هبريدز الداخلية

Coordinates: 56°30′N 6°00′W / 56.500°N 6.000°W / 56.500; -6.000
The Inner Hebrides of Scotland.
Looking west to Balephuil Bay, Tiree across the machair.
Kinloch Castle, Rùm

The Inner Hebrides ( /ˈhɛbrᵻdiːz/; Scottish Gaelic: Na h-Eileanan a-staigh, "the inner isles") is an archipelago off the west coast of mainland Scotland, to the south east of the Outer Hebrides. Together these two island chains form the Hebrides, which experience a mild oceanic climate. The Inner Hebrides comprise 35 inhabited islands as well as 44 uninhabited islands with an area greater than 30 hectares (74 acres). The main commercial activities are tourism, crofting, fishing and whisky distilling. In modern times the Inner Hebrides have formed part of two separate local government jurisdictions, one to the north and the other to the south. Together, the islands have an area of about 4,130 km2 (1,594 sq mi), and had a population of 18,948 in 2011.[1][2] The population density is therefore about 4.6 per km2 (12 per square mile).

There are various important prehistoric structures, many of which pre-date the first written references to the islands by Roman and Greek authors. In the historic period the earliest known settlers were Picts to the north and Gaels in the southern kingdom of Dál Riada prior to the islands becoming part of the Suðreyjar kingdom of the Norse, who ruled for over 400 years until sovereignty was transferred to Scotland by the Treaty of Perth in 1266. Control of the islands was then held by various clan chiefs, principally the MacLeans, MacLeods and MacDonalds. The Highland Clearances of the 19th century had a devastating effect on many communities and it is only in recent years that population levels have ceased to decline.

Sea transport is crucial and a variety of ferry services operate to mainland Scotland and between the islands. The Gaelic language remains strong in some areas; the landscapes have inspired a variety of artists; and there is a diversity of wildlife.

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Geography

The islands form a disparate archipelago. The largest islands are, from south to north, Islay, Jura, Mull, Rùm and Skye. Skye is the largest and most populous of all with an area of 1,656 km2 (639 sq mi) and a population of just over 10,000.[2][3][4]


Physical

Tobermory, the largest settlement on Mull
Sgurr Alasdair, the highest peak in the Inner Hebrides
المقالة الرئيسية: List of Inner Hebrides

The ten largest islands are as follows.

Island Gaelic name Area (ha)[5] Population[2] Highest point[6] Height (m)[7] Gaelic Speakers
Coll Colla &&&&&&&&&&&07685.&&&&&07٬685 &&&&&&&&&&&&0195.&&&&&0195 Ben Hogh &&&&&&&&&&&&0104.&&&&&0104
Colonsay Colbhasa &&&&&&&&&&&04074.&&&&&04٬074 &&&&&&&&&&&&0124.&&&&&0124 Carnan Eoin &&&&&&&&&&&&0104.&&&&&0104 20.2% (15)
Eigg Eige &&&&&&&&&&&03049.&&&&&03٬049 &&&&&&&&&&&&&083.&&&&&083 An Sgurr &&&&&&&&&&&&0393.&&&&&0393
Islay Ìle &&&&&&&&&&061956.&&&&&061٬956 &&&&&&&&&&&03228.&&&&&03٬228 Beinn Bheigeir &&&&&&&&&&&&0491.&&&&&0491 19% (613)
Jura Diùra &&&&&&&&&&036692.&&&&&036٬692 &&&&&&&&&&&&0196.&&&&&0196 Beinn an Òir &&&&&&&&&&&&0785.&&&&&0785
Lismore Lios Mor &&&&&&&&&&&06231.&&&&&06٬231 &&&&&&&&&&&&0192.&&&&&0192 Lios Mor &&&&&&&&&&&&0444.&&&&&0444 26.9% (50)
Mull Muile &&&&&&&&&&087535.&&&&&087٬535 &&&&&&&&&&&02800.&&&&&02٬800 Ben More &&&&&&&&&&&&0966.&&&&&0966
Raasay Ratharsair &&&&&&&&&&&06231.&&&&&06٬231 &&&&&&&&&&&&0161.&&&&&0161 Dùn Caan &&&&&&&&&&&&0444.&&&&&0444 30.4% (48)
Rùm Rùm &&&&&&&&&&010463.&&&&&010٬463 &&&&&&&&&&&&&022.&&&&&022 Askival &&&&&&&&&&&&0812.&&&&&0812
Skye An t-Eilean Sgitheanach
or Eilean a' Cheò 		&&&&&&&&&0165625.&&&&&0165٬625 &&&&&&&&&&010008.&&&&&010٬008 Sgurr Alasdair &&&&&&&&&&&&0993.&&&&&0993 29.4% (2,942)
Tiree Tioridh &&&&&&&&&&&07834.&&&&&07٬834 &&&&&&&&&&&&0653.&&&&&0653 Ben Hynish &&&&&&&&&&&&0141.&&&&&0141 38.3% (250)
TOTAL 18,947 3,918

