قائمة اليهود الحاصلين علي نوبل

(تم التحويل من List of Jewish Nobel laureates)
Sign on Nobel Laureates Boulevard in Rishon LeZion saluting Jewish Nobel laureates

Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 900 individuals,[1] of whom at least 20% were Jews.[2] The number of Jews receiving Nobel prizes has been the subject of some attention.[3] Israeli academics Elay Ben-Gal and Yeshayahu Leibowitz began an encyclopedia of Jewish Nobel laureates, and have interviewed as many as possible about their life and work.[4]

Jews have been recipients of all six awards. The first Jewish recipient, Adolf von Baeyer, was awarded the prize in Chemistry in 1905.

Jewish laureates Elie Wiesel and Imre Kertész survived the extermination camps during the Holocaust,[5] while François Englert survived by being hidden in orphanages and children's homes.[6] Others, such as Walter Kohn, Otto Stern, Albert Einstein, Hans Krebs and Martin Karplus had to flee Nazi Germany to avoid persecution.[7][8][9] Still others, including Rita Levi-Montalcini, Herbert Hauptman, Robert Furchgott, Arthur Kornberg, and Jerome Karle experienced significant antisemitism in their careers.[8][10]

Arthur Ashkin, a 96-year-old American Jew, was, at the time of his award, the oldest person to receive a Nobel Prize.[11][12]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الكيمياء

Year Laureate Country Rationale
1905 Adolf von Baeyer (1905).jpg Adolf von Baeyer[13][14][15][16] Germany "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[17]
1906 Henri Moissan.jpg Henri Moissan[13][14][15][16][18] France "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"[19]
1910 Voit 168 Otto Wallach.jpg Otto Wallach[13][14][15][16] Germany "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[20]
1915 Richard Willstätter.jpg Richard Willstätter[13][14][15][16] Germany "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"[21]
1918 Fritz Haber.png Fritz Haber[13][14][15][16][22] Germany "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[23]
1943 George de Hevesy.jpg George de Hevesy[13][14][15][16] Hungary "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[24]
1961 Melvin Calvin.jpg Melvin Calvin[13][14][15][16] United States "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[25]
1962 Max Perutz.jpg Max Perutz[13][14][15][16][26] United Kingdom / Austria "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[27]
1972 Christian B. Anfinsen Christian B. Anfinsen[13][16][28] United States "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[29]
William Howard Stein[13][14][16] "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"[29]
1977 Ilya Prigogine 1977c.jpg Ilya Prigogine[13][14][16][30] Belgium "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[31]
1979 Herbert C. Brown[13][14][16][32] United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"[33]
1980 Paul Berg in 1980.jpg Paul Berg[13][14][16][34] United States "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[35]
WalterGilbert2.jpg Walter Gilbert[13][14][16] "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[35]
1981 Roald Hoffmann.jpg Roald Hoffmann[13][14][16] United States "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"[36]
1982 Aaron Klug 1979.jpg Aaron Klug[13][14][16] United Kingdom "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[37]
1985 Jerome Karle.jpg Jerome Karle[10][13][14][16][38][39] United States "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[40]
Herbert Hauptman Herbert A. Hauptman[8][13][14][16][41][42]
1986 John Polanyi.jpg John Polanyi[43] Polanyi's Nobel lecture upon receipt of the award was entitled "Some Concepts in Reaction Dynamics."[44] Hungary / Canada "for his work in chemical kinetics.[43]
1989 Sidney Altman crop.jpg Sidney Altman[13][14][16] Canada / United States "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[45]
1992 Prof. Dr. Rudolph A. Marcus.jpg Rudolph A. Marcus[13][14][16] United States "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[46]
1994 George Andrew Olah George Andrew Olah[47][13][16] Hungary "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[48]
1996 Harold Kroto 1c389 8471.sweden.jpg Harry Kroto[16][49] United Kingdom "for the discovery of fullerenes"[50]
1998 Walter Kohn Walter Kohn[7][8][13][16][51] United States / Austria "for his development of the density-functional theory"[52]
2000 Heeger, Alan J. (1936).jpg Alan J. Heeger[13][14][16][53] United States "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"[54]
2004 Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Ciehanover.jpg Aaron Ciechanover[16][55][56] Israel "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[57]
Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg Avram Hershko[16][55]
Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg Irwin Rose[16][58][59] United States
2006 Roger.Kornberg.JPG Roger D. Kornberg[55][60][61] United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"[62][63]
2008 Martin Chalfie-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-4.jpg Martin Chalfie[64] United States "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[65]
2009 AdaYonath.jpg Ada Yonath[55] Israel "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"[66]
2011 Dan Shechtman.jpg Dan Shechtman[67] Israel "for the discovery of quasicrystals"[68]
2012 Lefkowitz3.jpg Robert Lefkowitz[69] United States "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"[70]
2013 AW TW PS.jpg Arieh Warshel[9][71] Israel "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"[72]
Michael Levitt.jpg Michael Levitt[9][71] United States / United Kingdom / Israel [73][74]
Nobel Prize 22 2013.jpg Martin Karplus[9][71] United States / Austria [75]


