عن أنواع الخطباء

عن أفضل أنواع الخطباء (باللاتينية: De Optimo Genere Oratorum)، هو عمل كتبه السياسي والفيلسوف والخطيب الروماني شيشرون بين عام 46 ق.م. بين عمليه الآخرين، بروتس والخطيب إلى ماركوس بروتس. يحاول شيشرون أن يشرح لماذا تعكس وجهة نظره للأسلوب الخطابي الأتيكية الحقيقية وأنها أفضل من وجهة نظر الرومان الأتيكيين "الذين يحصرون الخطيب في بساطة الخطباء الأتيكيين الأوائل وعدم تفننهم".

تدعي هذه الرسالة القصيرة أنها مقدمة لترجمة خطاب ديموستينس المسمى عن التاج، وخطاب لمنافسه، إسخينيس، المسمى ضد قطسيفون. كان شيشرون من دعاة الترجمة الحرة: "إن جوهر الخطابة الناجحة، كما يصر، هو أنها ينبغي أن "توجه، وتسعد، وتحرك عقول جمهوره"، ولا يمكن تحقيق ذلك في الترجمة إلا من خلال الحفاظ على "قوة ونكهة المقطع"، وليس عن طريق ترجمة "كلمة بكلمة". لم تُنشر الترجمة الفعلية للخطابين أبدًا، ولم تنشر عن أنواع الخطباء في حياة شيشرون.

يعتقد الكثيرون أن الرسالة النهائية عبارة عن تجميع لمسودتين كتبهما شيشرون. في نقده لهذه المقالة، يجادل هندريكسون كيف أن "إيجاز الملاحظات والاقتراحات المجردة، وإغفال الكلمات (التي قدمها المحررون المعاصرون)، وتسلسل الأفكار المكبوت، والأدلة على المعاملة المزدوجة" كلها تعطي دليلاً على الحالة غير المكتملة لرسالة عن أنواع الخطباء

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 الخلاف حول موضع النص

Brutus is a work by Cicero that explains the history of Roman oratory, and Orator highlights the basic requirements needed to be the best orator. This is important because it helps scholars best estimate when De Optimo Genere Oratorum was written in accordance with these two texts. Writing De Optimo Genere Oratorum after Brutus allowed Cicero to use the historical information from Brutus to support his own views on stylistic propriety. The Orator then takes the views of De Optimo Genere Oratorum, and develops them into a more conclusive statement of the perfect orator.

 ملخص الأجزاء السبعة

 الجزء 1

Cicero starts off talking about different kinds of poets and how every genre of poetry has its own individuality. He then contrasts this to describing different kinds of orators, whom you can distinguish from one another, but ultimately still miss information about the art of oratory. "There is only one kind of orator...the one whose speech instructs, delights, and moves the minds of his audience.” Although there are other great orators, the difference is "in degree, not in kind.”

 الجزء 2

Cicero says that the orator must attend to style, structure, arrangement, memory, and delivery. Using these criteria he develops a way of judging the best orator.

 الجزء 3

Cicero feels that the Attic writers of Athens exemplified such criteria and strove to be better than the best in their oratory. He argues that these are the ones that need to be followed, unlike those practitioners of the Asiatic style “whose opulent style is full of faults; Asia produced this latter sort in abundance.”

 الجزء 4

Cicero uses the example of Lysias, who was able to abstract his style from his writing and write in the tone of someone else. He then makes a distinction between and addresses two groups, those who think they speak in an Attic manner and those who say no Roman does. To Cicero, the best orators were those who lived in Athens, Demosthenes being the best, so “speaking in the Attic fashion means speaking well.”

 الجزء 5

To prove his point he explains that he has translated a debate between the two best Attic orators, Aeschines and Demosthenes.

 الجزء 6

He argues that in presenting this translation of a debate, the characteristics of the best orator will be made evident. He also criticizes any objections to his Latin translation of the text.

 الجزء 7

He then presents the case that Aeschines and Demosthenes were debating over. In Athens there were laws against crowning certain citizens and another against when and where to reward someone. In a charitable fashion, Demosthenes repaired the city walls and caught the attention Ctesiphon who wanted him crowned, although this was contrary to the law. Aeschines then brought charges against Ctesiphon stating the laws that had not been followed and questioning the genuine and kind nature of Demosthenes's actions. Aeschines himself, however, was using this instance to truly attack Ctesiphon.

The charges were brought up during the reign of Philip of Macedon but were not addressed until that of Alexander. All came to hear the two great orators, and Cicero finishes the introduction by stating his sincere intention to reflect the true spirit of the debate.

 وصلات خارجية

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