ون‌ژو

Coordinates: 28°00′N 120°42′E / 28.000°N 120.700°E / 28.000; 120.700
(تم التحويل من ونتشو)
لمعلومات عن المحافظات التاريخية في الصين الامبراطورية، انظر محافظة ون (توضيح).
ون‌ژو
温州市
Wenzhou
مدينة بمستوى محافظة
Wenzhou skyline
Wuma shopping street
Jiangxin Temple
Pearl Beach
Wenzhou Library
مدينة ون‌ژو
+−
موقع مدينة ون‌ژو في ژى‌جيانگ.
ChinaZhejiangWenzhou.png
ون‌ژو is located in الصين
ون‌ژو
ون‌ژو
موقع ون‌ژو في الصين.
الإحداثيات: 28°00′N 120°42′E / 28.000°N 120.700°E / 28.000; 120.700
البلد الصين
المقاطعةژى‌جيانگ
تقسيمات على مستوة الناحية9
الحكومة
 • أمانة الحزب الشيوعيژو جيانگ‌يونگ (周江勇)
 • العمدةژانگ گنگ (张耕)
المساحة
 • البر12٬255٫74 كم² (4٬731٫97 ميل²)
 • الحضر
1٬243٫4 كم² (1٬243٫6 ميل²)
التعداد
 (تعداد 2020)[1]
 • مدينة بمستوى محافظة9٬572٬903
 • Urban
3٫039٫439
 • الكثافة الحضرية0٫0٬024/km2 (0٫0٬024/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
6٫642٫592
 • الترتيب في الصين
15
منطقة التوقيتUTC+8 (توقيت الصين)
الرمز البريدي
325000
مفتاح الهاتف0577
ن.م.إ. (2012)[2]365 بليون CNY
(59.44 بليون دولار)
ن.م.إ. للفرد45.667 CNY
(7.436 دولار)
لوحة القيادة浙C
أيزو 3166-2cn-33-03
اللغات المنطوقةون‌ژوي
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.wenzhou.gov.cn
ون‌ژو
Wenzhou (Chinese characters).svg
"Wenzhou" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
الصينية المبسطة温州
الصينية التقليدية溫州
WuIu1-ciou1 (Wenzhounese)
Uen1tseu1 (Shanghainese)
المعنى الحرفي"Wen[qiao Mountains] Prefecture"

ون‌ژو (تُنطق [wə́n.tʂóʊ] ( استمع)؛ الون‌ژوية: [ʔy33-11 tɕiɤu33-32]؛ Chinese: 温州)، هي مدينة على مستوى محافظة في جنوب شرق مقاطعة ژى‌جيانگ في الصين. تقع ون‌ژو في أقصى جنوب شرق مقاطعة ژى‌جيانگ حيث تصلها حدودها مع ليشوي من الغرب، تاي‌ژو من الشمال، وفوجيان من الجنوب. المدينة محاطة بالجبال، بحر الصين الشرقي، 436 جزيرة، بينما تمتد أراضيها الوطيئة على ساحل بحر الصين الشرقي، والذي يبلغ طوله 355 كم. معظم مساحة ون‌ژو أراضي جبلية حيث تصنف 76 بالمائة من مساحتها البالغة 11.784 كم² كجبال وتلال.[3] يقال أن ون‌ژو بها 7/10 الجبال، 1/10 المياه، و2/10 المزارع.[بحاجة لمصدر]

في التعداد الصيني 2010، كان هناك 3.039.500 شخص يعيشون في منطقة ون‌ژو الحضرية؛[4] المساحة الداخلة ضمن ولايتها (والتي تشمل مدينتين تابعتين وستة نواحي) ويصل عدد سكانها 9.122.100 نسمة، 31.16% منهم مقيمون غير محليون من خارج ون‌ژو.[5]

كانت ون‌ژو تعرف في الأصل باسم يونگ‌جيا (Chinese: 永嘉)،[6] وكانت ون‌ژو ميناءاً للتجارة الخارجية المزدهرة، والذي ظل محتفظاً بمكانته عليه حتى يومنا هذا. تقع المدينة في منطقة جبلية، ونتيجة لذلك، فقد عزلت لمعظم سنوات تاريخها عن بقية البلاد، مكونة ثقافة ولغة محلية شديدة التميز ليس فقط عن بقية الصين ولكن عن المناطق المجاورة أيضاً. اشتهرت كذلك بمهاجريها الذين تركوا أراضيهم الأم متجهين إلى أوروپا والولايات المتحدة، والذين اشتهروا بكونهم رواد الأعمال الذين بدأوا بانشاء مطاعم، متاجر للبيع بالجملة والتجزئة في بلدان المهجر. شعب ون‌ژو يشكل عدد ضخم من العرقية الصينية في إيطاليا (حيث يشكلون 90% من جميع المقيمين الصينين)، فرنسا، وإسپانيا.

