هاريانا

Coordinates: 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.73°N 76.78°E / 30.73; 76.78
(تم التحويل من Haryana)
هاريانا
ولاية
Cyber City View.jpg
Pinjore Garden Chandigarh India (8).JPG
Sourabh475123 01.jpg
Asigarh-fort.jpg
Ghaggar river in Panchkula.jpg
Most Beautiful Lake in Faridabad.jpg
من أعلى لأسفل، من اليسار لليمين: مدينة السايبر، گورگاون، حدايق پينجورى، العجلة الحربية البرونزية للإلهين كريشنا وأرجونا في كوروكشترا، حصن آسي‌گره، نهر غگار، بحيرة في سوراج‌كوند.
الختم الرسمي لحكومة هاريانا
الشعار
أصل الاسم: Abode of God or Green Forest
الشعار: 
Satyameva Jayate
Truth alone triumphs
الموقع في هاريانا
الموقع في هاريانا
الإحداثيات (چندي‌گره): 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.73°N 76.78°E / 30.73; 76.78
البلد الهند
إعلانها كولاية1 نوفمبر 1966
العاصمةچندي‌گره[1]
أكبر مدينةفريد أباد
الأضلاع22
الحكومة
 • الكيانحكومة هاريانا
 • الحاكمباندارو داتاتريا
 • كبير الوزراءمانوهار لال كتار (BJP)
 • نائب كبير الوزراءدوشيانت تشوتالا (JJP)
 • المجلس التشريعيUnicameral (90 مقعد)
 • الدوائر النتخابيةراجيا سابها (5 مقاعد)
لوك سابها (10 مقاعد)
المساحة
[1]
 • الإجمالي44٬212 كم² (17٬070 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحةرقم 21
التعداد
 (2011)
 • الإجمالي25٫353٫081
 • الترتيبرقم 18
 • الكثافة573/km2 (1٬480/sq mi)
 • ترتيب الكثافة10
صفة المواطنهايرياني
اللغات[2][3]
 • الرسميةالهندية
 • Additional official
 • المحلية
[4][5][6][7][8]
GSDP (2020–21)
[9]
 • الإجمالي₹7٫65 trillion (96 بليون US$)
 • للفرد₹239٬535 (US$3٬000)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+05:30 (ت.ه.)
ISO 3166 codeIN-HR
لوحة السيارةHR-xx
م.ت.ب.▲ 0.704 (2017)[10] (High)
ترتيب م.ت.ب.رقم 11
النسبة بين الجنسين0.879♀/♂[11]
معرفة القراءة والكتابة83.78%[12]
الموقع الإلكترونيharyana.gov.in
رموز هاريانا
Emblemشعار هاريانا
الثديي
Antilope cervicapra from velavadar.JPG
الطبي الأسود
Bird
Black Francolin.jpg
الدراج الأسود
Flower
Sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera.jpg
اللوتس
Tree
Ficus religiosa Bo.jpg
فيكس لسان العصفور
^† عاصمة مشتركة مع الپنجاب
[2] مشتركة بين الپنجاب، هاريانا وچندي‌گره.

هاريانا ( /hʌriˈɑːnə/؛ هندوستاني: [ɦəɾɪˈjaːɳa])، هي إحدى ولايات الهند وتقع في الجزء الشمالي من البلاد. اقتطعت من ولاية شرق الپنجاب السابقة في 1 نوفمبر 1966 على أساس لغوي. تأتي بالمرتبة 22 من حيث المساحة، بأقل من 1.4٪ (44.212 كم²) من إجمالي مساحة الهند.[1][13] عاصمةتها مدينة چندي‌گره، وأكبر مدنها فريد اباد، والتي تعتبر أكثر المدن اكتظاظاً بالسكان في الولاية، وگورگاون هي المركز المالي بالولاية، وتقع فيها أبرز شركات فورتشن 500.[14] تنقسم هاريانا إدارياً إلى 6 أقسام، 22 22 ضلع، و22 تقسيم فرعي، 83 تحصيل، 50 تحصيل فرع، 140 بلوك تنمية مجتمعية، 154 مدينة وبلدة، 6.848 قرية، و6.222 پانچاية قروية.[13][15]

Haryana contains 32 special economic zones (SEZs), mainly located within the industrial corridor projects connecting the National Capital Region.[13][16] Gurgaon is considered one of the major information technology and automobile hubs of India.[17][18] Haryana ranks 11th among Indian states in human development index.[10] The economy of Haryana is the 13th largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹7٫65 trillion (96 بليون US$) and has the country's 5th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹240٬000 (US$3٬000).[19]

The state is rich in history, monuments, heritage, flora and fauna and tourism, with a well-developed economy, national highways and state roads. It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, by Rajasthan to the west and south, while river Yamuna forms its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh. Haryana surrounds the country's capital territory of Delhi on three sides (north, west and south), consequently, a large area of Haryana state is included in the economically important National Capital Region of India for the purposes of planning and development.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

أصل الاسم

Anthropologists came up with the view that Haryana was known by this name because in the post-Mahabharata period, the Ābhiras live here,[20] who developed special skills in the art of agriculture.[21] According to Pran Nath Chopra, Haryana evolved as a word from Ābhirāyana (from ābhira and ayana "path, way") to Ahirāyana to Hariyānā (Haryana).[22]


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: History of Haryana, National monuments in Haryana, and State monuments in Haryana

التاريخ القديم

المقالة الرئيسية: Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic Civilization
A skeleton from an Indus Valley civilisation site near Rakhigarhi.[23] The skeleton is on display in the National Museum.
Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra, which is a war described in the Indian epic poem Mahābhārata. The conflict arose from a dynastic succession struggle between two groups of cousins, the Kauravas and Pandavas, for the throne of Hastinapura in an Indian kingdom called Kuru.

يرجع تاريخ المستوطنات الأولية التي عثر عليها علماء الآثار في هاريانا إلى فترة هاراپا (القرن الثامن عشر ق.م.)، حيث عثر علماء الآثار فيها على عملات ذهبية وأوان خزفية. وكان آخر من عاش بها الرعاة والمزارعون، وعثر العلماء في مستوطناتهم على نوع خاص من الخزف كانوا يستخدمونه يعرف بالخزف الرمادي المدهون.

The villages of Rakhigarhi in Hisar district and Bhirrana in Fatehabad district are home to ancient sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, which contain evidence of paved roads, a drainage system, a large-scale rainwater collection storage system, terracotta brick and statue production, and skilled metalworking (in both bronze and precious metals).[23]

During the Vedic era, Haryana was the site of the Kuru Kingdom, one of India's great Mahajanapadas. The south of Haryana is the claimed location of Manu's state of Brahmavarta.[24][مطلوب مصدر أفضل] The area surrounding Dhosi Hill, and districts of Rewari and Mahendragarh had Ashrams of several Rishis who made valuable contributions to important Hindu scriptures like Vedas, Upanishads, Manusmriti, Brahmanas and Puranas.[25] As per Manusmriti,[26] Manu was the king of Brahmavarta, the flood time state 10,000 years ago surrounded by oldest route of Sarasvati and Drishadwati rivers on the banks of which Sanatan-Vedic or present-day Hindu ethos evolved and scriptures were composed.