الفسيولوجيا أو الطب

Year Laureate Country Rationale
1908 Ilya Mechnikov nobel.jpg Élie Metchnikoff[15][16][76] Russia "in recognition of their work on immunity"[77]
Paul Ehrlich 1915.jpg Paul Ehrlich[15][16][76] Germany
1914 Robert Barany.jpg Robert Bárány[15][16][76] Austria-Hungary "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[78]
1922 Otto Fritz Meyerhof.jpg Otto Fritz Meyerhof[15][16][76] Germany "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[79]
1930 Karl Landsteiner nobel.jpg Karl Landsteiner[15][16][76] Austria "for his discovery of human blood groups"[80]
1931 Otto Warburg.jpg Otto Heinrich Warburg[15][16] Germany "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[81]
1936 Otto Loewi nobel.jpg Otto Loewi[15][16][76] Austria "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[82]
1944 Joseph Erlanger nobel.jpg Joseph Erlanger[15][16][76][83] United States "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[84]
1945 Ernst Boris Chain 1945.jpg Ernst Boris Chain[15][16][76] United Kingdom "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[85]
1946 HJ Muller 1952.jpg Hermann Joseph Muller[15][16][76] United States "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[86]
1947 Gerty Theresa Cori.jpg Gerty Cori[16][76] United States "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[87]
1950 Thadeus Reichstein ETH-Bib Portr 10137.jpg Tadeusz Reichstein[15][16][76] Switzerland / Poland "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[88]
1952 Selman Waksman NYWTS.jpg Selman Waksman[15][16][76] United States "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[89]
1953 Hans Adolf Krebs.jpg Hans Adolf Krebs[8][15][16][76] United Kingdom "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[90]
Portrait of Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899-1986), Biochemist (2551001689).jpg Fritz Albert Lipmann[76] United States "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[90]
1958 Joshua Lederberg.jpg Joshua Lederberg[15][16][76] United States "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[91]
1959 Arthur Kornberg (30828410210) - restoration1.jpg Arthur Kornberg[10][15][16][76] United States "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[92]
1964 Konrad Bloch.JPG Konrad Emil Bloch[15][16][76][93] United States "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[94]
1965 François Jacob nobel.jpg François Jacob[15][16][76] France "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[95]
André Lwoff nobel.jpg André Michel Lwoff[15][16][76]
1967 George Wald nobel.jpg George Wald[15][16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[96]
1968 MNirenberg.jpg Marshall Warren Nirenberg[15][16][76] United States "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[97]
1969 Salvador E. Luria ca.1969.jpg Salvador Luria[15][16][76] United States / Italy "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[98]
1970 Axelrod01.jpg Julius Axelrod[16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[99]
Bernard Katz[15][16][76] United Kingdom
1972 Professor Gerald M. Edelman.jpg Gerald Edelman[16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[100]
1975 Dr. David Baltimore2.jpg David Baltimore[16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[101]
Howard Martin Temin 1975.jpg Howard Martin Temin[16][76]
1976 Baruch Samuel Blumberg by Tom Trower (NASA).jpg Baruch Samuel Blumberg[16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[102]
1977 Rosalyn Yalow.jpg Rosalyn Sussman Yalow[16][34][76] United States "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[103]
1978 Daniel Nathans[16][76] United States "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[104]
1980 Baruj Benacerraf 1969.jpg Baruj Benacerraf[16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[105]
1982 John Robert Vane.jpg John Vane[106] United States along with Sune Bergström and Bengt Samuelsson for "their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances".[107]
1984 Milstein lnp.jpg César Milstein[16][34][76] Argentina
 "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[108]
1985 Mike Brown 2003.jpg Michael Stuart Brown[16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[109]
Joe Goldstein.JPG Joseph L. Goldstein[16][76]
1986 Stanley Cohen-Biochemist.jpg Stanley Cohen[16][34][76] United States "for their discoveries of growth factors"[110]
Rita Levi Montalcini.jpg Rita Levi-Montalcini[16][76][111] Italy
1988 Nci-vol-8236-300 Gertrude Elion.jpg Gertrude B. Elion[16][76] United States "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[112]
1989 Varmus, Harold Elliot (1939).jpg Harold E. Varmus[16][34][76] United States "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[113]
1994 Alfred Goodman Gilman (cropped).jpg Alfred G. Gilman[16][76] United States "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[114]
Rodbell, Martin (1925-1998).jpg Martin Rodbell[16][76]
1997 Prusiner 1.JPG Stanley B. Prusiner[16][76] United States "for his discovery of prions – a new biological principle of infection"[115]
1998 Drfurchgott.jpg Robert F. Furchgott[8][16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[116]
2000 Paul Greengard.jpg Paul Greengard[16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[117]
Eric Richard Kandel.jpg Eric Kandel[16][76] United States / Austria
2002 Sydney Brenner 1965 cropped.jpg Sydney Brenner[16][76] United Kingdom "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[118]
H. Robert Horvitz[16][76] United States
2004 Richard Axel.jpg Richard Axel[16][76][83][119] United States "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[120]
2006 Andrew Fire, Stanford University.jpg Andrew Fire[76] United States "for his discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[121]
2011 Ralph M. Steinman[67][76][122][123] Canada for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"[124]
Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference KI-DSC 7512.jpg Bruce Beutler[67][76][125] United States "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
2013 James E. Rothman[9][126][127] United States "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"[128]
Randy Schekman 8 February 2012.jpg Randy Schekman[9][126][127]
2017 Michael Rosbash EM1B8756 (38847326642).jpg Michael Rosbash United States "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".[129]
2020 Harvey J. Alter.jpeg Harvey J. Alter United States "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus".[130]
2021 David Julius.jpg David Julius United States "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch".[131]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الفيزياء

