كحول أيزوپروپيل

(تم التحويل من Isopropyl alcohol)
كحول أيزوپروپيل
Isopropyl alcohol
Skeletal formula of isopropyl alcohol
Ball-and-stick model of isopropyl alcohol
Isopropanol by Danny S.jpg
الأسماء
اسم أيوپاك
isopropyl alcohol
اسم أيوپاك المفضل
Propan-2-ol[1]
أسماء أخرى
2-propanol, isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol, rubbing alcohol
المُعرِّفات
رقم CAS
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.601 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
رقم RTECS
  • NT8050000
UNII
الخصائص
الصيغة الجزيئية C3H8O
كتلة مولية 60.09 g mol-1
المظهر سائل عديم اللون
الكثافة 0.786 g/cm3 (20 °C)
نقطة الانصهار
نقطة الغليان
قابلية الذوبان في الماء غير قابل للامتزاج
قابلية الذوبان غير قابل للامتزاج في بنزين، كلوروفورم، إثانول، إيثر، گليسرين
قابل للذوبان في أسيتون
غير قابل للذوبان في محاليل الملح
الحموضة (pKa) 16.5
معامل الانكسار (nD) 1.3776
اللزوجة 2.86 س‌پ عند 15 °س
1.96 س‌پ عند 25 °س[2]
1.77 س‌پ عند 30 °س
For 187K-500K, viscosity (cP) =10^(-0.7009+(8.4150E+02/T)+(-8.6068E-03*T)+(8.2964E-06*(T^2))) (درجة الحرارة بالكلڤن)[2]
Dipole moment 1.66 د (غاز)
المخاطر
خطر رئيسي قابل للاشتعال
توصيف المخاطر R11 R36 R67
تحذيرات وقائية S7 S16 S24 قالب:S25 S26
NFPA 704 (معيـَّن النار)
Flammability code 3: سوائل ومواد صلبة يمكن اشتعالها تقريباً تحت ظروف أي درجة حرارة محيطة. نقطة الوميض بين 23 و 38 °س (73 و 100 °ف). مثل الگاسولينHealth code 1: التعرض سيتسبب في تهيجاً ولكن لا يترك سوى جروح طفيفة باقية. مثل زيت الترپنتينReactivity code 0: مستقر في العادة، حتى تحت ظروف التعرض للنار، ولا يتفاعل مع الماء. مثل النيتروجين السائلSpecial hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
3
1
0
نقطة الوميض 11.7 °س (كوب مكشوف)
13 °س (كوب مغطى)
الجرعة أو التركيز القاتل (LD, LC):
5050 مگ/كگ (فأر، فموي)[3]
مركبات ذا علاقة
ما لم يُذكر غير ذلك، البيانات المعطاة للمواد في حالاتهم العيارية (عند 25 °س [77 °ف]، 100 kPa).
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مراجع الجدول

كحول أيزوپروپيل Isopropyl alcohol (وأيضاً پروپان-2-اول propan-2-ol أو 2-پروپانول 2-propanol أو الاختصار IPA) هو اسم شائع لمركب كيميائي صيغته الجزيئية C3H8O. وهو مركب كيميائي عديم اللون، قابل للاشتعال ذو رائحة نفاذة. وهو أبسط أمثلة كحول ثانوي، حيث يرتبط كربون الكحول بذرتي كربون أخريين يظهران أحياناً بشكل (CH3)2CHOH. وهو متماكب بنيوي للپروپانول.

إيزوبوبانول أو بروبان-2 - ول حسب التسمية النظامية أو 2-بروبانول عبارة عن مركب عضوي ينتمي إلى مجموعة الكحولات (الأغوال)، وهو أبسط الكحولات الثانوية الأليفاتية. للمركب الصيغة الجزيئية المجملة C3H7OH .

الخصائص الفيزيائية

كحول الإيزوبروبانول سائل عديم اللون، سهل التطاير وقابل للاشتعال. له رائحة مميزة غير منفرة، يمكن أن تكون واخزة عند شمها بجرعات كبيرة. تذكر رائحته عادة بالمستشفيات أو العيادات الطبية كونه يدخل في أغلب الأحيان في تركيب المعقمات.

بتبريد السائل إلى -88°س نحصل على صلب عديم اللون (نقطة الانصهار) ، في حين أن درجة غليانه عند الضغط النظامي تبلغ 82°س.

يمتزج إيزوبروبانول مع الماء بكافة النسب بشكل متجانس ثابت الغليان (غير قابل للفصل بالتبخير) عند درجة حرارة تبلغ 80.4°س وعندما تكون نسبة الماء فيه 12.1 %.

كما يمتزج مع الإيتانول بكافة النسب.


التحضير

يحضر الإيزوبروبانول صناعياً إما من البروبيلين أو من الأسيتون.

وذلك بإجراء تفاعل ضم الماء (إماهة) إلى البروبيلين على مبادل أيوني حمضي (حفاز)

أما تحضيره من الأسيتون فيتم عن طريق إجراء تفاعل هدرجة.