تعرضت المنطقة لعدد من الغزوات من الشمال الغربي من الإغريق والسكوذيين والكوشان والهون والأتراك والأفغان وأخيرًا المغول. وحكم المغول بعض هذه المناطق. وفي 1857، أدى زعماء الهاريانا دورًا في الثورة ضد الحكم البريطاني.


العصور الوسطى

Ancient bronze and stone idols of Jain Tirthankara were found in archaeological expeditions in Badli, Bhiwani (Ranila, Charkhi Dadri and Badhra), Dadri, Gurgaon (Gurugram), Hansi, Hisar, Kasan, Nahad, Narnaul, Pehowa, Rewari, Rohad, Rohtak (Asthal Bohar) and Sonepat in Haryana.[27]

تل هارشا كا تيلا غرب مجمع قبر الشيخ چيلي، مع أطلال من عهد حاكم القرن السابع هارشا.

Pushyabhuti dynasty ruled parts of northern India in the 7th century with its capital at Thanesar. Harsha was a prominent king of the dynasty. Tomara dynasty ruled the south Haryana region in the 10th century. Anangpal Tomar was a prominent king among the Tomaras.[28]

After the sack of Bhatner fort during the Timurid conquests of India in 1398, Timur attacked and sacked the cities of Sirsa, Fatehabad, Sunam, Kaithal and Panipat. When he reached the town of Sarsuti (Sirsa), the residents fled and were chased by a detachment of Timur's troops, with thousands of them being killed and looted by the troops. From there he travelled to Fatehabad, whose residents fled and a large number of those remaining in the town were massacred. The Ahirs resisted him at Ahruni but were defeated, with thousands being killed and many being taken prisoners while the town was burnt to ashes. From there he travelled to Tohana, whose Jat inhabitants were robbers according to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi. They tried to resist but were defeated and fled. Timur's army pursued and killed 200 Jats, while taking many more as prisoners. He then sent a detachment to chase the fleeing Jats and killed 2,000 of them while their wives and children were enslaved and their property plundered. Timur proceeded to Kaithal whose residents were massacred and plundered, destroying all villages along the way. On the next day, he came to Assandh, whose residents were "fire-worshippers" according to Yazdi, and had fled to Delhi. Next, he travelled to and subdued Tughlaqpur fort and Salwan before reaching Panipat whose residents had already fled. He then marched on to Loni fort.[29][30]

Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, also called Hemu, claimed royal status and the throne of Delhi after defeating Akbar's Mughal forces on 7 October 1556 in the Battle of Delhi, and assumed the ancient title of Vikramaditya. The area that is now Haryana has been ruled by some of the major empires of India. Panipat is known for three seminal battles in the history of India. In the First Battle of Panipat (1526), Babur defeated the Lodis. In the Second Battle of Panipat (1556), Akbar defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi, who belonged to Rewari. Hem Chandra Vikramaditya had earlier won 22 battles across India from 1553 to 1556 from Punjab to Bengal, defeating the Mughals and Afghans. Hemu had defeated Akbar's forces twice at Agra and the Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become the last Hindu Emperor of India with a formal coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556. In the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas.[32]

British Period

The state was part of the British Punjab province. The Delhi division of Punjab province formed the bulk of Haryana. Among the princely states that were located in the state were Jind, Kalsia, Loharu, Dujana and Pataudi, as well as parts of the Patiala State.

Partition and aftermath

During the Partition of India, the Punjab province was one of two British Indian provinces, alongside Bengal, to be partitioned between India and Pakistan. Haryana, along with other Hindu and Sikh-dominated areas of Punjab province, became part of India as East Punjab state. As a result, a significant number of Muslims left for the newly formed country of Pakistan. Similarly, a huge number of Hindu and Sikh refugees poured into the state from West Punjab. Gopi Chand Bhargava, who hailed from Sirsa in present-day Haryana, became the first Chief Minister of East Punjab.

تشكيل هاريانا

المقالة الرئيسية: قانون إعادة تنظيم الپنجاب 1966

Haryana as a state came into existence on 1 November 1966 the Punjab Reorganisation Act (1966). The Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing state of Punjab and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after consideration of the languages spoken by the people. It encompassed the predominantly Hindi-speaking southern part of former Punjab, while the state of Punjab was reduced to the area where Punjabi speakers formed the majority population. The commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby the then-districts of Hisar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the tehsils of Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district – along with Naraingarh, Ambala and Jagadhri – were to be included.[33]

The commission recommended that the tehsil of Kharar, which includes Chandigarh, the state capital of Punjab, should be a part of Haryana. However, Kharar was given to Punjab.[34] The city of Chandigarh was made a union territory, serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana.[35]

Bhagwat Dayal Sharma became the first Chief Minister of Haryana.[36] Chaudhary Devi Lal is credited to be the individual who pushed for the creation of this commission. He was an instrumental figure in the separation of the Haryana state from Punjab in 1966.[37]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الجغرافيا

حقل خردل في هاريانا، بالقرب من عاصمة الولاية Chandigarh
سد كاوشاليا

هاريانا مثلثة الشكل تقريبًا، ولها حدود مع راجاستان إلى الغرب، والبنجاب للشمال الغربي، وهيماتشال براديش إلى الشمال وأتر برادش ودلهي إلى الشرق. وهي واد منبسط ماعدا جزءاً شمالياً صغيرًا من الولاية يقع في سيواليكس، ويشكل نهر جومنا (يامونا) حدود هاريانا، ويصب فيه عدد من الأنهار الصغيرة مثل غاجار. وتغذي المياه المتدفقة من نهر جومنا شبكة الري.

Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is between 27°39' to 30°35' N latitude and between 74°28' and 77°36' E longitude.[38] The total geographical area of the state is 4.42 m ha, which is 1.4% of the geographical area of the country.[39] The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 and 3600 ft (200 metres to 1200 metres) above sea level.[40] Haryana has only 4% (compared with national 21.85%) area under forests.[13] Karoh Peak, a 1,467-metre (4,813 ft) tall mountain peak in the Sivalik Hills range of the greater Himalayas range located near Morni Hills area of Panchkula district, is the highest point in Haryana.[41][42][43][44] Most of the state sits atop the fertile Ghaggar Plain, a subsection of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Haryana has 4 states and 2 union territories on its border – Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, and Chandigarh.

السهول والجبال

Haryana has four main geographical features.[45]

  • The Yamuna-Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state is also called Delhi doab consists of Sutlej-Ghaggar doab (between Sutlej in the north of Punjab and the Ghaggar river flowing through northern Haryana), Ghaggar-Hakra doab (between Ghaggar river and Hakra or Drishadvati river which is the paleochannel of the holy Saraswati River) and Hakra-Yamuna doab (between Hakra river and Yamuna).
  • The Lower Shivalik Hills to the northeast in foothills of Himalaya
  • The Bagar region semi-desert dry sandy plain in north west of Haryana, covering northwest districts of Sirsa, western Fatehabad and northwestern Hisar.
  • The Aravali Range's northernmost low rise isolated non-continuous outcrops in the south, covering the Nuh district.