Year Laureate Country Rationale
1907 Albert Abraham Michelson2.jpg Albert A. Michelson[14][15][132] United States "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"[133]
1908 G lippmann.jpg Gabriel Lippmann[14][15][132] France "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"[134]
1921 Einstein1921 by F Schmutzer 4.jpg Albert Einstein[14][15][132][135] Germany / Switzerland "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"[136]
1922 Niels Bohr.jpg Niels Bohr[14][15][132][135] Denmark "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"[137]
1925 James Franck.jpg James Franck[14][132] Germany "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[138]
Gustav Hertz.jpg Gustav Hertz[14][15]
1943 Otto Stern.jpg Otto Stern[14][132] United States "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"[139]
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi.jpg Isidor Isaac Rabi[14][15][132] United States "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"[140]
1945 Wolfgang Pauli young.jpg Wolfgang Pauli[132][141] Austria "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[142]
1952 Felix Bloch, Stanford University.jpg Felix Bloch[14][15][132] United States / Switzerland "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[143]
1954 Max Born.jpg Max Born[14][15][132] United Kingdom "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[144]
1958 Ilya Frank.jpg Ilya Frank[132][145] Soviet Union "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[146]
Igor Tamm.jpg Igor Tamm[14][15][132][145][147]
1959 Segre.jpg Emilio Gino Segrè[14][15][132] Italy "for their discovery of the antiproton"[148]
1960 Donald Glaser.jpg Donald A. Glaser[14][15][132] United States "for the invention of the bubble chamber"[149]
1961 Robert Hofstadter.jpg Robert Hofstadter[14][15][132] United States "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"[150]
1962 Landau.jpg Lev Landau[14][15][132][145][151] Soviet Union "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"[152][153]
1963 Wigner.jpg Eugene Wigner[132][154] United States "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[155]
1965 Richard Feynman.png Richard Feynman[14][15][132][156] United States "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"[157]
Schwinger.jpg Julian Schwinger[14][15][132]
1967 Hans Bethe.jpg Hans Bethe[132] United States "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"[158]
1969 Murray Gell-Mann.jpg Murray Gell-Mann[14][15][132][159] United States "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"[160]
1971 Dennis Gabor 1971b.jpg Dennis Gabor[14][132] United Kingdom "for his invention and development of the holographic method"[161]
1972 Nobel Laureate Leon Cooper in 2007.jpg Leon Cooper[132][162][163] United States "for his jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[164]
1973 Brian Josephson, March 2004.jpg Brian David Josephson[14] United Kingdom "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"[165]
1975 Aage Bohr.jpg Aage Niels Bohr[166] Denmark "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"[167]
Mottelson,Ben 1963 Kopenhagen.jpg Ben Roy Mottelson[14][132]
1976 Burton Richter - charm quark.jpg Burton Richter[14][132] United States "for his pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"[168]
1978 Arno Penzias.jpg Arno Allan Penzias[14][132] United States "for his discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[169]
1979 Sheldon Glashow at Harvard.jpg Sheldon Glashow[14][132] United States "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[170]
Steven-weinberg.jpg Steven Weinberg[14][132]
1981 Artur Schawlow, Stanford University.jpg Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"[171]
1987 Karl Alexander Mueller.jpg Karl Alexander Müller[132] Switzerland "for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"[172]
1988 Leon M. Lederman.jpg Leon M. Lederman[14][34][132] United States "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[173]
Melvin Schwartz[14][132]
Jack-Steinberger-2008.JPG Jack Steinberger[14][132]
1990 Physics Nobel laureate Jerry Friedman, 2016.jpg Jerome Isaac Friedman[132] United States "for his pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[174]
1992 CHARPAK Georges-24x50-2005 cropped.JPG Georges Charpak[132] France / Poland "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"[175]
1995 Martin Perl - tau.jpg Martin Lewis Perl[132] United States "'for the discovery of the tau lepton' and 'for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics'"[176]
Frederick Reines.jpg Frederick Reines[132] "'for the detection of the neutrino' and 'for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics'"[176]
1996 David M Lee Dec 2008.jpg David Morris Lee[47][132] United States "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[177]
Douglas Osheroff.jpg Douglas D. Osheroff[47]
1997 Claude Cohen-Tannoudji.JPG Claude Cohen-Tannoudji[132] France "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"[178]
2000 Zhores Alferov.jpg Zhores Alferov[47][132] Russia "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"[179]
2003 AA Abrikosov ANL1.jpg Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov[132] Russia / United States "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"[180]
Виталий Лазаревич Гинзбург.jpg Vitaly Ginzburg[132] Russia
2004 David Gross cropped.JPG David Gross[55][132][181] United States "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[182]
H. David Politzer[132]
2005 Roy Glauber Dec 10 2005.jpg Roy J. Glauber[132] United States "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"[183]
2011 Adam Riess Agr cover.jpg Adam Riess[67][132][184][185][186] United States "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"[187]
Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference KVA-DSC 7744.jpg Saul Perlmutter[67][132][188][189]
2012 Serge Haroche - Théâtre de la Commune d'Aubervilliers - 4 mai 2009.jpg Serge Haroche[190] France "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"[191]
2013 Francois Englert.jpg François Englert[6][9][192][193] Belgium "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"[194]
2016 Jkosterl.jpg J. Michael Kosterlitz[195] United Kingdom "for discoveries in condensed-matter physics that have transformed the understanding of matter that assumes strange shapes"
2017 Rainer Weiss - December 2006.jpg Rainer Weiss[196] United States "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
05-0367-92D.hr.jpg Barry Barish[197][198]
2018 Arthur Ashkin EM1B5678 (44417135450).jpg Arthur Ashkin United States "'for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics', in particular 'for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems'"
2020 Roger Penrose at Festival della Scienza Oct 29 2011.jpg Roger Penrose United Kingdom "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity"
Andrea Ghez United States "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الأدب

Year Laureate Country Rationale
1910 Adolf Friedrich Erdmann von Menzel 042.jpg Paul Heyse[47][199] Germany "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[200]
1927 Bergson-Nobel-photo.jpg Henri Bergson[199] France "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"[201]
1958 Boris Pasternak 1969.jpg Boris Pasternak[199] Soviet Union "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[202]
1966 Agnon.jpg Shmuel Yosef Agnon[199] Israel "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"[203]
Nelly Sachs 1966.jpg Nelly Sachs[199] Sweden "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[203]
1976 Saul Bellow (Herzog portrait).jpg Saul Bellow[199] United States "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[204]
1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer (upright).jpg Isaac Bashevis Singer[199] United States / Poland "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"[205]
1981 Elias Canetti 2.jpg Elias Canetti[199] United Kingdom "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"[206]
1987 Joseph Brodsky 1988.jpg Joseph Brodsky[199] United States "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"[207]
1991 Nadine Gordimer 01.JPG Nadine Gordimer[199] South Africa "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity"[208]
2002 Kertész Imre (Frankl Aliona).jpg Imre Kertész[199][209][210] Hungary "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"[211]
2004 Elfriede jelinek 2004 small.jpg Elfriede Jelinek[212] Austria "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[213]
2005 Harold-pinter-atp.jpg Harold Pinter[199][214] United Kingdom "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[215]
2014 Patrick Modiano 6 dec 2014 - 22.jpg Patrick Modiano[216]

[217]

France "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"[218]
2016 Bob Dylan - Azkena Rock Festival 2010 2.jpg Bob Dylan United States "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"
2020 Louise Glück circa 1977.jpg Louise Glück United States "for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal."[219]

الاقتصاد

Year Laureate Country Rationale
1970 Paul Samuelson.jpg Paul Samuelson[220][221] United States "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"[222]
1971 Simon Kuznets 1971b.jpg Simon Kuznets[220][223] United States "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"[224]
1972 Kenneth Arrow, Stanford University.jpg Kenneth Arrow[220][225] United States "for his pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"[226]
1973 Wassily Leontief 1973.jpg Wassily Leontief[220] Russia / Germany / United States "for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"[227]
1975 Leonid Kantorovich 1975.jpg Leonid Kantorovich[220] Soviet Union "for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"[228]
1976 Portrait of Milton Friedman.jpg Milton Friedman[220][225][229] United States "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"[230]
1978 Herbert A. Simon[220][231] United States "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"[232]
1980 Lawrence Klein[220][231] United States "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"[233]
1985 Franco Modigliani.jpg Franco Modigliani[220][221] Italy / United States "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"[234]
1987 Robert Solow by Olaf Storbeck.jpg Robert Solow[220] United States "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth""[235]
1990 Harry Markowitz[220][231] United States "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics""[236]
Merton Miller[220][231]
1992 GaryBecker-May24-2008.jpg Gary Becker[220][231] United States "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour""[237]
1993 Robert William Fogel.jpg Robert Fogel[220][231] United States "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"[238]
1994 John Harsanyi[220][231][239] Hungary "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"[240]