التاريخ

التاريخ القديم

Wenzhou has a history which goes back to about 2500 BC, when it became known for its pottery production as one of the cities of origin of celadon in ancient China.

Wenzhou was the capital of the ancient Dong'ou Kingdom which existed from 191 BC until it was conquered by Minyue Kingdom in 138 BC.

About 80% of the people in Wenzhou trace their ancestry from Fujian, the vast majority of them coming from northern Fujian[7]

الصين الإمبراطورية

In the early 2nd century BC, shortly after the destruction of Qin dynasty, military and political leader Zou Yao (驺摇) of Wenzhou helped the emperor Gaozu of Han, the first emperor of Han Dynasty, defeat the prominent warlord Xiang Yu of Qin Dynasty. After the victory, emperor Hui of Han, the second emperor of Han dynasty named Zhou Yao the King of Dong'ou (Wenzhou), and under the administration of emperor Hui, Wenzhou became the capital of the Dong'ou Kingdom which is the modern-day area of southern Zhejiang.

Around 760AD in Tang dynasty, the founding emperor Emperor Gaozu of Tang named Yongkia (earlier as Dong'ou) by its current name Wenzhou because of its mild weather.

التاريخ الحديث

Throughout its history, Wenzhou's traditional economic role has been as a port giving access to the mountainous interior of southern Zhejiang Province. In early European sources, the name Wenzhou-Fu or -Foo was often transcribed Ouen-tcheou-fou after the accounts of French-speaking missionaries.[8] In 1876, Wenzhou was opened for tea exports, but no foreign settlement was ever established there. Between 1937 and 1942, during the Second Sino-Japanese War (i.e., World War II), Wenzhou achieved importance as one of the few ports still under Chinese control. It declined in the later years of the war, but began to recover after coastal trade along the Zhejiang coast was re-established in 1955.


فنگ‌شوي (风水) بمدينة ون‌ژو

المدينة الوحيدة في الصين من تصميم گوو پو

شعب التميز وأرض الحكمة

There is a popular saying in China that reflects the status of the city of Wenzhou related to the Fengshui of Wenzhou which is "People of Excellence and Land of Wisdom" (人傑地靈), as the local Wenzhounese peoples are usually described in China as the people of excellence and the city of Wenzhou is usually praised as the city of wisdom.[9][10][11]

الجغرافيا

Wenzhou (labelled as YUNG-CHIA (WENCHOW) 永嘉) (1953)
على ساحل خليج دايوو في ناحية تسانگ‌نان.

With jurisdiction over four districts, two county-level cities and five counties, Wenzhou covers a land area of 11,784 km2 (4,550 sq mi) and sea area of 11,000 km2 (4,200 sq mi). The population of the prefectural level city is 9.12 million including 2.30 million urban residents, divided among 3 county-level cities and 4 districts.

Most of Wenzhou's landscape is mountainous, with many mountain tops reaching altitudes in excess of 1,000 m (3,300 ft), for example in the Yandang Mountains, a coastal mountain range dominating the eastern part of prefecture. Another dominating landscape element is the Ou River, the largest river in Wenzhou prefecture. There are some coastal plains, notably around the mouth of the Ou (where the city proper of Wenzhou is located), the Nanxi River, a tributary of the Ou, and further south, around the mouth of the Feiyun River (in Rui'an, a county-level city). Coastal plains are used intensively for agriculture but also host much of the population and industry.

The 339 kilometres (211 mi) long coastline gives the city abundant marine resources and has many islands.[بحاجة لمصدر] Dongtou, one of the districts in Wenzhou, has also been called the "County of One Hundred Islands." Dongtou County was renamed as Dongtou District in September 2015 following the State Council-sanctioned administrative region adjustments.

Wenzhou boasts wonderful landscapes with rugged mountains and tranquil waters, including three state-level scenic spots, namely the Yandang Mountains, the Nanxi River and the Baizhangji Fall-Feiyun Lake, and two national nature reserves, the Wuyanling Ridge and the Nanji Islands. Yandang Mountain has been named as a World Geopark, while the Nanji Islands are listed a UNESCO Marine Nature Reserve of World Biosphere Reserves. Scenic areas account for 25% of the city's land space.

المناخ

Wenzhou derives its present name from its climate, and has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with short winters and long, hot, humid summers. Summers are similar to the remainder of the province (albeit slightly cooler during the daytime as compared to inland areas), but winter is much milder, partly due to the southerly location and partly due to the sheltering effect of the surrounding mountains. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 8.7 °C (47.7 °F) in January to 28.7 °C (83.7 °F) in July and August, while the annual mean is 18.9 °C (66.0 °F). Heavy rainfalls occur in late spring and early summer due to the plum rains of the East Asian monsoon, while typhoons are commonly a threat in the second half of summer causing considerable damage and destruction. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 26% in March to 53% in August, the city receives 1,706 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −4.5 °C (24 °F) (though an unofficial record low of −5.6 °C (22 °F) was recorded on 17 January 1893)[12] to 41.8 °C (107 °F).