[8]

The geology and geomorphology of the islands is varied. Some, such as Skye and Mull, are mountainous, whilst others like Tiree are relatively low-lying. The highest mountains are the Cuillins of Skye, although peaks over 300 metres (980 ft) are common elsewhere.[3] Much of the coastline is machair, a fertile low-lying dune pastureland.[9] Many of the islands are swept by strong tides, and the Corryvreckan tide race between Scarba and Jura is one of the largest whirlpools in the world.[10]

There are various smaller archipelagoes including the Ascrib Islands, Crowlin Islands, Slate Islands, Small Isles, Summer Isles and Treshnish Islands.

Human

Historical population
YearPop.±%
2001 18٬257—    
2011 18٬948+3.8%
[1][2]
Laphroaig distillery, Islay


المناخ

Climate data for Duntulm, Skye
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.5
(43.7) 		6.6
(43.9) 		8.1
(46.6) 		9.6
(49.3) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.3
(57.7) 		15.4
(59.7) 		15.7
(60.3) 		14.2
(57.6) 		11.5
(52.7) 		9.1
(48.4) 		7.6
(45.7) 		10.9
(51.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.4
(36.3) 		2.2
(36.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		4.3
(39.7) 		6.5
(43.7) 		8.7
(47.7) 		10.4
(50.7) 		10.7
(51.3) 		9.4
(48.9) 		7.2
(45.0) 		5.1
(41.2) 		3.6
(38.5) 		6.2
(43.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 148
(5.84) 		100
(3.93) 		82
(3.24) 		86
(3.40) 		73
(2.87) 		85
(3.35) 		97
(3.83) 		112
(4.41) 		128
(5.05) 		152
(6.00) 		143
(5.63) 		142
(5.58) 		1٬350
(53.13)
Source: [11]

Prehistory

The ruins of Dun Ringill, near Elgol on the island of Skye

History

Dál Riata

المقالة الرئيسية: Dál Riata

Although Ptolemy's map identifies various tribes such as the Creones that might conceivably have lived in the Inner Hebrides in the Roman era,[12] the first written records of life begin in the 6th century AD when the founding of the kingdom of Dál Riata is recorded.[13] This encompassed roughly what is now Argyll and Bute and Lochaber in Scotland and County Antrim in Ireland.[14]

The eighth century St Martin's Cross on Iona


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Norse rule

المقالة الرئيسية: Kingdom of Mann and the Isles
Folio 32v of the Book of Kells which may have been produced by the monks of Iona and taken to Ireland for safekeeping after repeated Viking raids of the Hebrides.


British era

Telford's Clachan Bridge between the mainland and Seil, also known as the "Bridge across the Atlantic", was built in 1792.[15]


Transport

Dhu Heartach Lighthouse, During Construction by Sam Bough (1822–1878)

Scheduled ferry services between the Inner Hebrides and the Scottish mainland operate on various routes including: Tayinloan, Kintyre to Gigha; Kennacraig, Kintyre to Islay; Oban to Mull, Coll and Tiree and Colonsay; Mallaig to Armadale, Skye and Eigg, Muck, Rùm & Canna; and Glenelg to Kyle Rhea on the Sleat peninsula, Skye.


Gaelic language

Geographic distribution of Gaelic speakers in Scotland (2011)

There are about 4,000 Gaelic speakers in the Inner Hebrides, equal to 20% of the population of the archipelago.

Wildlife

Adult Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica) in breeding plumage on Lunga in the Treshnish Isles.