Reinhard Selten2.jpg

Reinhard Selten[241] Germany
1997 Myron Scholes 2008 in Lindau.png Myron Scholes[220][231][242] Canada "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"[243][244]
Robert Merton November 2010 03(1).jpg Robert C. Merton[245] United States
2001 Joseph E. Stiglitz - cropped.jpg Joseph Stiglitz[220][231] "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"[246]
George Akerlof.jpg George Akerlof[247] United States
2002 Daniel Kahneman (3283955327) (cropped).jpg Daniel Kahneman[220][231] Israel / United States "for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"[248]
2005 ישראל אומן 2010.jpg Robert Aumann[220][249] Israel / United States "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"[250]
2007 Leonid Hurwicz.jpg Leonid Hurwicz[220][251][252][253][254] United States / Poland "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"[255]
05N3441 emaskin.jpg Eric Maskin[220][254][256] United States
Myerson roger b print.jpg Roger Myerson[220][254]
2008 Paul Krugman-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-8.jpg Paul Krugman[220][257] United States "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"[258]
2009 Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-30.jpg Elinor Ostrom[259][260] United States "for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"[261]
2010 Peter Diamond cropped.jpg Peter Diamond[262][263] United States "for his analysis of markets with search frictions"[264]
2012 Alvin E. Roth 3 2012.jpg Alvin E. Roth[265] United States "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"[266]
2016 Nobel Laureates 0983 (31117127490).jpg Oliver Hart[267] United States "contributions to contract theory"
2017 Richard Thaler Chatham.jpg Richard Thaler[268] United States "contributions have built a bridge between the economic and psychological analyses of individual decision-making"
2018 William Nordhaus EM1B6043 (46234132921).jpg William Nordhaus[269][270] United States "for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis"[271]
2019 Michael Kremer 20201201.jpg Michael Kremer[272] United States "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
2020 Paul Milgrom Headshot.jpg Paul Milgrom United States "for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats"[273]
2021 Joshua Angrist - 2011.jpg Joshua Angrist United States / Israel "for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"[274]

السلام

Year Laureate Country Rationale
1911 TMCasser.jpg Tobias Michael Carel Asser[275] The Netherlands "Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer"[276]
Alfred Herrmann Fried Foto.jpg Alfred Hermann Fried[277] Austria "Journalist; Founder of Die Friedenswarte"[276]
1968 René Cassin nobel.jpg René Cassin France "President of the European Court for Human Rights"[278]
1973 Henry Kissinger.jpg Henry A. Kissinger[279] United States "For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the American forces"[280][281]
1978 Menachem Begin 2.jpg Menachem Begin[282] Israel "for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"[283]
1986 Elie Wiesel.jpg Elie Wiesel[284] United States "Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""[285]
1994 Yitzhak Rabin (1986) cropped.jpg Yitzhak Rabin Israel "to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."[286]
Shimon Peres World Economic Forum 2007.jpg Shimon Peres
1995 Josef Rotblat ID badge.png Joseph Rotblat Poland "for his efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"[287]

أجبِروا على رفض الجائزة

Boris Pasternak, a Russian Jew, who was awarded the 1958 prize for literature, initially accepted the award, but—after intense pressure from Soviet authorities—subsequently declined it.[288][289][290][291]

الفائزون اليهود حسب البلد

Below is a chart of all Jewish Nobel laureates per country (updated to 2021 laureates). Some laureates are counted more than once if have multiple citizenship.

Country Number of Jewish Nobel laureates
 الولايات المتحدة 129
 المملكة المتحدة 15
 ألمانيا 13
 إسرائيل 13
 فرنسا 10
 روسيا/ الاتحاد السوڤيتي 10
 النمسا 10
 پولندا 5
 المجر 4
 إيطاليا 4
 جنوب أفريقيا 4
  سويسرا 4
 كندا 3
 الدنمارك 3
 بلجيكا 2
 الأرجنتين 1
 السويد 1
 هولندا 1

بوليڤار الفائزين بنوبل

Monument and plaque honoring 2002 Economics Laureate Daniel Kahneman في بوليڤار/ممشى في ريشون لتصيون، إسرائيل

The Israeli city of Rishon LeZion has an avenue dedicated to honoring all Jewish Nobel laureates. The street, called Tayelet Hatanei Pras Nobel (Nobel Laureates Boulevard/Promenade), has a monument with attached plaque for each Nobel laureate. The scientific adviser of the project was Prof. Israel Hanukoglu.[292]