أخفClimate data for ون‌ژو (1971−2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.6
(78.1) 		26.2
(79.2) 		29.5
(85.1) 		31.3
(88.3) 		35.7
(96.3) 		36.8
(98.2) 		39.6
(103.3) 		38.1
(100.6) 		38.0
(100.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		29.4
(84.9) 		25.9
(78.6) 		39.6
(103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 12.2
(54.0) 		12.4
(54.3) 		15.3
(59.5) 		20.6
(69.1) 		24.7
(76.5) 		28.3
(82.9) 		32.2
(90.0) 		31.9
(89.4) 		28.8
(83.8) 		24.8
(76.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		15.2
(59.4) 		22.2
(72.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.4
(52.5) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.8
(69.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		28.0
(82.4) 		28.0
(82.4) 		24.9
(76.8) 		20.4
(68.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		10.4
(50.7) 		18.1
(64.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.0
(41.0) 		5.7
(42.3) 		8.6
(47.5) 		13.3
(55.9) 		18.0
(64.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.0
(77.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		17.2
(63.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		6.9
(44.4) 		15.1
(59.1)
Record low °C (°F) −4.5
(23.9) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		2.4
(36.3) 		9.0
(48.2) 		14.9
(58.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		19.1
(66.4) 		13.7
(56.7) 		5.7
(42.3) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−4.5
(23.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.3
(2.30) 		82.7
(3.26) 		145.1
(5.71) 		161.7
(6.37) 		203.4
(8.01) 		245.5
(9.67) 		178.4
(7.02) 		250.1
(9.85) 		204.9
(8.07) 		95.0
(3.74) 		74.7
(2.94) 		42.6
(1.68) 		1٬742٫4
(68.62)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 13.5 14.8 19.0 18.4 18.4 18.1 14.7 16.6 13.4 10.3 9.4 8.1 174.7
Average relative humidity (%) 76 79 82 83 84 88 84 82 81 77 74 72 80
Mean monthly sunshine hours 113.2 90.5 96.4 119.5 122.0 126.9 214.8 213.3 166.2 157.0 138.2 148.0 1٬706
Percent possible sunshine 35 29 26 31 29 31 51 53 45 44 43 46 39
Source: هيئة الأرصاد الجوية الصينية[13]


الادارة

مركز التجارة العالمية في ون‌ژو.
روي‌آن، إحدى المدن التابعة تحت ولاية ون‌ژو.

مدينة ون‌ژو بمستوى محافظة تدير حالياً أربع مديريات وثلاث مدن بمستوى نواحي وخمس نواحي. وبلغ عدد سكانها في تعداد 2020:[4]


خريطة
# الاسم النوع هان‌زي پن‌ين السكان
(تعداد 2010) 		السكان
(تعداد 2020) 		المساحة (كم²)
1 Lucheng District مديرية 鹿城区 Lùchéng Qū 875,006 1,293,300 294.38
2 Longwan District مديرية 龙湾区 Lóngwān Qū 204,935 749,300 279
3 Ouhai District مديرية 瓯海区 Ōuhǎi Qū 835,607 996,900 614.5
4 Dongtou District مديرية 洞头区 Dòngtóu Qū 96,744 87,700 100
5 مدينة روي‌آن مدينة ناحية 瑞安市 Ruì'ān Shì 1,207,788 1,424,700 1271
6 مدينة Yueqing مدينة ناحية 乐清市 Yuèqīng Shì 1,162,765 1,389,300 1174
7 مدينة Longgang مدينة ناحية 龙港市 Lónggǎng Shì 464,695 184 2,525
8 Yongjia County ناحية 永嘉县 Yǒngjiā Xiàn 869,548 2,674 295
9 ناحية پينگ‌يانگ ناحية 平阳县 Píngyáng Xiàn 863,166 1,042 731
10 ناحية تسانگ نان ناحية 苍南县 Cāngnán Xiàn 843,959 1,088 931
11 Wencheng County ناحية 文成县 Wénchéng Xiàn 288,168 1,271 167
12 ناحية تاي‌شون ناحية 泰顺县 Tàishùn Xiàn 265,973 1,762 132

الاقتصاد

شارع يوما للتسوق.

Wenzhou exports food, tea, wine, jute, timber, paper, Alunite (a non-metallic mineral used to make alum and fertilizer). Alunite is abundant and Wenzhou claims to be the "Alunite Capital of the World". Its 10 main industries each exceeding 1.5 billion dollars are electrical machinery, leather products, general equipment, power supply, plastic manufacturing, textile and garment, transport equipment, chemical products, metal products and metal processing.