المياه

نهر يامونا بالقرب من حدود هاريانا

The Yamuna, a tributary of the Ganges, flows along the state's eastern boundary.[46]

Northern Haryana has several northeast to west flowing rivers originating from the Sivalik Hills of Himalayas, such as Ghaggar (palaeochannel of vedic Sarasvati river),[47] Chautang (paleochannel of vedic Drishadvati river, tributary of the Ghagghar),[48][49] Tangri river (tributary of the Ghagghar),[48][49] Kaushalya river (tributary of the Ghagghar),[50] Markanda River (tributary of Ghagghar),[48][49] Sarsuti,[48][49] Dangri,[48][49] Somb river.[51] Haryana's main seasonal river, the Ghaggar-Hakra, known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage,[47] rises in the outer Himalayas, between the Yamuna and the Satluj and enters the state near Pinjore in the Panchkula district, passes through Ambala and Sirsa, it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs for 460 km (290 mi) before disappearing into the deserts of Rajasthan.[52] The seasonal Markanda River, known as the Aruna in ancient times, originates from the lower Shivalik Hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala, and swells into a raging torrent during monsoon is notorious for its devastating power, carries its surplus water on to the Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Sarasuti and later the Ghaggar.[52]

Southern Haryana has several south-west to east flowing seasonal rivulets originating from the Aravalli Range in and around the hills in Mewat region, including Sahibi River[53][54][55][56] (called Najafgarh drain in Delhi),[57][58][59][60][61] Dohan river (tributary of Sahibi, originates at Mandoli village near Neem Ka Thana in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan and then disappears in Mahendragarh district),[54][56] Krishnavati river (former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Dariba and disappears in Mahendragarh district much before reaching Sahibi river)[54][56] and Indori river (longest tributary of Sahibi River, originates in Sikar district of Rajasthan and flows to Rewari district of Haryana), these once were tributaries of the Drishadwati/Saraswati river.[62][63][64]

Kaushalya Dam

Major canals are Western Yamuna Canal,[65][66][67] Sutlej Yamuna link canal (from Sutlej river tributary of Indus),[66][67] and Indira Gandhi Canal.[68]

Major dams are Kaushalya Dam in Panchkula district,[69] Hathnikund Barrage[65][70] and Tajewala Barrage on Yamuna in Yamunanagar district,[65][70][71] Pathrala barrage on Somb river in Yamunanagar district,[65][71] ancient Anagpur Dam near Surajkund in Faridabad district,[72][73] and Ottu barrage on Ghaggar-Hakra River in Sirsa district.[74][75][76]

Major lakes are Dighal Wetland, Basai Wetland, Badkhal Lake in Faridabad,[77][78] holy Brahma Sarovar[79][80] and Sannihit Sarovar in Kurukshetra,[81] Blue Bird Lake in Hisar,[82][83] Damdama Lake at Sohna,[84][85] Hathni Kund in Yamunanagar district,[65][70] Karna Lake at Karnal,[86] ancient Surajkund in Faridabad,[72][87][88] and Tilyar Lake in Rohtak.[89][90][91]

The Haryana State Waterbody Management Board is responsible for the rejuvenation of 14,000 johads of Haryana and up to 60 lakes in National Capital Region falling within the Haryana state.[92][93]

The only hot spring in Haryana is the Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring at Sohna in Gurgaon district.[94][95] Tosham Hill range has several sacred sulphur ponds of religious significance that are revered for the healing impact of sulphur, such as Pandu Teerth Kund, Surya Kund, Kukkar Kund, Gyarasia Kund or Vyas Kund.[96]

Seasonal waterfalls include Tikkar Taal twin lakes at Morni hiills, Dhosi Hill in Mahendragarh district and Pali village on the outskirts of Faridabad.

المناخ

Haryana is hot in summer at around 45 °C (113 °F) and mild in winter. The hottest months are May and June and the coldest are December and January.[62] The climate is arid to semi-arid with an average rainfall of 592.93 mm.[97] Around 29% of rainfall is received during the months from July to September as a result of the monsoon, and the remaining rainfall is received during the period from December to February as a result of the western disturbance.[39]

أقل درجة للحرارة اليومية المتوسطة هي 7°م في يناير و26°م في يونيو والعظمى هي 20°م، في يناير و39°م في يونيو. ومعدل سقوط المطر في تشانديجار يصل إلى 106سم، ويسقط حوالي 90% بين يونيو وأكتوبر.

Climate data for Gurgaon (1991–2020, extremes 1965–2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.0
(82.4) 		33.5
(92.3) 		39.5
(103.1) 		44.8
(112.6) 		49.0
(120.2) 		47.5
(117.5) 		45.0
(113.0) 		41.0
(105.8) 		41.2
(106.2) 		39.3
(102.7) 		38.4
(101.1) 		32.5
(90.5) 		49.0
(120.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20.1
(68.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		29.9
(85.8) 		36.9
(98.4) 		40.9
(105.6) 		39.3
(102.7) 		35.9
(96.6) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.4
(92.1) 		32.0
(89.6) 		27.8
(82.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		31.2
(88.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		14.0
(57.2) 		19.6
(67.3) 		24.6
(76.3) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.8
(78.4) 		24.4
(75.9) 		18.0
(64.4) 		12.0
(53.6) 		7.5
(45.5) 		17.7
(63.9)
Record low °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		0.7
(33.3) 		3.7
(38.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		14.8
(58.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		21.0
(69.8) 		15.5
(59.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		9.3
(48.7) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−0.4
(31.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 13.5
(0.53) 		16.9
(0.67) 		3.4
(0.13) 		8.2
(0.32) 		22.7
(0.89) 		79.2
(3.12) 		135.5
(5.33) 		211.4
(8.32) 		120.2
(4.73) 		15.9
(0.63) 		10.7
(0.42) 		11.0
(0.43) 		648.6
(25.54)
Average rainy days 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.6 1.7 4.3 7.6 8.5 5.5 1.3 1.0 0.8 34.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 54 45 37 28 31 40 63 69 59 45 47 55 48
Source: India Meteorological Department[98][99]
Climate data for Karnal (1991–2020, extremes 1949–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2) 		33.2
(91.8) 		37.5
(99.5) 		45.2
(113.4) 		46.0
(114.8) 		45.6
(114.1) 		43.9
(111.0) 		42.0
(107.6) 		38.3
(100.9) 		39.3
(102.7) 		34.4
(93.9) 		28.5
(83.3) 		46.0
(114.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		27.7
(81.9) 		35.5
(95.9) 		38.6
(101.5) 		37.6
(99.7) 		33.8
(92.8) 		32.6
(90.7) 		32.3
(90.1) 		31.8
(89.2) 		27.3
(81.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		30.0
(86.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5) 		8.9
(48.0) 		12.9
(55.2) 		18.3
(64.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.4
(77.7) 		26.0
(78.8) 		25.3
(77.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		17.3
(63.1) 		11.5
(52.7) 		7.4
(45.3) 		17.2
(63.0)
Record low °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.5
(38.3) 		9.0
(48.2) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		16.0
(60.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−0.4
(31.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 32.5
(1.28) 		28.9
(1.14) 		21.1
(0.83) 		13.3
(0.52) 		27.6
(1.09) 		98.4
(3.87) 		172.8
(6.80) 		160.4
(6.31) 		128.4
(5.06) 		4.3
(0.17) 		2.0
(0.08) 		6.0
(0.24) 		695.4
(27.38)
Average rainy days 1.7 2.1 1.5 1.2 1.7 5.1 7.8 8.0 5.0 0.3 0.2 0.6 35.4
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 64 58 51 31 33 44 67 73 68 54 53 60 55
Source: India Meteorological Department[98]