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ All Nobel Prizes
  2. ^
    • "A remarkable week for Jewish Nobelהש Prize winners". The Jewish Chronicle. October 10, 2013. Jews have won more than 20 per cent of the 850-plus prizes awarded, despite making up just 0.2 per cent of world's population.
    • "One-of-five Nobel Prize Laureates are Jewish". Israel High-Tech & Investment Report. December 2004. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
    • "Jews make up less than 0.32% of mankind". ynetnews. October 0012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
    • Brooks, David (January 11, 2010). "The Tel Aviv Cluster". The New York Times. p. A23. Jews are a famously accomplished group. They make up 0.2 percent of the world population, but 54 percent of the world chess champions, 27 percent of the Nobel physics laureates and 31 percent of the medicine laureates. Jews make up 2 percent of the U.S. population, but 21 percent of the Ivy League student bodies, 26 percent of the Kennedy Center honorees, 37 percent of the Academy Award-winning directors, 38 percent of those on a recent Business Week list of leading philanthropists, 51 percent of the Pulitzer Prize winners for nonfiction.
    • Dobbs, Stephen Mark (October 12, 2001). "As the Nobel Prize marks centennial, Jews constitute 1/5 of laureates". j. Retrieved January 23, 2009. Throughout the 20th century, Jews, more so than any other minority, ethnic or cultural group, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize – perhaps the most distinguished award for human endeavor in the six fields for which it is given. Remarkably, Jews constitute almost one-fifth of all Nobel laureates. This, in a world in which Jews number just a fraction of 1 percent of the population.
    • "28". Judaism for dummies. John Wiley & Sons. 2001. Similarly, because Jews make up less than a quarter of one percent of the world's population, it's surprising that over 20 percent of Nobel prizes have been awarded to Jews or people of Jewish descent. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
    • Lawrence E. Harrison (2008). The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It. Oxford University Press. p. 102. That achievement is symbolized by the fact that 15 to 20 percent of Nobel Prizes have been won by Jews, who represent two tenths of one percent of the world's population.
    • The History of the Jewish People: Ancient Israel to 1880s America. Behrman House, Inc. 2006. p. 1. These accomplishments account for 20 percent of the Nobel Prizes awarded since 1901. What a feat for a people who make up only .2 percent of the world's population! {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  3. ^ *Schuster, Ruth (2013-10-09). "Why do Jews win so many Nobels?". Retrieved 2018-03-17.
  4. ^ "About Jewish Nobel Prize Winners". Beit Hatfutsot.
  5. ^ "Winfrey selects Wiesel's 'Night' for book club", Associated Press, January 16, 2006.
  6. ^ أ ب USC Shoah Foundation Institute testimony of Francois Englert - USHMM Collections Search, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  7. ^ أ ب "Walter Kohn Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-19. They are dominated by my vivid recollections of 1 1/2 years as a Jewish boy under the Austrian Nazi regime... On another level, I want to mention that I have a strong Jewish identity and – over the years – have been involved in several Jewish projects, such as the establishment of a strong program of Judaic Studies at the University of California in San Diego.
  8. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Hargittai, István (2003). The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. Oxford University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-19-860785-4
  9. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ A remarkable week for Jewish Nobel Prize winnersThe Jewish Chronicle, October 10, 2013. "No less than six Jewish scientists were awarded Nobel Prizes this week... Belgian-born Francois Englert won the accolade in physics... Also this week, two American Jews were awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine [...] James Rothman and Randy Schekman... Meanwhile, three Jewish-American scientists, Arieh Warshel, Michael Levitt and Martin Karplus, shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry... Karplus [...] fled the Nazi occupation of Austria as a child in 1938.
  10. ^ أ ب ت Hargittai, István (2003). The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. Oxford University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-19-860785-4
  11. ^ Hilary Brueck, "The world's oldest Nobel Prize winner, a 96-year-old physicist, says his new invention will give everyone in the world clean, cheap energy", Business Insider, January 26, 2019.
  12. ^ "The Latest: US scientist, 96, is oldest to win Nobel Prize", Associated Press, October 2, 2018.
  13. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل "Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Israel Science and Technology Directory. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  14. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن هـ و ي أأ أب أت أث أج أح أخ أد أذ أر أز أس أش أص أض أط أظ أع أغ أف Wentzel Van Huyssteen (2003). Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, Volume 2. MacMillan Reference USA. p. 493.
  15. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن هـ و ي أأ أب أت أث أج أح أخ أد أذ أر أز أس أش أص أض أط أظ أع Feuer, Lewis Samuel (1995). Varieties of Scientific Experience: Emotive Aims in Scientific Hypotheses (citing Encyclopaedia Judaica). Transaction Publishers. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-56000-223-9
  16. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن هـ و ي أأ أب أت أث أج أح أخ أد أذ أر أز أس أش أص أض أط أظ أع أغ أف أق أك أل أم أن أهـ أو أي بأ بب بت بث بج بح بخ بد بذ بر بز بس بش بص بض بط بظ بع J. Rogers Hollingsworth (2007), "High Cognitive Complexity and the Making of Major Scientific Discoveries", in Arnaud Sales, Marcel Fournier (eds.). Knowledge, Communication and CreativitySage Studies in International Sociology, SAGE, 2007, p. 136. ISBN 9780761943075
  17. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  18. ^ Joan Comay; Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok (1995). Who's who in Jewish history: after the period of the Old Testament. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN 0-415-12583-9. Moissan, whose mother was Jewish, [...]
  19. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  20. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  21. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  22. ^ Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prizes Recipients: Chemistry, Rhysics, and Medicine. CRC Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4
  23. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  24. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  25. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  26. ^ Georgina Ferry (2008). Max Perutz and the secret of life. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7011-7695-2.
  27. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  28. ^ "The Christian B. Anfinsen Papers Biographical Information". Profiles in Science. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
  29. ^ أ ب "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
  30. ^
    • Radu Balescu. "Ilya Prigogine: His Life, His Work", in Stuart Alan Rice (2007). Special volume in memory of Ilya Prigogine, John Wiley and Sons. p. 2. "In the history of science, there are few examples of such a flashing and immense ascent as that of Ilya Prigogine (Fig. 1). The little Russian Jewish immigrant arrived in Brussels at the age of 12..."
    • Magnus Ramage, Karen Shipp (2009). Systems Thinkers. Springer. p. 277. "Prigogine was born in January 1917 in Moscow... His family 'had a difficult relationship with the new regime' (Prigogine 1977), being both Jewish and merchants...
    • Jean Maruani, Roland Lefebvre, Erkki Brändas (eds.) (2003). Advanced Topics in Theoretical Chemical Physics, Springer, p. xv. "Ilya Prigogine was born on January 25, 1917, in Moscow, Russia, the second boy in a middle-class, Jewish family."
  31. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  32. ^ Herbert C. Brown, "Herbert C. Brown", in Tore Frängsmyr, Sture Forsén (1993). Chemistry, 1971–1980. World Scientific. p. 337. "My parents... came to London in 1908 as part of the vast Jewish immigration in the early part of this century."
  33. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  34. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Hargittai, István (2003). The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. Oxford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-19-860785-4
  35. ^ أ ب "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  36. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  37. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  38. ^ "Jerome Karle" Archived 2013-10-05 at the Wayback Machine, Profiles, Humanities and the Arts, City College of New York website. Retrieved September 10, 2011. "Jerome Karle is an American Jewish physical chemist who shared the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with a fellow CCNY classmate, Herbert Hauptman"
  39. ^ Seymour "Sy" Brody. "Jerome Karle: Nobel Prize" Archived 2014-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, American Jewish Recipients of the Nobel Prize, Florida Atlantic University Libraries website. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  40. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  41. ^ Bernard S. Schlessinger, June H. Schlessinger (1996). The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901–1995. Oryx Press. p. 101.
  42. ^ Samuel Kurinsky. "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners Part I: Chemistry", Hebrew History Federation.
  43. ^ أ ب "Press Release: The 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  44. ^ "Some Concepts in Reaction Dynamics" (PDF). The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  45. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  46. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  47. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Schreiber, Mordecai; Schiff, Alvin I.; Klenicki, Leon, eds. (2003), "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners", The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia, Schreiber Publishing, p. 198, ISBN 1-887563-77-6 