From the 1990s, low-voltage electric appliances manufacturing became one of the major industries in Wenzhou, with some of the large private enterprises setting up joint ventures with GE and Schneider.

In 1994, exploration for oil and natural gas commenced in the East China Sea 100 km (62 mi) off the coast of Wenzhou. Companies such as Texaco, Chevron, Shell and JAPEX have started to drill for oil but the operations have been largely unsuccessful.

Wenzhou is a city full of vibrant business activities. When China began economic reforms in 1978, Wenzhou was the first city in China to set up individual and private enterprises as well as shareholder cooperatives. It has also taken the lead in carrying out financial system reform and structural reform in townships. Being a pioneer in utilizing marketing mechanism to develop urban constructions, Wenzhou has won a number of firsts in China and set many national records.

From 1978 through 2016, the GDP of Wenzhou, a third-tier city in China, has increased from 1.32 billion RMB to 504.54 billion RMB with the gross fiscal revenue increasing from 0.135 billion RMB to 72.4 billion RMB, and the disposable net per capita income for rural residents increasing from 113.5 RMB to 22,985 RMB. The per capita disposable income for urban residents increased from 422.6 RMB in 1981 to 47,785 RMB in 2016, which is the among the highest in China.


مشروع ريادي للاصلاح المالي

In late March 2012, China's State Council announced that Wenzhou would be the site of a pilot project for the reform of private investment rules. The city had been a significant source of illegal loans, and this project would legalize and provide a regulatory framework for such activities. It has been seen not only as an attempt to legitimize Wenzhou's private finance market, but also as a model for cleaning up underground lending in China as a whole.[14]

مسقط رأس الاقتصاد الخاص بالصين الشعبية

In the early days of economic reforms, local Wenzhounese took the lead in China in developing a commodity economy, household industries and specialized markets. Many thousands of people and families were engaged in household manufacturing to develop individual and private economy (private enterprise). Up till now, Wenzhou has a total of 240,000 individually owned commercial and industrial units and 130,000 private enterprises of which 180 are group companies, 4 among China's top 500 enterprises and 36 among national 500 top private enterprises. There are 27 national production bases such as "China's Shoes Capital" and "China's Capital of Electrical Equipment", China's 40 famous trademarks and China's famous-brand products and 67 national inspection-exempt products in the city.[بحاجة لمصدر] The development of private economy in Wenzhou has created the "Wenzhou Economic Model", which inspires the modernization drive in China.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The city of Wenzhou is a world leader in lighter manufacturing with over 500 such companies in the city.[15] The plastic weaving cluster in Wenzhou comprised 1600 enterprises in 2001, employing 42,000 people with an annual output value of 20 billion Yuan. The Local cluster comprised 400 manufacturers in 2001 with a total output of 5 billion Yuan, representing 65 percent of the domestic market share. The cluster is the first in China in terms of market share and sold it products to 60 countries.[16]

There are many areas in which people of Wenzhou opened the first example of private economy in post-1949 China. For instance, Juneyao Airlines started in July 1991, which is the first private airline company in China. Jinwen Rail Way is also the first rail way company which is built with private capital.

المناطق الصناعية

  • Wenzhou Economic & Technological Development Zone

Wenzhou Economic & Technological Development Zone was established and approved by State Council in 1992. The main traffic system around the zone include No.104 National Highway, Ningbo-Wenzhou Expressway and Wenzhou Bridge. It is located near to Wenzhou International Airport and Wenzhou Port. Industries encouraged in the zone include electrical equipment, electronic information, chemical medicine, building materials, and textiles.[17]

  • Wenzhou Oujiang River Estuary Industrial Zone

Located in the east of the city proper, it has an overall planned area of 3.3 million square kilometers, with industrial focuses mainly on logistics, cultual and tourism industry, smart manufacturing, information technology, as well as electronics and petrochemical industry near the coastal area of Dongtou.

النقل

الجوي

السكك الحديدية

محطة قطارات جنوب ون‌ژو.



الأوپرا الصينية

During the Northern Song Dynasty in the 12th century, Nan Opera, also called as the Wenzhou Opera and Yongjia Opera, was produced in Wenzhou as the earliest form of traditional Chinese Opera in the history of China.[18][19][20] In its early stage of development, Nan Opera developed and matured rapidly along with the prosperous economic activities that were taking place in Wenzhou influenced by Yongjia School of Thought. Wenzhou as a prosperous treaty port back in Southern Song Dynasty expanded the influence of Nan Opera greatly. Since then, Nan Opera gained its great influence in China and reached its peak in Yuan Dynasty and remained its prominent status in Ming Dynasty.