[99]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

النبيت والوحيش

رموز ولاية هاريانا
يوم التأسيس 1 نوفمبر (يوم
الانفصال عن الپنجاب)
ثدييات الولاية الظبي الأسود[100]
طائر الولاية الدراج الأسود
شجرة الولاية Peepal[100]

فيكس لسان العصفور

زهرة الولاية اللوتس[100]

الغابات

Forest cover in the state in 2013 was 3.59% (1586 km2) and the Tree Cover in the state was 2.90% (1282 km2), giving a total forest and tree cover of 6.49%.[101] In 2016–17, 18,412 hectares were brought under tree cover by planting 14.1 million seedlings.[13] Thorny, dry, deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state. During the monsoon, a carpet of grass covers the hills. Mulberry, eucalyptus, pine, kikar, shisham and babul are some of the trees found here. The species of fauna found in the state of Haryana include black buck, nilgai, panther, fox, mongoose, jackal and wild dog. More than 450 species of birds are found here.[102][103][104]

الحياة البرية

ديك الماء
انظر أيضاً: List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India

Haryana has two national parks, eight wildlife sanctuaries, two wildlife conservation areas, four animal and bird breeding centers, one deer park and three zoos, all of which are managed by the Haryana Forest Department of the Government of Haryana.[105][106] Sultanpur National Park is a notable Park located in Gurgaon District

قضايا بيئية

انظر أيضاً: تلوث الهواء في الهند

Haryana Environment Protection Council is the advisory committee and the Department of Environment, Haryana is the department responsible for the administration of the environment. Areas of Haryana surrounding Delhi NCR are the most polluted. During the smog of November 2017, the air quality index of Gurgaon and Faridabad showed that the density of fine particulates (2.5 μm diameter) was an average a score of 400 and the monthly average of Haryana was 60. Other sources of pollution are exhaust gases from old vehicles, stone crushers and brick kilns. Haryana has 7.5 million vehicles, of which 40% are old, more polluting vehicles, and 500,000 new vehicles are added every year. Other majorly polluted cities are Bhiwani, Bahadurgarh, Dharuhera, Hisar and Yamunanagar.[107]

الديموغرافيا

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
19014٬623٬064—    
19114٬174٬677−1.02%
19214٬255٬892+0.19%
19314٬559٬917+0.69%
19415٬272٬829+1.46%
19515٬673٬597+0.74%
19617٬590٬524+2.95%
197110٬036٬431+2.83%
198112٬922٬119+2.56%
199116٬463٬648+2.45%
200121٬144٬564+2.53%
201125٬351٬462+1.83%
source:[108]
انظر أيضاً: قائمة أشخاص من هاريانا


يمثل الهندوس نحو 90% من السكان، ويعيشون بشكل رئيسي في المناطق الريفية، في تشانديجار التي تعتبر الحد الفاصل، وتُعدُّ عاصمة لكل من هاريانا والبنجاب. وهناك أيضا العديد من الأسواق الكبيرة. واللغة الرئيسية هي الهندية لكن الأردو والبنجابية تستخدمان أيضًا.

الديانات

الدين في هاريانا (2011)[109]

  الهندوسية (87.46%)
  الإسلام (7.03%)
  السيخية (4.91%)
  الجينية (0.21%)
  المسيحية (0.20%)
  البوذية (0.03%)
  أخرى (0.18%)


هدم مسجد بلال، هاريانا، الهند، 23 أغسطس 2021.

في 23 أغسطس 2021، هدمت السلطات الهندية مسجد بلال التاريخي بمدينة فريد أباد، ولاية هاريانا. وانتشر على مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي مقطع ڤيديو يظهر هدم مسجد بلال تظهر فيه حفارة تقوم بعملية الهدم بحضور الشرطة الهندية. وأفادت مصادر عن هدم المسجد بناء على أوامر المحكمة العليا الهندية التي قضت بهدم التعديات على أراضي الغابات بقرية خوري گاون بمدينة فريد أباد. صدرت الأوامر إلى مؤسسة فريد آباد البلدية في 19 فبراير 2020. ومع ذلك، ادعى سكان القرية أن سلطات الولاية والبلدية كانت تعمل بجد ضد الفقراء بينما تجنب الأغنياء الذين بنوا بيوت المزارع والمباني التجارية على أراضي الغابات. [110]

في 24 يوليو 2021، استجابت المحكمة العليا الهندية بتوجيه السلطات المحلية بالمدينة لإكمال عمليات هدم التعديات في غضون أربعة أسابيع والتأكد من عدم بقاء أي بناء غير قانوني على أراضي الغابات. في وقت سابق، تم هدم المسجد البابري، وهو مسجد إسلامي تاريخي، على يد حزب شيڤ سنا الهندوسي المتطرف، حيث أمرت المحكمة العليا الهندية ببناء معبد هندوسي في مكانه.


اللغات

لغات هاريانا (2011)[111]

  الهندية (47.96%)
  الهاريانية (37.17%)
  الپنجابية (7.36%)
  الباگرية (2.11%)
  المواتية (1.66%)
  الأردو (1.48%)
  أخرى (2.26%)


اللغات المحلية واللغة الأم في هاريانا.


الثقافة

الموسيقى

المقالة الرئيسية: موسيقى هاريانا


المطبخ

انظر أيضاً: مطبخ شمال الهند


المجتمع

التقسيمات الإدارية

المقالة الرئيسية: Administrative divisions of Haryana

الأقسام

دوائر لوك سابها العشرة في هاريانا.
انظر أيضاً: قائمة مدن هاريانا حسب السكان

The state is divided into 6 revenue divisions, 5 Police Ranges and 4 Police Commissionerates (c. January 2017).[112][113][114][115] Six revenue divisions are: Ambala, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Hisar, Karnal and Faridabad.[112] Haryana has 11 municipal corporations (Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ambala, Panchkula, Yamunanagar, Rohtak, Hisar, Panipat, Karnal, Sonipat, and Manesar[116]), 18 municipal councils and 52 municipalities.[117]

Within these, there are 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 blocks, 154 cities and towns, 6,848 villages, 6,226 villages panchayats and numerous smaller dhanis.[15]

الأضلع

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة أضلع هاريانا
الأقسام الأضلع
أمبالا أمبالا، Kurukshetra, Panchkula, Yamuna Nagar
فريد أباد فريد أباد، Palwal، نوح
Gurgaon Gurgaon, Mahendragarh, Rewari,
Hisar فتح أباد، جيند، هيسار، سيسرا
Rohtak جاجار, Charkhi Dadri, Rohtak, Sonipat, Bhiwani[45]
كارنال كارنال, Panipat, Kaithal

Law and order

The Haryana Police force is the law enforcement agency of Haryana. Five Police Ranges are Ambala, Hissar, Karnal, Rewari and Rohtak.[118] Four Police Commissionerates are Faridabad, Gurgaon, Panchkula and Sonipat.[112] Cybercrime investigation cell is based in Gurgaon's Sector 51.[119]

The highest judicial authority in the state is the Punjab and Haryana High Court, with the next higher right of appeal being to the Supreme Court of India. Haryana uses an e-filing facility.[120]