  48. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
  49. ^ "Sir Harold Kroto – Autobiography". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
  50. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  51. ^ Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prizes Recipients: Chemistry, Rhysics, and Medicine. CRC Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4
  52. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  53. ^ Fant, Kenne (2006). Alfred Nobel: A Biography. Arcade Publishing. p. 478. "Heeger was born in Sioux City, Iowa to a Jewish family."
  54. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
  55. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Boaz Arad. "Best Jewish brains head to China. Beijing conference on science and technology to host Israeli, Jewish American Nobel laureates". Yedioth Ahronoth. January 11, 2010. "Three Nobel Prize laureates – Ada Yonath, Aaron Ciechanover, and Avram Hershko – are scheduled to take part in a conference in Beijing this month to present Israel's top achievements in the field of Chemistry. The three will be joined by two Jewish American laureates, Professor Roger Kornberg, a biochemist, and David Gross, who won a physics Nobel."
  56. ^ Ciechanover, Aaron (2009). "The 2008 Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting: Aaron Ciechanover, Chemistry 2004". Journal of Visualized Experiments (29). doi:10.3791/1559. PMC 3148932. PMID 19571788.
  57. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  58. ^ István Hargittai, Magdolna Hargittai (2006). Candid Science VI. Imperial College Press. "Both Irwin Rose's parents came from secular Jewish families, on his maternal side, the Greenwalds originated from Hungary and on his paternal side, the Roses originated from the Odessa region of Russia."
  59. ^ Seymour "Sy" Brody. "Irwin Rose: Chemistry Recipient-2004" Archived 2014-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, American Jewish Recipients of the Nobel Prize, Florida Atlantic University Libraries website. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  60. ^ Joe Eskenazi. "Winning Nobel Prizes seems to run in one family’s chemistry—and biology".The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. October 12, 2006. "Arthur Kornberg – who still has his own lab at Stanford Medical School at age 88 – grew up in an Orthodox Brooklyn household, where Yiddish was the first language. His future wife, Sylvy Levy, also grew up Orthodox, but the couple raised their children in a fairly secular environment. Still, the family had a strong Jewish and pro-Israel identity, and Roger Kornberg is a consistent donor to the San Francisco-based Jewish Community Federation. Roger married an Israeli scientist, Yahli Lorch, a Stanford professor of structural biology, and they live almost half the year in their Jerusalem flat, where he leads his research team remotely via the Internet. "
  61. ^ Nadan Feldman. "U.S. Nobel laureate: Israel must invest more in higher education". Haaretz. January 13, 2012. "...explains Kornberg, when asked about the values his father instilled in him, and the atmosphere in which he grew up, in a Jewish family in the 1950s."
  62. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  63. ^ "Seymour "Sy" Brody's Jewish Heroes and Heroines of America Exhibits". Seymour "Sy" Brody's Jewish Heroes and Heroines of America Exhibits. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
  64. ^ "Martin Chalfie - Facts". Nobelprize.org. 2014-05-21. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
  65. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008". Nobelprize.org. 2014-05-21. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
  66. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
  67. ^ أ ب ت ث ج
    • Janice Arnold (2011-10-12). "Nobel laureate is pride of Sherbrooke Jews". Canadian Jewish News. "Shechtman was one of five Jews, including a former Montrealer, the late Ralph Steinman, to receive the prestigious prize for their scientific endeavours... Steinman and Bruce Beutler... won for their groundbreaking work in discoveries on the immune system. Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess, both American Jews... won the prize in physics."
    • Looks, Elka (2011-10-05). "Jews make strong showing among 2011 Nobel Prize winners". Haaretz. "Israeli scientist Daniel Shechtman has made headlines at home for winning the 2011 Nobel Prize in chemistry, but he is not the only Jewish recipient... Ralph Steinman and Bruce Beutler were awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine for their discoveries on the immune system... Saul Perlmutter and Adam G. Riess, both American Jews, are two of the three Nobel Prize in physics winners... So far, five of the seven Nobel Prize winners this year are Jewish..."
  68. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  69. ^ "NY Jewish doctor wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry", The Jerusalem Post (Jewish Telegraphic Agency), October 10, 2012.
  70. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
  71. ^ أ ب ت "Three Jewish American scientists, two of which have Israeli citizenship, won the 2013 Nobel Prize for chemistry", The Jerusalem Post (Jewish Telegraphic Agency), October 19, 2013.
  72. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
  73. ^ "Michael Levitt is a US, British and Israeli citizen", The Jerusalem Post, October 9, 2013.
  74. ^ "Fellow winner Michael Levitt, a South Africa-born professor, also holds Israeli citizenship.", The Times of Israel, October 9, 2013.
  75. ^ "Martin Karplus, a US and Austrian citizen", The Jerusalem Post, October 9, 2013.
  76. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن هـ و ي أأ أب أت أث أج أح أخ أد أذ أر أز أس أش أص أض أط أظ أع أغ أف أق أك "Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Biomedical Sciences". Israel Science and Technology Directory. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  77. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  78. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  79. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  80. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  81. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  82. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  83. ^ أ ب Fred Skolnik, Michael Berenbaum (eds.) 2007. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 13. Macmillan Reference USA / Keter Publishing House. p. 733. "Jewish scientists have participated in this problem from the early days of Joseph Erlanger's research on nerve conduction to Richard Axel's dissection of the pathways relevant to olfactory function."
  84. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  85. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  86. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  87. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  88. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  89. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  90. ^ أ ب "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  91. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  92. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  93. ^ Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prizes Recipients: Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine. CRC Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4
  94. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  95. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  96. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  97. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  98. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  99. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  100. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  101. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  102. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  103. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  104. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  105. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  106. ^ According to an interview published in Candid Science II, by István Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2002, p. 562).
  107. ^ Moncada, S. (2006). "Sir John Robert Vane. 29 March 1927 -- 19 November 2004: Elected FRS 1974" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 52: 401–411. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2006.0027. PMID 18551797. S2CID 38582901.
  108. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  109. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  110. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  111. ^ Hargittai, István (2003). The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. Oxford University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-19-860785-4
  112. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  113. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  114. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  115. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  116. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  117. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  118. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  119. ^ Peter Badge, Nikolaus Turner (2007). Nobel Faces: A Gallery of Nobel Prize Winners Wiley-VCH. p. 126. ISBN 978-3-527-40678-4. "Axel was born to Polish Jewish refugees in New York in 1946"
  120. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  121. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  122. ^ Canadian scientist wins Nobel prize days after death Archived 2011-12-26 at the Wayback Machine
  123. ^ "News - Seymour David Steinman". Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  124. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011". Nobel Foundation.
  125. ^ "Dr. Ernest Beutler: 1928 - 2008". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. 2008-10-10. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
  126. ^ أ ب "James Rothman and Randy Schekman, both Jewish, win together with Thomas Suedhof for discoveries on how proteins are transported within cells", The Times of Israel, October 7, 2013.
  127. ^ أ ب "Prix Nobel de médecine 2013 : un duo de chercheurs américains juifs récompensé", Le Monde Juif, October 7, 2013.