In the time period of late Yuan Dynasty, the original rulers of the country significantly lost their political power and that gave Nan Opera of Wenzhou a period of time in which it faced almost no resistance in development. Therefore, in late Yuan Dynasty, Nan Opera of Wenzhou reached its highest peak historically and later in Ming Dynasty, its original Wenzhou tone of Opera sung in Wenzhounese lost its influence and was mostly replaced by Kun Shan tone of Opera. Later on, because of the replacement in tone, Nan Opera gradually transcended into its later form chuanqi, and remained its influence and became one of the major forms of drama in Ming Dynasty.[21]

دور نظام التوزيع

On the stage setting of a Nan Opera performance, there are generally seven role distribution elements, Life (生), Denier (旦), Ugliness (醜), Clarity (淨), Finale (末), Exterior (外), Attachment (貼), with the main drama plot developed around Life (生) and Denial (旦) complemented usually by Ugliness (醜), Clarity (淨), and Finale (末). This stage setting system of Nan Opera invented in Wenzhou with seven-element role distribution principle is the earliest complete on-stage role distribution principle system in the history of Chinese Opera.[22][23][24]

المعجزات الأربعة لأسرة يوان

Although Nan opera is the first mature form of traditional Chinese opera, throughout its history of development unlike that of many other later forms of Chinese opera, Nan opera was generally disregarded and repelled by the officials in early Yuan Dynasty who held great contempt for the Southern Chinese people.

Despite the great resistance, local Wenzhounese that kept on developing Nan Drama still managed to compose extraordinary works respectively named as the "Jing Cha Tale", "Bai Tu Tale", "Bai Yue Ting", and "Sha Gou Ji", which were later known as the "Four Miracles" of Yuan Dynasty.[بحاجة لمصدر] According to modern studies, at least half of the Four Miracles were entirely created by local Wenzhounese artists with no non-local supplements and the other two consisting of some non-local supplements.[19]

حكاية الپيپا

Tale of the Pipa (or Tale of Lute) created by local Wenzhounese Gao Ming is a work of Nan opera that represents its highest quality and essence in its highest peak of influence in mid-Yuan Dynasty.[21]

It is called the connecting bridge of the time of Nan opera and the time of chuanqi. The creation of Tale of the Pipa is among the greatest achievements of Chinese Opera and has had an enormous impact on composition of traditional Chinese opera, and therefore, it is usually called as the "Ancestor of all Plays" in China along with Nan drama being called as the "Ancestor of all Operas" in China. In the 19th century, Tale of the Pipa was translated into English, French, German and Latin.[25][26][27] Ever since it was published in modern era, the Lute Song has been significant in the history of Western appreciation of Chinese literature.

The first translation of Lute Song was published in 1841 in Paris by Imprimerie Royale, written by Antoine (A. P. L.) Bazin titled Le Pi-pa-ki ou l'Histoire de Luth, making the history of the first chuanqi play published in a Western language[28] In 1946, American musical comedy based on Tale of the Pipa, titled Lute Song written by Will Irwin, Sidney Howard and starred Yul Brenner and Mary Martin, was produced on Broadway.[29]

نانسي ريگان وأغنية العود

Tale of the Pipa is also the only Broadway appearance of then-future First Lady of the United States Nancy Reagan.[30] In the play of Lute Song, Nancy Reagan "dyed her brown hair black and slanted her eyes like a real oriental girl",[31] and the show's producer told her, "You look like you could be Chinese".[32]

Like all the other Nan Opera plays written by local Wenzhounese artists majorly in the original language of Wenzhounese, the Lute Song is known for its complex linguistic demands which has caused international scholars to mainly focus on the shorter, and more accessible version as to their own concepts of the opera.[33]

الأشكال الأربعة لأوپرا نان في أسرة مينگ

After the invention of Nan opera in Wenzhou in the 12th century, Nan Opera soon after started to spread its influence all across China as the first-ever mature form of Chinese opera. At the time in Ming Dynasty, the original form of Nan Opera sung in Wenzhounese lost its influence because of its universality and evolved into 4 different forms that were sung in four different tones(melodies). However, some scholars today argue that Nan Opera in Ming Dynasty were sung in five different tones (melodies).[34]

The original Nan Opera gave births to four different forms of itself in Ming Dynasty: Haiyan Tone (海盐腔), Yuyao Tone (余姚腔), Kunshan Tone (昆山腔), and Yiyang Tone (弋阳腔). Among the four forms, the most popular one today is known as the Kun Opera that evolved from the Kunshan Tone of Nan Opera in Ming Dynasty. Kun Opera is listed as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO since 2001.[35]