Governance and e-governance

انظر أيضاً: CMs, Assembly, Assembly constituencies, Lok Sabha constituencies, and Political dynasties

The Common Service Centres (CSCs) have been upgraded in all districts to offer hundreds of e-services to citizens, including applications for new water and sanitation connections, electricity bill collection, ration card member registration, the result of HBSE, admit cards for board examinations, online admission forms for government colleges, long route booking of buses, admission forms for Kurukshetra University and HUDA plots status inquiry.[121] Haryana has become the first state to implement Aadhaar-enabled birth registration in all the districts.[121] Thousands of all traditional offline state and central government services are also available 24/7 online through single unified UMANG app and portal as part of Digital India initiative.[122][123]

الحكم

يُعين رئيس الهند حاكمًا للولاية لدورة مدتها خمس سنوات، ويساعد الحاكم مجلس الوزراء المعين من الجمعية التشريعية. وفي هاريانا عشرة أعضاء منتخبون في لوك سابها (مجلس العموم أو النواب) وخمسة ممثلين مرشحين في راجاسابها (مجلس الأعيان أو اللوردات) في البرلمان الهندي الوطني. وهناك اثنتا عشرة منطقة، كل واحدة تحت سيطرة جابي، وبانشايات راج (مجلس حكم القرية) ويضم جميع القرى في هاريانا وعددها سبعة آلاف.

الاقتصاد

مركز تسوق في گورگاون.
مراكز التسوق تلبي القدرة الشرائية المتنامية لسكان هاريانا.
المقالة الرئيسية: Economy of Haryana, SEZs in Haryana, HSIDC estates, Companies in Gurugram, and Tourism in Haryana

Haryana's 14th placed 12.96% 2012-17 CAGR[16] estimated a 2017-18 GSDP of US$95 billion[13] split into 52% services, 30% industries and 18% agriculture.[13]

The services sector is split across 45% in real estate and financial and professional services, 26% trade and hospitality, 15% state and central government employees, and 14% transport and logistics & warehousing.[13] In IT services, Gurgaon ranks first in India in growth rate and existing technology infrastructure, and second in startup ecosystem, innovation and livability (Nov 2016).[124]

The industrial sector is split across 69% manufacturing, 28% construction, 2% utilities and 1% mining.[13] In industrial manufacturing, Haryana produces 67% of passenger cars, 60% of motorcycles, 50% of tractors and 50% of the refrigerators in India.[13]

The service and industrial sectors are boosted by 7 operational SEZs and an additional 23 formally approved SEZs (20 already notified and 3 approved in-principle) that are mostly spread along the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor, Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor and Western Peripheral Expressway.[13]

The agricultural sector is split across 93% crops and livestock, 4% commercial forestry and logging, and 2% fisheries.[13] Although Haryana has less than 1.4% of the total area of India, it contributes 15% of food grains to the central food security public distribution system,[13] and makes up 7% of total national agricultural exports, including 60% of total national basmati rice exports.[13]

الزراعة

المحاصيل

مزارع خضراء في هاريانا.

الزراعة هي النشاط الاقتصادي الرئيسي، وتستثمر حكومة الولاية في الزراعة بسخاء. فقد زادت شبكة الري وطورت تقنية الحبوب الحديثة. وتغطي المحاصيل 90% من المساحة الكلية. ويزداد إنتاج الحبوب بسرعة. ويعتبر العدس، والخردل والقمح من المحاصيل الشتوية الرئيسية. بينما يعتبر القطن، والذرة الشامية، والأرز وقصب السكر من المحاصيل الصيفية الرئيسية. والصناعات المهمة هي تصنيع القطن والسكر، وتنتج الولاية أيضًا عجولاً وأبقار الألبان. لاتوجد في هاريانا صناعات ثقيلة، لكن هناك مناطق في الجنوب بها صناعات خفيفة. والولاية أكبر منتج للعناصر الأساسية الصناعية في الهند. وتشمل المنتجات الأخرى: الدراجات والأواني النحاسية والإسمنت والزجاجيات والدراجات النارية والثلاجات والسكر وأجهزة التلفاز والجرارات والإطارات.

تقع الضواحي والمدن الرئيسية في المنطقة على طريق جراند ترنك السريع من لاهور إلى كلكتا. وبسبب قربها من دلهي، تتوافر بها الطرق الجيدة وخدمات القطارات.

In 2015–2016, Haryana produced the following principal crops: 13,352,000 tonnes of wheat, 4,145,000 tonnes of rice, 7,169,000 tonnes of sugarcane, 993,000 tonnes of cotton and 855,000 tonnes of oilseeds (mustard seed, sunflower, etc.). In the northeastern area, dairy cattle, buffaloes, and bullocks play a prominent role, being utilised both for agricultural ploughing and as draft animals.[125]

Fruits, vegetables and spices

Vegetable production was: potato 853,806 tonnes, onion 705,795 tonnes, tomato 675,384 tonnes, cauliflower 578,953 tonnes, leafy vegetables 370,646 tonnes, brinjal 331,169 tonnes, guard 307,793 tonnes, peas 111,081 tonnes and others 269,993 tonnes.[13]

Fruits production was: citrus 301,764 tonnes, guava 152,184 tonnes, mango 89,965 tonnes, chikoo 16,022 tonnes, aonla 12,056 tonnes and other fruits 25,848 tonnes.[13]

Spices production was: garlic 40,497 tonnes, fenugreek 9,348 tonnes, ginger 4,304 tonnes and others 840 tonnes.[13]

Flowers and medicinal plants

Cut flowers production was: marigold 61,830 tonnes, gladiolus 2,448,620 million, rose 1,861,160 million and other 691,300 million.[13]

Medicinal plants production was: aloe vera 1403 tonnes and stevia 13 tonnes.[13]

Livestock

انظر أيضاً: Dairying in Haryana

Haryana is well known for its high-yield Murrah buffalo.[126][127][128][129] Other breeds of cattle native to Haryana are Haryanvi, Mewati, Sahiwal and Nili-Ravi.[130]

Research

انظر أيضاً: Research institutes in Haryana

To support its agrarian economy, both the central government (Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Central Sheep Breeding Farm, National Research Centre on Equines, Central Institute of Fisheries, National Dairy Research Institute, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research and National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources) and the state government (CCS HAU, LUVAS, Government Livestock Farm, Regional Fodder Station and Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute) have opened several institutes for research and education.[131][132][133]

القطاع الصناعي

مكتب Larsen & Toubro في فريد آباد.

التصنيع

انظر أيضاً: Automotive industry in Haryana
The headquarters of DLF Limited, India's largest real estate company, in Gurgaon, Haryana.

الخدمات

معظم المقيمين في گورگاون يعملون في قطاع تكنولوجيا المعلومات الذي ينمو بسرعة هائلة.

Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of the most important drivers of development for the state. Haryana was the first state in the country to achieve 100% rural electrification in 1970 as well as the first in the country to link all villages with all-weather roads and provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state.[152][مطلوب مصدر أفضل]

Sources of power in the state include:

النقل

Admin map of Haryana with RTO codes
Delhi Faridabad Skyway



الرعاية الصحية

التعليم

MRIU



الرياضة

Saina Nehwal, Badminton player from Hisar, Haryana



الإعلام

انظر أيضاً

مرئيات

هدم مسجد بلال، ولاية هاريانا الهندية، 23 أغسطس 2021.


المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب "Haryana at a Glance". Government of Haryana. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  2. ^ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 85–86. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  3. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة punjabiofficial
  4. ^ "The way tough Haryanvis speak". The Tribune. 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  5. ^ "Social Status of a Haryanvi Rural Woman: A Reflective Study through Folk Songs". iitd.ac.com. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  6. ^ Service, Tribune News. "No takers in their own land". Tribuneindia News Service.
  7. ^ "PressReader.com - Your favorite newspapers and magazines". pressreader.com.
  8. ^ Sharada, Sadhu Ram, ed. (c. 1979). Hariyāṇā kī upabhāṣāeṃ (in الهندية). Chandigarh: Bhasha Vibhag.
  9. ^ "MOSPI State Domestic Product, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India". 15 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  10. ^ أ ب "Sub-national HDI - Area Database". Global Data Lab. Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  11. ^ "Haryana Population Sex Ratio in Haryana Literacy rate data". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  12. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Census 2011A
  13. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ "Haryana State Budget 2017-18" (PDF). Haryana Finance Dept. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  14. ^ "This is NCR's new foodie magnet; have you been yet?". India Today. 26 March 2017. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  15. ^ أ ب NIDM, p. 4.
  16. ^ أ ب Industrial Development & Economic Growth in Haryana Archived 6 أكتوبر 2018 at the Wayback Machine, India Brand Equity Foundation, Nov 2017.
  17. ^ "Gurugram among top 5 IT hubs in Asia Pacific". Hindustan Times. 28 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  18. ^ Julka, Harsimran (30 September 2011). "IT firms looking beyond Gurgaon, Noida, Greater Noida to other cities in north India". The Economic Times. ET Bureau. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  19. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Survey1
  20. ^ Lal, Muni (1974). Haryana: On High Road to Prosperity. Vikas Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-7069-0290-7.
  21. ^ Punia, Bijender K. (1994). Tourism Management: Problems and Prospects (in الإنجليزية). APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7024-643-5.
  22. ^ Chopra, Pran Nath (1982). Religions and Communities of India (in الإنجليزية). Vision Books. ISBN 978-0-391-02748-0.
  23. ^ أ ب Subramanian, T. S. (27 March 2014), "Rakhigarhi, the biggest Harappan site", The Hindu, http://thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/rakhigarhi-the-biggest-harappan-site/article5840414.ece, retrieved on 24 January 2016 
  24. ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana Plus". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  25. ^ Sudhir Bhargava, "Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati river is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati river" Seminar, Saraswati river-a perspective, 20–22 Nov 2009, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, organized by Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana, Seminar Report: pages 114–117
  26. ^ Killingley, Dermot (2007). "Mlecchas, Yavanas and Heathens: Interacting Xenologies in Early Nineteenth-Century Calcutta". In Franco, Eli; Preisendanz, Karin (eds.). Beyond Orientalism: The Work of Wilhelm Halbfass and Its Impact on Indian and Cross-cultural Studies. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 125. ISBN 978-8-12083-110-0.
  27. ^ Atul Kumar Sinha & Abhay Kumar Singh 2007, p. 401.
  28. ^ "Explained: The legacy of Tomar king Anangpal II and his connection with Delhi". The Indian Express. 22 March 2021. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  29. ^ Elliot, Sir Henry Miers; Dowson, John (1871). The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period: Ed. from the Posthumous Papers of the Late Sir H. M. Elliot . Trübner and Company. pp. 427–31.
  30. ^ Phadke, H.A. (1990). Haryana, Ancient and Medieval. Harman Publishing House. p. 123.
  31. ^ Sarkar 1960, p. 66.
  32. ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky; Roger D. Long (2011). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. ABC-CLIO. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-313-37462-3. Archived from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  33. ^ the punjab reorganisation act, 1966 - Chief Secretary, Haryana, http://csharyana.gov.in/WriteReadData/Acts/Re-Organisation/1474.pdf, retrieved on 12 November 2015 
  34. ^ History of Haryana - Haryana Day: A new state is born!, http://www.haryana-online.com/History/history_1966-.htm 
  35. ^ Haryana will get Chandigarh, Punjab can claim Lahore or Shimla, says a peeved Hooda, 25 July 2013, http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/haryana-will-get-chandigarh-punjab-can-claim-lahore-or-shimla-says-peeved-hooda/1/296302.html, retrieved on 15 November 2015 
  36. ^ List of Haryana Chief Ministers from November 1, 1966 till date, 21 October 2014, http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/list-of-haryana-chief-ministers-from-november-1-1966-till-date, retrieved on 12 November 2015 
  37. ^ "Chaudhary Devi Lal | Indian Politician & Freedom Fighter | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  38. ^ NIDM, p. 2.
  39. ^ أ ب Home, Department of Agriculture (Haryana), http://agriharyana.nic.in 
  40. ^ Organizations, http://haryana.gov.in/departments/organizations.html, retrieved on 19 December 2018 
  41. ^ "Hills of Morni". hillsofmorni.com. 27 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  42. ^ "Interesting Facts About Haryana". quickgs.com. 7 May 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  43. ^ "Karoh Peak". Peakbagger.com.
  44. ^ "Gazetteer of India". University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  45. ^ أ ب NIDM, p. 3.
  46. ^ River Saraswati is for real, found in Haryana, 8 May 2015, http://zeenews.india.com/news/haryana/river-saraswati-is-for-real-found-in-haryana_1591937.html, retrieved on 12 November 2015 
  47. ^ أ ب Dale Hoiberg; Indu Ramchandani (2000). Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5. Popular Prakashan, 2000. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017. ... The Ghaggar River rises in the Shiwalik Range, northwestern Himachal Pradesh State, and flows about 320 km southwest through Haryana State, where it receives the Saraswati River. Beyond the Otu Barrage, the Ghaggar River is known as the Hakra River which loses itself in the Thar Desert. Just southwest of Sirsa it feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan. ...
  48. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "Rivers in Ambala, Markanda River Ambala, Tangri River Ambala". ambalaonline.in. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  49. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Chopra, Sanjeev (25 September 2010). "Overflowing Ghaggar, Tangri inundate some villages along Punjab-Haryana border". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  50. ^ "Kaushalya Dam". 13 December 2012. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  51. ^ "HaryanaOnline - Geography of Haryana". Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  52. ^ أ ب Geography- others, District Administration, Kurukshetra, http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/AtAGlance/Rivers/index.htm, retrieved on 1 December 2018 
  53. ^ Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume, Vijai Shankar Śrivastava, 1981. ISBN 0391023586
  54. ^ أ ب ت "Sahibi river". Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  55. ^ Jain, A.K. (4 December 2017). River Pollution. APH Publishing. ISBN 9788131304631. Retrieved 4 December 2017 – via Google Books.
  56. ^ أ ب ت Minerals and Metals in Ancient India: Archaeological evidence, Arun Kumar Biswas, Sulekha Biswas, University of Michigan. 1996. ISBN 812460049X.
  57. ^ "Latest News, Breaking News Live, Current Headlines, India News Online - The Indian Express". The Indian Express. Retrieved 4 December 2017.[dead link]
  58. ^ Environment Minister raises a stink over Najafgarh jheel[dead link], 22 February 2005, The Indian Express
  59. ^ Najafgarh basin Delhi's most polluted area Archived 19 يناير 2010 at the Wayback Machine, 25 December 2009, The Indian Express
  60. ^ Najafgarh drain 11th among highly polluted industrial clusters Archived 1 يوليو 2012 at archive.today, 25 December 2009, The Times of India