  128. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011". Nobel Foundation.
  129. ^ "The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Press Release". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
  130. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020". www.nobelprize.org.
  131. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  132. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن هـ و ي أأ أب أت أث أج أح أخ أد أذ أر أز أس أش أص أض أط أظ أع "Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Physics". Israel Science and Technology Directory. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  133. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  134. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  135. ^ أ ب Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prizes Recipients: Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine. CRC Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4
  136. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  137. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  138. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  139. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  140. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  141. ^ Pauli had three Jewish grandparents. When discussing his plans to leave Switzerland in 1940, he wrote "Actually I suppose I am under German law 75 per cent Jewish." "Wolfgang Pauli – Failed naturalisation and departure to the USA". Archived from the original on 2009-09-13. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  142. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  143. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  144. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  145. ^ أ ب ت Efron, Noah (2014). A Chosen Calling: Jews in Science in the Twentieth Century. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421413822. ...Ilya Frank, Igor Tamm, and Lev Landau... Frank, Tamm and Landau—were, like Ioffe himself, born to Jewish parents...
  146. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  147. ^
  148. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  149. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  150. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  151. ^ "Lev Landau". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  152. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  153. ^ Lev Landau: Topmost Soviet Jewish Scientist Wins Nobel Prize
  154. ^ Marton, Kati (2006). The Great Escape: Nine Jews Who Fled Hitler and Changed the World. Simon & Schuster. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4165-4245-2
  155. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  156. ^ James Gleick. Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman. Random House. 1995. p. 85. "Feynman, as a New York Jew distinctly uninterested in either the faith or sociology of Judaism..."
  157. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  158. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  159. ^ Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prizes Recipients: Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine. CRC Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4
  160. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  161. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  162. ^ Bernard S. Schlessinger, June H. Schlessinger (1996). The Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners, 1901–1995. "Cooper, Leon Neil". Oryx Press. p. 605. "Religion: Jewish".
  163. ^ Kurtz, Seymour (1985). Jewish America. McGraw-Hill. p. 244.
  164. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  165. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-06-27. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  166. ^ "Aage N. Bohr – Biographical". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  167. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  168. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  169. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  170. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  171. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  172. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
  173. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  174. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  175. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  176. ^ أ ب "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  177. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  178. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  179. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  180. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  181. ^ "David J. Gross: Autobiography". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  182. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  183. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  184. ^ Wedding: Nancy Schondorf And Adam Riess
  185. ^ Wedding: Drs. Gail Michele Riess and Leonard Bruce Saltz
  186. ^ Obituary: Michael Riess
  187. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011". Nobel Foundation.
  188. ^ Samuel Davidson, led Yiddish revival
  189. ^ "The Jewish Public Forum at CLAL". Archived from the original on 2002-03-29. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
  190. ^ " French-Jewish physicist wins Nobel Prize along with American colleague", Haaretz (Jewish Telegraphic Agency), October 9, 2012.
  191. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
  192. ^ "Tel Aviv University professor shares Nobel Prize in physics", The Times of Israel, October 8, 2013. "Professor Englert is a Belgian Jew"
  193. ^ Ziri, Daniel. "Tel Aviv U. affiliated prof. who is a Holocaust survivor wins Nobel for physics", The Jerusalem Post (Reuters), October 8, 2013. "The 80-year-old Englert – a Belgian Jew and Holocaust survivor..."
  194. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013". Nobel Foundation.
  195. ^ Nicholas Pollard. "British Jewish Scientist Among Three Physics Nobel Awards", The Forward, October 4, 2016.
  196. ^ Nicholas Pollard. "American Jewish Scientist Among Three Physics Nobel Awards", Quanta Magazine, October 3, 2017.
  197. ^ "Interview with Vladimir B" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-10-03.
  198. ^ "A Small-Town Jewish Family's Rebuke of Car Maker Henry Ford". Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  199. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س "Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Literature". Israel Science and Technology Directory. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  200. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1910". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  201. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1927". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  202. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1958". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  203. ^ أ ب "Nobel Prize in Literature 1966". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  204. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  205. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  206. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1981". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  207. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1987". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  208. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1991". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  209. ^ Segel, Harold B. (2008). The Columbia Literary History of Eastern Europe Since 1945. Columbia University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-231-13306-7"... the few Hungarian writers who have attempted to deal with Hungary's role in the ware and the fate of the Hungarian Jewish population have been mostly Hungarian Jews. Certainly the best known, due to his receipt of the coveted Nobel Prize in Literature in 2002, is Imre Kertész (و. 1929)".
  210. ^ Rubin Suleiman, Susan; Forgács, Éva (eds) (2003). Contemporary Jewish Writing in Hungary: An Anthology. University of Nebraska Press. p. xlvi.
  211. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  212. ^ Dagmar C. G. Lorenz (2007). Keepers of the Motherland: German texts by Jewish women writers. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 251–252. ISBN 978-0-8032-2917-4. Jewish women's writing likewise employs satirical and grotesque elements when depicting non-Jews... Some do so pointedly, such as Ilse Aichinger, Elfriede Gerstl, and Elifriede Jelinek... Jelinek resumed the techniques of the Jewish interwar satirists... Jelinek stresses her affinity to Karl Krauss and the Jewish Cabaret of the interwar era... She claims her own Jewish identity as the daughter of a Holocaust victim, her father, thereby suggesting that there is a continuity of Vienna's Jewish tradition (Berka 1993, 137f.; Gilman 1995, 3).
  213. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  214. ^ Billington, Michael (2007). Harold Pinter. London: Faber and Faber. p. 2. ISBN 0-571-23476-3.
  215. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2005". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  216. ^ "Nobel Prize Winner Patrick Modiano – Who?". Jewish Quarterly. Archived from the original on 2018-12-26.
  217. ^ Patrick Modiano’s ‘Suspended Sentences’. New York Times website.
  218. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2014". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
  219. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2020". NobelPrize.org (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  220. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل "Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Economics". Israel Science and Technology Directory. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  221. ^ أ ب Stephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack (2008). "American Jews in Economics". Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1. ISBN 978-1-85109-638-1. p. 719.
  222. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1970". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  223. ^ Stephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack (2008). "American Jews in Economics". Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1. ISBN 978-1-85109-638-1. p. 720.