مسقط رأس الرياضيات في الصين

Wenzhou has a long history of mathematics and many mathematical records in modern China are made by local Wenzhounese mathematicians and scholars. In 1896, the father of Oracle Bone Script decipherment, Wenzhounese scholar Sun Yirang, founded the first-ever mathematics academy in the history of China, Ruian Mathematics Academy (瑞安學計館) in Wenzhou. A year later, in 1897, local Wenzhounese Huang Qingcheng founded the first-ever periodical of mathematics in China, "Suan Xue Bao" (算学報). In 1899, a mathematical association was established in Wenzhou, named "Ruian Heaven Calculation Association" (瑞安天算學社), making the history of being the very first regional mathematical association in the history of China.[36][37][38][39][40][41]

Wenzhou is renowned as the cradle of mathematicians in China and the world; it has given births to over 200 mathematicians known both internationally and domestically in the past 100 years. According to numerous reports, in the 20th century, over one-fourth to one-third of chairs of mathematics department of colleges and mathematical associations all over China were local Wenzhounese mathematicians and scholars. During 2002 International Mathematical Union conference in Beijing, a case study named "analysis of vast communal formation of Wenzhounese mathematicians" (温籍数学家群体成因分析) was discussed by mathematicians from all over the world. The goal of analyzing the case study was to understand and acknowledge the significance cultural influence of Wenzhounese mathematicians and their contributions to mathematics. The case study was also brought up during the conference to analyze the future trend of cultivating a new generation of mathematicians in China and around the world. Such a rare phenomenon has never existed in the history of the world as throughout the history of the city, Wenzhou has given births to more mathematicians more than any other city in the world.[42][43]

In an interview with local Wenzhounese mathematician, one of the pioneers of mathematics in modern China Su Buqing,[44] conducted by Wenzhounese science fiction writer Ye Yonglie, many unknown details of the local Wenzhou mathematics culture were revealed. Ye Yonglie was told by Su Buqing that "many of the chairs of math departments of major universities in China were local Wenzhounese and in the conferences of International Mathematical Union, the local language of Wenzhounese is the unofficial and second language of the union besides official language English." Moreover, when Ye Yonglie asked Su Buqing whether "the commonly shared Wenzhounese cuisine culture of consuming Large yellow croaker was one of the major reasons of the vast formation of local mathematicians", Su Buqing answered "No, no, no. It's rather because of the fact that the entire area of Wenzhou is too poor to do science, and it only takes the cost of a pencil to do math, therefore, most of the Wenzhounese people just started to do math, and then, generations of local mathematicians just kept coming out of the city."[45]

تأسيس التعليم العالي وصناعة التكنولوجيا المتقدمة في تايوان

Wenzhounese mathematician Shu Shien-Siu is today considered as the father of high-tech industry in Taiwan while the high-tech industry today is considered to be the biggest contributor to Taiwan's economy. When Siu was the Minister of Science and Technology from 1973 to 1980, he proposed to establish the Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park in Hsinchu in 1976.

After Siu's evolutionary proposal, rounds of debate about the location of Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park unfolded. Chiang Ching-kuo argued that the park should be built in Longtan District in Taoyuan considering the potential benefits that could be drawn from National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology and future relationship between the military field and the park. However, Shu Shien-Siu argued that the park should be built in Hsinchu because what Taiwan and the park needed was creativity and private economy power that would stem from the people instead of the government and the military. Therefore, Siu said that it was not a wise decision to draw too much relation between the military and the science and industrial park. Also, Longtan District was a relatively remote place as compared to Hsinchu and thus, the potential of park would be greatly diminished if it were to be built in Longtan District.

More importantly, Siu's decision made in 1976 is commonly praised today as he foresaw the right model of the park. Siu wanted the Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park to be like Silicon Valley which is adjacent to Stanford University and University of California, Berkeley. Thinking differently from Chiang Ching-kuo, Siu saw the potential advantages and tremendous resources the Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park could benefit from the National Tsing Hua University and National Chiao Tung University. Therefore, Siu determined to manage to build the park in Hsinchu, where both universities are located at.

Today, Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park is commonly considered as the Silicon Valley of the Orient and the high-tech industry stands as the biggest contributor to Taiwan's economy.

تعليم الرياضيات في تايوان

In 1961, Shu Shien-Siu founded the Department of Mathematics at National Tsing Hua University, arguably the most prestigious university of Taiwan. A year later in 1962, Siu founded the Summer Mathematics Conference, the first-ever mathematical conference in the history of Taiwan.[46]

When Siu became the president of National Tsing Hua University in 1970, there were only 3 academic departments and no college on campus and the university only held a population of over 660 people including faculty members. In order to expand the size of the university and contribute to the growth of Taiwan, Siu organised to establish the College of Engineering that consists of 5 Departments and expanded the Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science by transforming it into the College of Nuclear Science which consists of 2 Departments and 1 Institute. During 1971 to 1973, Siu managed to employee a total of 165 professors with Doctoral Degree. Also, during his presidency, Siu carried out the 15-year strategic plan for the university and placed heavy emphasis on construction of buildings on campus such as the Department of Chemistry, the auditorium, the gymnasium and dormitories for students and housing buildings for academic staff as Siu sought to increase the bond between the academic staff and the students.[46][47][48]