  61. ^ drain causes less pollution in Yamuna now[dead link], 4 July 2006, The Indian Express
  62. ^ أ ب "Geography of Haryana - Map, Shivaliks, Ghaggar, Yamuna, Saraswati, Morni - India". haryana-online.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016.
  63. ^ Siwach, Sukhbir (7 December 2014), Haryana to meet Rajasthan over stopping of river waters, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Haryana-to-meet-Rajasthan-over-stopping-of-river-waters/articleshow/45399754.cms, retrieved on 12 November 2015 
  64. ^ Sudhir Bhargava,"Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati River is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati River", International Conference, 20–22 Nov 2009, "Saraswati-a perspective" pages 114–117, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Organised by: Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana.
  65. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "Western Yamuna Canal Major Irrigation Project JI01653 -". india-wris.nrsc.gov.in. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  66. ^ أ ب "National Portal of India". india.gov.in. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009.
  67. ^ أ ب "PIB Press Releases". pib.nic.in. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  68. ^ Ramtanu Maitra: The Indira Gandhi Canal: greening the desert in India EIR Volume 14, Number 7, 13 February 1987
  69. ^ "Kaushalya Dam". Hills of Morni. 13 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  70. ^ أ ب ت Tak, Prakash C.; Jagdish P. Sati; Anjum N. Rizvi (April 2010). "Status of waterbirds at Hathnikund Barrage wetland, Yamunanagar District, Haryana, India" (PDF). p. 841. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  71. ^ أ ب Haberman, David L. (2006). River of love in an age of pollution: the Yamuna River of northern India. University of California Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-520-24789-5. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  72. ^ أ ب Peck, Lucy (2005). Delhi - A thousand years of Building. New Delhi: Roli Books Pvt Ltd. p. 29. ISBN 81-7436-354-8. Archived from the original on 12 March 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2009. One of the two significant structures in the area, the dam lies about 1 km [0.62 mi] to the north of the Anangpur village. A path from the main village street will lead you in to flat pastureland. Head for the small rocky hill ahead of you and climb over it. On the other side is another flat area, rather thickly covered in thorn trees. It is worth finding a way through them to the dam that straddles the gap between the two nearby hills. The dam is an impressive edifice 50 m [160 ft] wide and 7 m [23 ft] high built from accurately hewn quartzite blocks.---There is a passage for the egress of water at the level of the ground on the dammed side. The flat land across which you have walked is clearly caused by centuries of silt deposits in the lake that once existed behind this dam. The land around has been vwey heavily quarried recently, so further archaeological finds are unlikely. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  73. ^ Madan Mohan. "Spatial Data Modeling in GIS for Historical Restoration and Conservation of Cultural Heritage of Seven Cities of Delhi" (PDF). Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University) New Delhi, India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  74. ^ Sir William Wilson Hunter, India Office (1908), Imperial gazetteer of India, Clarendon Press, 1908, https://books.google.com/books?id=iUAKAQAAIAAJ, retrieved on 13 November 2017, "... It was agreed between the British Government and the State of Bikaner that the Dhanur lake, about 8 miles from Sirsa, should be converted into a reservoir by the construction of a masonry weir at Otu ... two canals, the northern and southern ... constructed with famine labor in 1896-7 ... 6.3 lakhs, of which 2.8 lakhs was debited to Bikaner ..." 
  75. ^ Mukesh Bhardwaj (7 April 2002), "Tau here, Tau there, Tau everywhere", The Indian Express, http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/449/, retrieved on 28 November 2010, "... The prestigious Panipat Thermal Plant was named after Devi Lal, as was the new tourist complex at Ottu weir in Sirsa ..." 
  76. ^ "बस साल भर बाद खेतों की प्यास बुझाएगी ओटू झील (Ottu reservoir will begin quenching the thirst of fields in only a year)", Dainik Jagran, 27 May 2010, http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/local/haryana/4_6_6421654.html, retrieved on 28 November 2010, "... किसानों की समस्या से निजात दिलाने में सहायक ओटू झील की याद बरबस किसानों व सिंचाई विभाग को आना लाज़िमी है। सिंचाई विभाग ने किसानों के हित को ध्यान में रखते हुए झील की खुदाई की गति तेज़ कर दी है (it is obvious that the suffering farmers and the irrigation department would look to the Ottu reservoir. Mindful of the farmers' interests, the irrigation department has accelerated the work to deepen Ottu reservoir) ..." 
  77. ^ "Badkhal". Haryana Tourism, Government of Haryana. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  78. ^ "Delhi's water bodies face threat of extinction". India Today. 1 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  79. ^ "Lakhs take dip in Brahma Sarovar on Occasion of Solar Eclipse". oneindia.in. United News of IndiaI. 29 March 2006. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  80. ^ Dutt, K.G. (23 August 1998). "Three hundred thousand take holy dip". The Tribune India. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  81. ^ "Religious Places in Kurukshetra - Brahma Sarovar". Kurukshetra district website. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  82. ^ "Title: The Tribune - Hisar Bluebird lake, Published 23 December 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2016". Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  83. ^ "Blue Bird (Hisar)". 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  84. ^ Damdama lake Archived 27 نوفمبر 2018 at the Wayback Machine, official website.
  85. ^ Rajiv Tiwari, "Delhi A Travel Guide" Archived 27 نوفمبر 2018 at the Wayback Machine, ISBN 9798128819703.
  86. ^ Page 153, Tourism: Theory, Planning, and Practice, By K.K. Karma, Krishnan K. Kamra, Published 1997, Indus Publishing, ISBN 81-7387-073-X
  87. ^ Sharma, Y.D (2001). Delhi and its Neighbourhood. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. p. 100 in 161. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 5 September 2009. Page 100: Suraj Kund lies about 3 km south-east of Tughlaqabad in district Gurgaon---The reservoir is believed to have been constructed in the tenth century by King Surjapal of Tomar dynasty, whose existence is based on Bardic tradition. Page 101: About 2 km south-west of Surajkund, close to the village of Anagpur (also called Arangpur is a dam ascribed to Anagpal of the Tomar Dynasty, who is also credited with building the Lal Kot {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  88. ^ "Ticketed Monuments – Haryana: Suraj Kund". National Informatics Centre, Government of India. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  89. ^ Page 149, India: A Travel Guide, By B.R. Kishore, published 2001, Diamond Pocket Books (P) Limited, ISBN 81-284-0067-3
  90. ^ "List of zoos who have submitted their master plan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  91. ^ "Protected Area". haryanaforest.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  92. ^ "Haryana to develop 50-60 small lakes, water bodies in NCR: Manohar Lal Khattar" Archived 7 نوفمبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Indian Express, 1 November 2017.
  93. ^ "Haryana to constitute pond management authority " Archived 7 نوفمبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Business Standard, 1 November 2017.
  94. ^ "Sohna Hot Spring." Archived 4 نوفمبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Tribune.
  95. ^ "Hotel Detail - Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited". haryanatourism.gov.in. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  96. ^ 2004, "Records, Volume 135, Part 1." Archived 27 نوفمبر 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Geological Survey of India, Page 144.
  97. ^ "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal". climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  98. ^ أ ب "IMD - CDSP". cdsp.imdpune.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  99. ^ أ ب "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  100. ^ أ ب ت "State animals, birds, trees and flowers" (PDF). Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  101. ^ Welcome To Our Website, Haryana Forest Department, http://haryanaforest.gov.in/HomeContent1.aspx, retrieved on 1 December 2018 