  224. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1971". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  225. ^ أ ب Stephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack (2008). "American Jews in Economics". Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1. ISBN 978-1-85109-638-1. p. 718.
  226. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1972". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  227. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1973". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  228. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1975". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  229. ^ Vane, Howard R (2007). The Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics: An Introduction to their Careers. Edward Elgar Publishing, p. 82. ISBN 978-1-84720-092-1
  230. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  231. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر Stephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack (2008). "American Jews in Economics". Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1. ISBN 978-1-85109-638-1. p. 721.
  232. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  233. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1980". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  234. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1985". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  235. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1987". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  236. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1990". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  237. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  238. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1993". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  239. ^ Vane, Howard R (2007). The Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics: An Introduction to their Careers. Edward Elgar Publishing, p. 222. ISBN 978-1-84720-092-1
  240. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  241. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  242. ^ Lesley Simpson. "Endowment fund named for winner of Nobel Prize". The Hamilton Spectator. September 16, 1998. p. A8.
  243. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  244. ^ Norwood, Stephen Harlan; Pollack, Eunice G. (2008). Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 721. ISBN 9781851096381.
  245. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  246. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 2001". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  247. ^ "Florida Atlantic University Libraries". Archived from the original on 2014-10-22. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  248. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  249. ^ "Brief Bio – Robert J Aumann". Robert Aumann. Retrieved 2010-04-17. Robert Aumann was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in 1930, to a well-to-do orthodox Jewish family.
  250. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 2005". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  251. ^ Seymour "Sy" Brody. "Leonid Hurwicz: Nobel Prize in Economics Recipient-2007". Florida Atlantic University Libraries. Archived from the original on 2011-10-09. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
  252. ^ "Leonid Hurwicz (1917–2008)". Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
  253. ^ "A house resolution honoring Professor Leo Hurwicz on his 90th birthday". Legislature of the State of Minnesota (image via University of Minnesota, umn.edu). 9 April 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
  254. ^ أ ب ت Pervos, Stefanie (11/5/2007). "Nobel Prize winners have Jewish, Chicago connections". JUF News. "Three Jewish scholars, two with Chicago connections, were awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economic Science in October. Leonid Hurwicz, a professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota and former researcher at the University of Chicago; Roger B. Myerson, a University of Chicago professor; and Eric S. Maskin of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, were honored for their joint work on mechanism design theory."
  255. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 2007". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  256. ^ Silverstein, Marilyn. "Nobel winner who's at home with Einstein" Archived 2008-12-08 at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Jewish News, November 8, 2007. "A native of New York, Maskin grew up in New Jersey, in a nonreligious Jewish home in the town of Alpine... But is he culturally Jewish? "Sure," he said. "It's a very rich culture, and I'm attracted to that side of it. I listen to klezmer — I'm actually a clarinetist myself. And there are certain Jewish foods I'm especially fond of — latkes, chopped liver, chicken soup with matza balls. I like to cook, and a lot of the things I cook have been handed down — a stuffed cabbage recipe I'm fond of, a meat pie recipe. I saw my grandmother do them."
  257. ^ Paul Krugman (2003-10-28). "A Willful Ignorance". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-17. Sure enough, I was accused in various places not just of 'tolerance for anti-Semitism' (yes, I'm Jewish) [...]
  258. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 2008". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
  259. ^ Leonard, Mike (6 December 2009). "Nobel winner Elinor Ostrom is a gregarious teacher who loves to solve problems". The Herald-Times. Bloomington, Indiana. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  260. ^ "The story of non-economist Elinor Ostrom". The Swedish Wire. December 9, 2009. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  261. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2009-10-15. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
  262. ^ "Home | MIT Hillel" (PDF).
  263. ^ Bessen, Jeff (2010-10-20). "Going to the head of the class". Herald Community Newspapers. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
  264. ^ "The Prize in Economic Sciences 2010". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
  265. ^ "US economists tied to Israeli academia win Nobel", JTA in The Jerusalem Post, October 15, 2012.
  266. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 2012". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
  267. ^ "Jewish economist at Harvard shares Nobel Prize", The Jewish Telegraphic Agency, October 10, 2016.
  268. ^ "Jewish American Wins Nobel Prize in Economics", The Jerusalem Post, October 10, 2017.
  269. ^ Nuzzo, Regina (June 27, 2006). "Profile of William D. Nordhaus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (26): 9753–9755. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.9753N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601306103. PMC 1502525. PMID 16803963.
  270. ^ Rochlin, Harriet; Rochlin, Fred (October 9, 2018). Pioneer Jews: A New Life in the Far West. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0618001965 – via Google Books.
  271. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2018". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  272. ^ "Jewish Celebrity Birthday Calendar".
  273. ^ "The Prize in Economic Sciences 2020" (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
  274. ^ "The Prize in Economic Sciences 2021" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. October 11, 2021.
  275. ^ Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901–2001. Science History Publications. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
  276. ^ أ ب "The Nobel Peace Prize 1911". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  277. ^ Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901–2001. Science History Publications. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
  278. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1968". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  279. ^ Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901–2001. Science History Publications. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
  280. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1973". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  281. ^ Lundestad, Geir (2001-03-15). "The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
  282. ^ Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901–2001. Science History Publications. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
  283. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  284. ^ Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901–2001. Science History Publications. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
  285. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1986". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  286. ^ "Press Release - The Nobel Peace Prize 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  287. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  288. ^ "Four Nobel Laureates have been forced by authorities to decline the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
  289. ^ "Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890–1960)". Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
  290. ^ Mark Franchetti. "How the CIA won Zhivago a Nobel". The Sunday Times. January 14, 2007.
  291. ^ Frenz, Horst, ed. (1969). Literature 1901–1967. Nobel Lectures. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 9780444406859. (Via "Nobel Prize in Literature 1958 – Announcement". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 24 May 2007.)
  292. ^ "Nobel Prize Laureates Boulevard" Archived 2012-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, Structures, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Spring 2011, p. 4. "Dr. Hauptman interestingly is one of 160 Jewish Nobel Laureates... In honor of this distinction, there is a boulevard dedicated to Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates in a town called Kiryat Hatanei Pras Nobel (Nobel Prize Laureates' Town) outside of Tel Aviv, Israel. On this boulevard, a monument and plaque have been dedicated in Dr. Hauptman's honor."

للاستزادة

وصلات خارجية

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=قائمة_اليهود_الحاصلين_علي_نوبل&oldid=2921275"