By the time he left National Tsing Hua University in 1975, the university had a total of 9 Departments, 3 Colleges, and 13 Institutes with a student population of over 2200(including graduate students) and academic staff population of over 160. In 1975, after Siu's 5 years of presidency, National Tsing Hua University placed 1st in all 3 fields of Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry in Taiwan.[48]

As Siu was deeply influenced by the Yongjia School of Thought when he grew up in Wenzhou, during his presidential career at the university, Siu placed heavy emphasis on the idea of practicality instead of the traditional Chinese belief of the importance of theory, and also made it clear that as students, the interaction with the society will always be more important than that within the campus. One of the most influential quotes of Siu is "What we need the most are the practitioners, who directly involve, but not the theorists" (我们最需要的是实行家，直接的参与，而非理论家). That main idea held by Siu to build the university in its early stage of development is almost identical as one of the central philosophies of Yongjia School of Thought, the cultural gene of the city of Wenzhou. Such a unique form of philosophy of Siu would later be proven to have a tremendous impact on school and Taiwan's history as today, National Tsing Hua University is known for its emphasis on practicality in Taiwan.[46][47][48]

الثقافة والديموغرافيا

اللغة

مقال رئيسي: ون‌ژوية

Wenzhou natives speak a language of Wu Chinese, the language family shared by Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou and Shanghai; called Wenzhounese, also known as Oujiang (瓯江话; 甌江話; Ōujiānghuà) or Dong'ou (东瓯; 東甌). Geographic isolation and the immigration of Southern Min speakers from nearby Fujian have caused Wenzhounese to evolve into a very phonologically divergent hybrid difficult for outsiders to understand. As a result, even the adjacent Taizhou Wu variety has little mutual intelligibility with Wenzhounese. Conversely, Wenzhounese itself has spread to the Chinese immigrant communities in the Flushing and Brooklyn Chinatowns of New York City.

The esoteric Wenzhounese language is reputed to have been used during the Second Sino-Japanese War during wartime communication and in the Sino-Vietnamese War for programming military ciphers (code).[49][50] Due to its unique grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation, the language is basically impossible for any non-local to understand.

There is a common "fearing" rhymed saying in China that reflects the extreme comprehension difficulty of Wenzhounese: "Fear not the Heavens, fear not the Earth, but fear the Wenzhou person speaking Wenzhounese." (天不怕，地不怕，就怕温州人说温州话)

الديانات

Heavenly Kings Hall في Jiangxin Temple.
معبد باو گونگ في مديرية أوهاي.
معبد گوانون‌ژوي (يسار) and Huang ancestral shrine (يمين) في مديرية لوچنگ.

Most of the Wenzhou people practice Chinese folk religion as people in the rest of China, while a part of the population is non-religious. In addition, Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity also have a presence in the city.

Prior to 1949 there were 2,000 registered places of worship and 4,500 priests, pastors and monks in the city. But, the state officially designated Wenzhou as an experimental site for an "atheistic zone" (无宗教区) in 1958 and during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), religious buildings were either closed or converted for other uses.[51] Religion revived quickly since the 1980s, and today there are more registered places of worship than before.[52] Specifically, اعتبارا من 2015 the city has 8,569 registered folk religious temples and 3,961 registered places of worship of the five institutional religions (Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism).[53] The city was the forefront in the registration and management of folk religious temples which was started in January 2015 and later extended to all Zhejiang.[53]

"أورشاليم الصين"

The city has been for centuries a hub of Christian missionary activity; prior to 1949 it was home to 115,000 Christians, more than one-tenth of the total Christians in China at that time.[52] Today it remains an important center of Christianity in China. In 2006, it was reported that between 15 and 20% of the city's population was Christian.[54] In 2012, according to official data the city's Christians were at least one million (about 11% of the 2010 population).[55] Because of its large concentration of Christians, the city has been dubbed the "Jerusalem of the East" or "China's Jerusalem" in some media reports.[51]