  102. ^ Flora and Fauna, http://www.knowmyindia.com/haryana/gurgaon/sultanpur-national-park/flora-and-fauna.html, retrieved on 12 November 2015 
  103. ^ Conservation of Wildlife, http://haryanaforest.gov.in/conservation.aspx, retrieved on 1 December 2018 
  104. ^ Fauna of Haryana, http://www.haryana-online.com/fauna.htm 
  105. ^ Parks, Reserves and Other Protected Areas in Haryana, http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx, retrieved on 11 May 2014 
  106. ^ "Protected Area". haryanaforest.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  107. ^ "From Punjab to Patna pollution spreads." Archived 24 أبريل 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Dainik Jagran, 12 November 2017.
  108. ^ "Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901". Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  109. ^ "Population by religion community - 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
  110. ^ "Bilal Mosque demolished in Haryana". thecorrespondent. 2021-08-23. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
  111. ^ "Archived copy". Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  112. ^ أ ب ت Reorganisation of Haryana divisions Archived 29 ديسمبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Daily Pioneer, 3 January 2017.
  113. ^ Haryana approves to create two new revenue divisions Archived 29 ديسمبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 2 February 2017.
  114. ^ Authority set up to rejig administrative units across Haryana Archived 29 ديسمبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Times of India, 3 January 2017.
  115. ^ Haryana approves to create two new revenue divisions Archived 29 ديسمبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Web India, 2 February 2017.
  116. ^ "One year later, Municipal Corporation of Manesar battling transfer of amenities". Hindustan Times (in الإنجليزية). 24 December 2021. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  117. ^ Municipal taxes will be sanctioned to the weak bodies of the state Archived 24 أبريل 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Dainik Jagran news Archived 19 يناير 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  118. ^ Haryana establishes five police ranges Archived 29 ديسمبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine, business Standard, 16 January 2017.
  119. ^ Haryana Police, http://haryanapoliceonline.gov.in, retrieved on 1 May 2019 
  120. ^ HC starts e-filing, gets Wi-Fi complex, Chandigarh, 1 December 2014, http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/courts/hc-starts-e-filing-gets-wi-fi-complex/13112.html, retrieved on 24 January 2016 
  121. ^ أ ب "Digital India campaign: Panchkula comes out on top among all districts of Haryana". The Indian Express. 26 December 2015. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  122. ^ "Government unveils Umang app for citizen services." Archived 17 أبريل 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Economic Times, 23 November 2017.
  123. ^ "Govt's Umang app finally sees the light of the day: All you need to know." Archived 1 ديسمبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Business Standard, 23 November 2017.
  124. ^ India's Top 12 Tech Cities: Digital Indian Cities Survey, 2016 Archived 5 ديسمبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine, CEOWORLD magazine, Nov 2016.
  125. ^ "Haryana | History, Capital, Population, Map, & Government | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in الإنجليزية). 21 February 2024. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  126. ^ "Murrah Buffalo". Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  127. ^ "Murrah buffalo sets record with 26.33 kg milk". The Tribune. 16 January 2016. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  128. ^ "Andhra Pradesh farmer buys Haryana murrah buffalo for Rs 25L". The Times of India. 11 August 2013. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  129. ^ "Rs 40-lakh-a-year hurrah for owner of this Murrah!". Hindustan Times. 17 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  130. ^ "CIRB annual report 2015-16" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  131. ^ M Gupta, 2011, Ranking of Indian institutions in agriculture & allied sciences Archived 27 يناير 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
  132. ^ Jagvir Singh Yadav, 1992, Evaluation of Agricultural Extension: A Study of Haryana, Page 44.
  133. ^ Salim Ahmed Lalli, 2007, Infrastructure and agricultural development in Haryana: policy implications.
  134. ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Delhi and neighbourhood". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
  135. ^ "File not found". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  136. ^ Manohar, Asit (26 March 2012). "IOC Faridabad unit to pump in bio-fuel; R&D unit gearing to reduce pressure on conventional fuel". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  137. ^ "金牛配资_炒股配资平台_ 免息配资公司". lntgulf.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  138. ^ Abhishek Law (25 November 2015). "Eye-wear e-tailer Lenskart looks at 150% growth this fiscal". Business Line. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  139. ^ "Faridabad: Rents climbing, sleepy town is hot property". The Times of India. 19 June 2015. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  140. ^ Hisar aerodrome being considered for international airport, says MLA Archived 11 ديسمبر 2014 at the Wayback Machine, HT Correspondent, Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  141. ^ Haryana to develop international airport at Hisar Archived 19 أكتوبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine, TravelBizMonitor Archived 29 نوفمبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved in March 2016.
  142. ^ State shelves Hisar airport cargo project Archived 19 أكتوبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Tribune, 29 May 2015.
  143. ^ "Savitri Jindal and family". Forbes. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  144. ^ "Haryana culture". Indian mirror. Archived from the original on 27 August 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  145. ^ "OSRAM". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  146. ^ "Atlas Cycles (Haryana) Ltd., Sonepat (India)". atlascyclesonepat.com. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  147. ^ "ECE Industries Ltd". eceindustriesltd.com. Archived from the original on 29 November 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  148. ^ "Article Window". 5 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  149. ^ "Haryana showpiece millennium city Gurgaon's 'powerless' original residents suffer". India.com. 1 September 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  150. ^ Tanushree Roy Chowdhury (22 December 2010). "Villagers fume after Haryana CM skips KMP meet". The Times of India. TNN. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
  151. ^ "Pin Code of Manesar Gurgaon". citypincode.in. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  152. ^ General Information, http://www.haryanainvest.org/general-information.php 
  153. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ "HPGCL power plant capacity". Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  154. ^ Haryana aims to install solar plants to replace old thermal plants, 15 March 2016, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-03-15/news/71543274_1_power-plant-solar-plant-hpgcl, retrieved on 24 March 2016 
  155. ^ "Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan sigh Lays Foundation Stone of 2800 MW Gorakhpur Haryana Anu Vidyut Pariyojana (Nuclear Power Project)". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 13 January 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  156. ^ Gorakhpur nuclear power plant makes headway Archived 21 سبتمبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Down To Earth. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2016.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

Find more about هاريانا at Wikipedia's sister projects
Search Wiktionary Definitions from Wiktionary
Search Commons Media from Commons
Search Wikiquote Quotations from Wikiquote
Search Wikisource Source texts from Wikisource
Search Wikibooks Textbooks from Wikibooks
Search Wikiversity Learning resources from Wikiversity
الحكومة
معلومات عامة
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=هاريانا&oldid=4042274"