map Wilkes L Crater.png
 70°S 140°E / 70°S 140°E / -70; 140 (Wilkes)
Wolfe Creek Great Sandy Desert, Western Australia Australia 0.87 < 0.3 Yes
Woodbury Georgia United States 7 500 ± 100 [317][318][319][320] 32°55′N 84°33′W / 32.92°N 84.55°W / 32.92; -84.55 (Woodbury)
Yallalie Western Australia Australia 12 99? [321][9][322][323][324][325][note 1] 30°26′40″S 115°46′16″E / 30.44444°S 115.77111°E / -30.44444; 115.77111 (Yallalie)
Zerelia West Greece Greece 20 0.0070
(5000 BC) 		[326][327] 39°09′48″N 22°42′32″E / 39.16333°N 22.70889°E / 39.16333; 22.70889 (Zerelia West)
Zerelia East Greece Greece 10 0.0070
(5000 BC) 		[326][327] 39°09′43″N 22°42′51″E / 39.16194°N 22.71417°E / 39.16194; 22.71417 (Zerelia East)


Overview

Russia's Lake Cheko is thought by one research group to be the result of the famous Tunguska event, although sediments in the lake have been dated back more than 5,000 years. There is highly speculative conjecture about the supposed Sirente impact (c. 320 ± 90 AD) having caused the Roman emperor Constantine's vision at Milvian Bridge.[328][مطلوب مصدر أفضل]

The Burckle crater and Umm al Binni structure are proposed to be behind the floods that affected Sumerian civilization.[329][330] The Kachchh impact may have been witnessed by the Harappan civilization and mentioned as a fireball in Sanskrit texts.[331]

Shortly after the Hiawatha Crater was discovered, researchers suggested that the impact could have occurred as late as ~12,800 years ago, leading some to associate it with the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis.[332] James Kennett, a leading advocate of the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis said, "I'd unequivocally predict that this crater is the same age as the Younger Dryas."[333]

These claims were criticised by other scholars. According to impact physicist Mark Boslough writing for Skeptical Inquirer the first reports of the impact released by science journalist Paul Voosen focused on this being a young crater which according to Boslough "set the tone for virtually all the media reporting to follow". Boslough argued, based on evidence and statistical probability, that once the crater has been drilled and researched "it will turn out to be much older." He complained that this important discovery "was tainted by connections to a widely discredited hypothesis and speculations that did not make it through peer review".[333][334]

A 2022 study using Argon–Argon dating of shocked zircon crystals in impact melt rocks found outwash less than 10 km downstream of the glacier pushed the estimate back to around 57.99 ± 0.54 million years ago, during the late Paleocene.[335][125] Confirmation would require drilling almost one km (3,300 ft) through the ice sheet above the crater to obtain a sample of dateable, solidified impact melt from the crater.

The age of the Bloody Creek crater[336] is uncertain.

As the trend in the Earth Impact Database for about 26 confirmed craters younger than a million years old shows that almost all are less than two km (1.2 mi) in diameter (except the three km (1.9 mi) Agoudal and four km (2.5 mi) Rio Cuarto), the suggestion that two large craters, Mahuika (20 km (12 mi)) and Burckle (30 km (19 mi)), formed only within the last few millennia has been met with skepticism.[337][338][339] However, the source of the young (less than a million years old) and enormous Australasian strewnfield (c. 790 ka) is suggested to be a crater about 100 km (62 mi) across somewhere in Indochina,[340][341] with Hartung and Koeberl (1994) proposing the elongated 100 km × 35 km (62 mi × 22 mi) Tonlé Sap lake in Cambodia (visible in the map at the side) as a suspect structure.[342]

The Decorah crater has been conjectured as being part of the Ordovician meteor event.[343][مطلوب مصدر أفضل]

Several twin impacts have been proposed, such as the Rubielos de la Cérida and Azuara (30–40 Ma),[344] Cerro Jarau and Piratininga (c. 117 Ma),[71] and Warburton East and West (300–360 Ma).[345] However, adjacent craters may not necessarily have formed at the same time, as demonstrated by the case of the confirmed Clearwater East and West lakes.