الاستخدامات

One of the small scale uses of isopropyl alcohol is in cloud chambers. Isopropyl alcohol has ideal physical and chemical properties to form a supersaturated layer of vapor which can be condensed by particles of radiation.
0:21
تنظيف الخوادم بدون إغلاقها باستخدام كحول الأيزوپروپيل.

In 1990, 45,000 metric tonnes of isopropyl alcohol were used in the United States, mostly as a solvent for coatings or for industrial processes. In that year, 5400 metric tonnes were used for household purposes and in personal care products. Isopropyl alcohol is popular in particular for pharmaceutical applications,[4] due to its low toxicity. Some isopropyl alcohol is used as a chemical intermediate. Isopropyl alcohol may be converted to acetone, but the cumene process is more significant.[4]

مذيب

Isopropyl alcohol dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. It evaporates quickly and the typically available grades tend to not leave behind oil traces when used as a cleaning fluid unlike some other common solvents. It is also relatively non-toxic. Thus, it is used widely as a solvent and as a cleaning fluid, especially where there are oils or oil based residues which are not easily cleaned with water, conveniently evaporating and (depending on water content and other variables) posing less of a risk of corrosion or rusting than plain water. Together with ethanol, n-butanol, and methanol, it belongs to the group of alcohol solvents.

Isopropyl alcohol is commonly used for cleaning eyeglasses, electrical contacts, audio or video tape heads, DVD and other optical disc lenses, bongs,[5] and for removing thermal paste from heatsinks on CPUs[6] and other IC packages.

وسيط

Isopropyl alcohol is esterified to give isopropyl acetate, another solvent. It reacts with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide to give sodium isopropylxanthate, which has use as an herbicide and an ore flotation reagent.[7] Isopropyl alcohol reacts with titanium tetrachloride and aluminium metal to give titanium and aluminium isopropoxides, respectively, the former a catalyst, and the latter a chemical reagent.[4] This compound may serve as a chemical reagent in itself, by acting as a dihydrogen donor in transfer hydrogenation.

طبية

Rubbing alcohol, hand sanitizer, and disinfecting pads typically contain a 60–70% solution of isopropyl alcohol or ethanol in water. Water is required to open up membrane pores of bacteria, which acts as a gateway for isopropyl alcohol. A 75% v/v solution in water may be used as a hand sanitizer.[8] Isopropyl alcohol is used as a water-drying aid for the prevention of otitis externa, better known as swimmer's ear.[9]

Inhaled isopropyl alcohol can be used for treating nausea in some settings by placing a disinfecting pad under the nose.[10]

كمذيب في الصيدلة

هو مذيب شائع في الصيدلة، وخاصة في الأشكال الصيدلانية الخارجية مثل:

لا يستعمل داخلياً لأنه سام، ولا يستعمل في الحلالات الهوائية والنشوقات Aerosols.

الاستخدامات المبكرة كمخدر

Although isopropyl alcohol can be used for anesthesia, its many negative attributes or drawbacks prohibit this use. Isopropyl alcohol can also be used similarly to ether as a solvent[11] or as an anesthetic by inhaling the fumes or orally. Early uses included using the solvent as general anesthetic for small mammals[12] and rodents by scientists and some veterinarians. However, it was soon discontinued, as many complications arose, including respiratory irritation, internal bleeding, and visual and hearing problems. In rare cases, respiratory failure leading to death in animals was observed.


السيارات

Isopropyl alcohol is a major ingredient in "gas dryer" fuel additives. In significant quantities, water is a problem in fuel tanks, as it separates from gasoline and can freeze in the supply lines at low temperatures. Alcohol does not remove water from gasoline, but the alcohol solubilizes water in gasoline. Once soluble, water does not pose the same risk as insoluble water, as it no longer accumulates in the supply lines and freezes but is dissolved within the fuel itself. Isopropyl alcohol is often sold in aerosol cans as a windshield or door lock deicer. Isopropyl alcohol is also used to remove brake fluid traces from hydraulic braking systems, so that the brake fluid (usually DOT 3, DOT 4, or mineral oil) does not contaminate the brake pads and cause poor braking. Mixtures of isopropyl alcohol and water are also commonly used in homemade windshield washer fluid.

المعامل

As a biological specimen preservative, isopropyl alcohol provides a comparatively non-toxic alternative to formaldehyde and other synthetic preservatives. Isopropyl alcohol solutions of 70–99% are used to preserve specimens.

Isopropyl alcohol is often used in DNA extraction. A lab worker adds it to a DNA solution to precipitate the DNA, which then forms a pellet after centrifugation. This is possible because DNA is insoluble in isopropyl alcohol.