See also

جزء من سلسلة عن
تاريخ الجزر البريطانية
Stonehenge Closeup.jpg
استعراض
ما قبل التاريخ
الفترة الكلاسيكية
القرون الوسطى
الفترة الحديثة المبكرة
الفترة الحديثة المتأخرة

References

Notes
Footnotes
  1. ^ أ ب قالب:GRO10
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث قالب:NRS1C
  3. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 502-5
  4. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 173
  5. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 30, 79, 130, 148 and 182 except estimates from Ordnance Survey maps as indicated.
  6. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) and Ordnance Survey maps.
  7. ^ Ordnance Survey maps.
  8. ^ "Crìonadh mòr sa Ghàidhlig anns na h-Eileanan – Naidheachdan a' BhBC". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  9. ^ McKirdy et al. (2007) p. 224
  10. ^ The Corryvreckan is regularly cited as the third largest whirlpool of the world – see for example "Corryvreckan Whirlpool " Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 19 September 2009. Some sources suggest it is the second largest after the Moskstraumen.
  11. ^ Cooper (1983) pp. 33-5. Averages for rainfall are for 1916–50, temperature 1931–60.
  12. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Breeze
  13. ^ Nieke, Margaret R. "Secular Society from the Iron Age to Dál Riata and the Kingdom of Scots" in Omand (2006) p. 60
  14. ^ Lynch (2007) pp. 161 162
  15. ^ Murray (1977) p. 121
General references
  • Barrett, James H. "The Norse in Scotland" in Brink, Stefan (ed) (2008) The Viking World. Abingdon. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33315-6
  • Ballin Smith, B. and Banks, I. (eds) (2002) In the Shadow of the Brochs, the Iron Age in Scotland. Stroud. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2517-X
  • Bathhurst, Bella (2000) The Lighthouse Stevensons. London. Flamingo.
  • Benvie, Neil (2004) Scotland's Wildlife. London. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-978-2
  • Cooper, Derek (1983) Skye. Law Book Co of Australasia. ISBN 0-7100-9565-1.
  • Downham, Clare "England and the Irish-Sea Zone in the Eleventh Century" in Gillingham, John (ed) (2004) Anglo-Norman Studies XXVI: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2003. Woodbridge. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-8438-3072-8
  • Duffy, Seán (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdom of Dublin and Man 1052-1171". Ériu (43): 93–133. JSTOR 30007421.
  • Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC – AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Fraser Darling, Frank; Boyd, J. Morton (1969). The Highlands and Islands. The New Naturalist. London: Collins. First published in 1947 under title: Natural history in the Highlands & Islands; by F. Fraser Darling. First published under the present title 1964.
  • Gregory, Donald (1881) The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland 1493–1625. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 2008 reprint – originally published by Thomas D. Morrison. ISBN 1-904607-57-8
  • قالب:Haswell-Smith
  • Hunter, James (2000) Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Edinburgh. Mainstream. ISBN 1-84018-376-4
  • Johnson, Samuel (1775) A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland. London: Chapman & Dodd. (1924 edition).
  • Lynch, Michael (ed) (2007) Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923482-0.
  • قالب:Gaelic Placenames
  • McKirdy, Alan Gordon, John & Crofts, Roger (2007) Land of Mountain and Flood: The Geology and Landforms of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-357-0
  • Maclean, Charles (1977) Island on the Edge of the World: the Story of St. Kilda. Edinburgh. Canongate. ISBN 0-903937-41-7
  • Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson.
  • Murray, W.H. (1966) The Hebrides. London. Heinemann.
  • Murray, W.H. (1973) The Islands of Western Scotland: the Inner and Outer Hebrides. London. Eyre Methuen. ISBN 0-413-30380-2
  • Murray, W.H. (1977) The Companion Guide to the West Highlands of Scotland. London. Collins.
  • Newton, Norman (1995) Islay. Newton Abbott. Pevensey Press. ISBN 978-0-907115-97-7
  • Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998) Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the Ninth Century CELT.
  • Omand, Donald (ed.) (2006) The Argyll Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-480-0
  • Ross, David (2005) Scotland – History of a Nation.
  • Slesser, Malcolm (1970) The Island of Skye. Edinburgh. Scottish Mountaineering Club.
  • Stevenson, Robert Louis (1995) The New Lighthouse on the Dhu Heartach Rock, Argyllshire. California. Silverado Museum. Based on an 1872 manuscript and edited by Swearingen, R.G.
  • Thomson, William P. L. (2008) The New History of Orkney. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-696-0
  • Watson, W. J. (1994) The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland. Edinburgh; Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-323-5. First published 1926.
  • Woolf, Alex (2007), From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5 


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وصلات خارجية

قالب:Prehistoric Inner Hebrides

56°30′N 6°00′W / 56.500°N 6.000°W / 56.500; -6.000

الكلمات الدالة:
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