Some confirmed impacts like Sudbury or Chicxulub are also sources of magnetic anomalies[346] and/or gravity anomalies. The magnetic anomalies Bangui and Jackpine Creek,[143] the gravity anomalies Wilkes Land crater and Falkland Islands,[347] and others have been considered as being of impact origin. Bangui apparently has been discredited,[25][348] but appears again in a 2014 table of unconfirmed structures in Africa by Reimold and Koeberl.[3]

Several anomalies in Williston Basin were identified by Swatzky in the 1970s as astroblemes including Viewfield, Red Wing Creek, Eagle Butte, Dumas, and Hartney, of which only the last two are unconfirmed.[90]

The Eltanin impact has been confirmed (via an iridium anomaly and meteoritic material from ocean cores) but, as it fell into the Pacific Ocean, apparently no crater was formed. The age of Silverpit and the confirmed Boltysh crater (65.17 ± 0.64 Ma), as well as their latitude, has led to the speculative hypothesis that there may have been several impacts during the KT boundary.[349][350] Of the five oceans in descending order by area, namely the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, and Arctic, only the smallest (the Arctic) does not yet have a proposed unconfirmed impact crater.

Craters larger than 100 kilometres (62 mi) in the Phanerozoic (after 541 Ma) are notable for their size as well as for the possible coeval events associated with them especially the major extinction events.

For example, the Ishim impact structure[139] is conjectured to be bounded by the late Ordovician-early Silurian (c. 445 ± 5 Ma),[140] the two Warburton basins have been linked to the Late Devonian extinction (c. 360 Ma),[308] both Bedout and the Wilkes Land crater have been associated with the severe Permian–Triassic extinction event (c. 252 Ma),[351][352] Manicouagan (c. 215 Ma) was once thought to be connected to the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (c. 201 Ma)[353] but more recent dating has made it unlikely, while the consensus is the Chicxulub impact caused the one for Cretaceous–Paleogene (c. 66 Ma).

However, other extinction theories employ coeval periods of massive volcanism such as the Siberian Traps (Permian-Triassic) and Deccan Traps (Cretaceous-Paleogene).

Undiscovered but inferred

An approximate map of the strewnfield.
Australasian strewnfield. Shaded areas represent tektite finds.

There is geological evidence for impact events having taken place on Earth on certain specific occasions, which should have formed craters, but for which no impact craters have been found. In some cases this is because of erosion and Earth's crust having been recycled through plate tectonics, in others likely because exploration of the Earth's surface is incomplete, or because no actual crater was formed because the impacting object exploded as a cosmic air burst. Typically the ages are already known and the diameters can be estimated.

Parent crater of Expected crater diameter Age Notes
Pica glass Unknown 12 ka [354]
Libyan desert glass Unknown 29 Ma [355][356][357][358]
Dakhleh glass 0.4 km 150 ka [359][360]
Argentinian impact glasses Unknown 6, 114, and 445 ka;

5.3 and 9.2 Ma

[361][362][363]
Australasian tektites 32–114 km 780 ka [341]
Central American tektites 14 km 820 ka [364][365][366]
Skye ejecta deposits Unknown 60 Ma [367]
Stac Fada Member 40 km 1.2 Ga [368][369][370]
Barberton Greenstone Belt spherules 500 km 3.2 Ga [371][372]
Marble Bar impact spherules "hundreds of kilometers" 3.4 Ga [373]

Mistaken identity

Some geological processes can result in circular or near-circular features that may be mistaken for impact craters. Some examples are calderas, maars, sinkholes, glacial cirques, igneous intrusions, ring dikes, salt domes, geologic domes, ventifacts, tuff rings, forest rings, and others. Conversely, an impact crater may originally be thought as one of these geological features, like Meteor Crater (as a maar) or Upheaval Dome (as a salt dome).

The presence of shock metamorphism and shatter cones are important criteria in favor of an impact interpretation, though massive landslides (such as the Köfels landslide of 7800 BC which was once thought to be impact-related) may produce shock-like fused rocks called "frictionite".[374]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض Shown as "proven" by Mikheeva (2017),[18] not "confirmed" by EID (2018).[19]

References

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  48. ^ Bee Bluff
  49. ^ Björkö
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  52. ^ Bohemia
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  56. ^ Bowers
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Bibliography

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External links

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