أشباه الموصلات

Isopropyl alcohol is used as an additive in alkaline anisotropic etching of monocrystalline silicon, such as with potassium hydroxide or tetramethylammonium hydroxide. This process is used in texturing of silicon solar cells and microfabrication (e.g. in MEMS devices). Isopropyl alcohol increases the anisotropy of the etch by increasing the etch rate of [100] plane relative to higher indexed planes.[13]

السلامة

Isopropyl alcohol vapor is denser than air and is flammable, with a flammability range of between 2% and 12.7% in air. It should be kept away from heat, sparks, and open flame.[14] Distillation of isopropyl alcohol over magnesium has been reported to form peroxides, which may explode upon concentration.[15][16] Isopropyl alcohol can react with air and oxygen over time to form unstable peroxides that can explode.[17]

السمية

Isopropyl alcohol, via its metabolites, is somewhat more toxic than ethanol, but considerably less toxic than ethylene glycol or methanol. Death from ingestion or absorption of even relatively large quantities is rare. Both isopropyl alcohol and its metabolite, acetone, act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants.[18] Poisoning can occur from ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption.[19] Symptoms of isopropyl alcohol poisoning include flushing, headache, dizziness, CNS depression, nausea, vomiting, anesthesia, hypothermia, low blood pressure, shock, respiratory depression, and coma.[18] Overdoses may cause a fruity odor on the breath as a result of its metabolism to acetone.[20] Isopropyl alcohol does not cause an anion gap acidosis, but it produces an osmolal gap between the calculated and measured osmolalities of serum, as do the other alcohols.[18] The findings of acetone without acidosis leads to the sine qua non of "ketosis without acidosis."

Isopropyl alcohol is oxidized to form acetone by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver[18] and has a biological half-life in humans between 2.5 and 8.0 hours.[18] Unlike methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning, the metabolites of isopropyl alcohol are considerably less toxic, and treatment is largely supportive. Furthermore, there is no indication for the use of fomepizole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, unless co-ingestion with methanol or ethylene glycol is suspected.[21]

In forensic pathology, people who have died as a result of diabetic ketoacidosis or alcoholic ketoacidosis, with no isopropyl alcohol ingestion, usually have detectable blood concentrations of isopropyl alcohol of 1 to 40 mg/dL, while those by fatal isopropyl alcohol ingestion usually have blood concentrations of hundreds of mg/dL.[22]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ويكبيبديا.
  2. منشورات جامعة دمشق.
  1. ^ Favre, Henri A.; Powell, Warren H. (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 631. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
  2. ^ أ ب Yaws, C.L. (1999). Chemical Properties Handbook. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070734011.
  3. ^ قالب:GESTIS
  4. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Ullmann
  5. ^ Directo-Meston, Danielle (2021-02-09). "How to Properly Clean Your Bong, According to Cannabis Experts". Rolling Stone (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  6. ^ Intel application method arcticsilver.com
  7. ^ "Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate, SIPX, Xanthate". 3DChem.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-04. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
  8. ^ "Guide to Local Production: WHO-recommended Handrub Formulations" (PDF). World Health Organization. August 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  9. ^ Otitis Externa (Swimmers Ear). Medical College of Wisconsin.
  10. ^ Lindblad, Adrienne J.; Ting, Rhonda; Harris, Kevin (August 2018). "Inhaled isopropyl alcohol for nausea and vomiting in the emergency department". Canadian Family Physician. 64 (8): 580. ISSN 1715-5258. PMC 6189884. PMID 30108075.
  11. ^ Burlage, Henry M.; Welch, H.; Price, C. W. (2006). "Pharmaceutical applications of isopropyl alcohol II. Solubilities of local anesthetics". Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 36 (1): 17–19. doi:10.1002/jps.3030360105. PMID 20285822.
  12. ^ Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (1922). Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Volume 19. p. 85. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
  13. ^ Zubel, Irena; Kramkowska, Małgorzata (2002-10-30). "The effect of alcohol additives on etching characteristics in KOH solutions". Sensors and Actuators A: Physical (in الإنجليزية). 101 (3): 255–261. Bibcode:2002SeAcA.101..255Z. doi:10.1016/S0924-4247(02)00265-0. ISSN 0924-4247.
  14. ^ "Isopropanol". Sigma-Aldrich. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  15. ^ Mirafzal, Gholam A.; Baumgarten, Henry E. (1988). "Control of peroxidizable compounds: An addendum". Journal of Chemical Education. 65 (9): A226. Bibcode:1988JChEd..65A.226M. doi:10.1021/ed065pA226.
  16. ^ "Chemical safety: peroxide formation in 2-propanol". Chemical & Engineering News. 94 (31): 2. August 1, 2016. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  17. ^ "Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet" (PDF). Official Site of The State of New Jersey. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  18. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Slaughter RJ, Mason RW, Beasley DM, Vale JA, Schep LJ (2014). "Isopropanol poisoning". Clinical Toxicology. 52 (5): 470–8. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.914527. PMID 24815348. S2CID 30223646.
  19. ^ Chavez, Andrew R.; Sweeney, Michael; Akpunonu, Peter (2021-12-14). "A Case of Unintentional Isopropanol Poisoning via Transdermal Absorption Delayed by Weekly Hemodialysis". The American Journal of Case Reports. 22: e934529. doi:10.12659/AJCR.934529. ISSN 1941-5923. PMC 8689373. PMID 34905533.
  20. ^ Kalapos, M. P. (2003). "On the mammalian acetone metabolism: from chemistry to clinical implications". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1621 (2): 122–39. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(03)00051-5. PMID 12726989.
  21. ^ "Isopropyl alcohol poisoning". uptodate.com. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
  22. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة PetersenWilliams2012

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