In recent years, the prominence of Wenzhou's Christian community has made it the target of some controversial government action. In 2014 CNN reported that local Communist Party authorities had demolished scores of churches and forcibly removed more than 300 church crosses.[56] More recent reports have updated the numbers to over 200 churches destroyed and 2,000 crosses removed.[57] The Chinese government denies that the demolition of churches constitutes persecution of Christians, pointing instead to violations of land-use regulations as the reason for its actions. However, independent human rights groups and news agencies have met this denial with skepticism.[58] The New York Times, for example, reported that internal government documents the newspaper had obtained revealed that these demolitions represented part of a deliberate strategy to reduce the public profile of Christianity in the region. Specifically, the Times cites a nine-page statement of provincial policy, singling-out the Christian community as targets for the regulation of "excessive religious sites" and "overly popular" religious activities. "The priority," the document states, "is to remove crosses at religious activity sites on both sides of expressways, national highways and provincial highways," as well as to, "Over time and in batches, bring down the crosses from the rooftops to the facade of the buildings."[59] The provincial policy has met with some resistance. A Christian pastor who protested the removal of the crosses and the beating of 50 Christians was also jailed in 2015.[60]

السياحة

لوحة مطوية من عهد أسرة تشينگ تصور سلسلة جبال يان‌دانگ.

An essay written by Zhu Ziqing on the beauty of Meiyu Pond (梅雨潭) and waterfall in the Middle Yandang Mountains in Xianyan Subdistrict, Ouhai District, Wenzhou after his visits to the area in 1923 is among the sixty potential reading selections test takers may be asked to read for the Putonghua Proficiency Test.[61][62][63]

With a history of over 120 million years, Yandang Mountains or Yandangshan Mountains, literally the wild goose pond mountain(s) is known for its natural environment, arising from its many vertical rock faces and pinnacles, mountain slopes with forests and bamboo groves, streams, waterfalls and caves.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Nanxi River located in Yongjia County, Nanxi River was famous for its 36 bends and 72 beaches. The main scenic spots of the Nanxi River area include the Furong Triangle Rock, the Waterfall of Tengxi Pool, the Twelve Peaks, the Taogong Cave, the Warehouse Under The Cliff, the Furong Ancient Hamlet and the Lion Rock.[64] It was named as one of the National Tourist Scenic Spots by the State Council and has been listed in Tentative Lists of UNESCO World Heritage.[65]

جسر مغطى.

Covered bridges, Taishun County has more than 900 covered bridges, Wuyanling National Nature Reserve in the west of the county represents significant natural values as well as being a touristic attraction.

Due to the variety and diverseness of local tourism attractions, Wenzhou was voted as the venue for the 2016 Annual Convention of Society for American Travel Writers (SATW) in October 2016, after beating contenders including Israel, the State of Texas, and Royal Caribbean International, the world leading cruise operator.

الفن والأدب

Wenzhou is 1682 years old with a profound and brilliant cultural background. It has given birth to many outstanding people and great scholars. Among them were Wang Shipeng, Chen Fuliang, Ye Shi, Huang Gongwang and Liu Ji during the South Song Dynasty, as well as Sun Yirang, Xia Nai, Xia Chengtao and Su Buqing and others of the modern era. All of them have exerted significant influence in the history of Chinese philosophy, literature and science. Wenzhou is also the origin of China's landscape poetry, the founder of which, Xie Lingyun, was the chief of Wenzhou's Yongjia Prefecture in the Northern and Southern dynasties period. In Song Dynasty, there were 4 distinguished poets from Yongjia representing the River and Lake Poetry. Moreover, Wenzhou is the birthplace of Nan Drama of China, which is the origin of Chinese traditional drama of which includes drama forms such as Peking Opera and Yue Opera.[66] "The Romance of a Hairpin", a tale about Wang Shipeng and Qian Yulian, is well known among locals and serves an inspiration for many who have endured life pains but still have faith in love. For instance, "Tale of Lute", a play by Gao Zecheng of Ming Dynasty, is renowned abroad as one of the most outstanding works of Chinese drama along with Kun Opera of Yongjia which is recognized as the verbal and non-material human heritage. Dancing in public is also part of the Wenzhou culture. Wenzhou, the birthplace of China's private economy, likewise is the birthplace of China's export-oriented industrialization. From the Southern Song Dynasty, in contrasted to the Confucianism represented by Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan in China urging people to study to be officials in the future, the theory of Wenzhou's Yongjia School represented by Ye Shi, emphasized the importance of business. The theory has an enduring impact on the mindset of Wenzhou natives and has become the "cultural gene" in the economic development of Wenzhou ever since.

ثقافة الأعمال

Due to both Wenzhou's cultural and geographical remoteness and its lack of natural resources (land, minerals, etc.), the Chinese central government has left the people of Wenzhou relatively autonomous. Away from the center of the political and economic stage, its people are more independent, self-reliant, and generally more business and family oriented. Numerous books have been published about the business sense of people from Wenzhou. Hence, when China switched from its planned economy to its so-called capitalist economy with Chinese (socialist) characteristics in the late 1980s, its people adjusted well to the new system and took advantage of it. A popular common saying calls Wenzhounese the "Jews of the Orient" (东方的犹太人).[بحاجة لمصدر] Wenzhounese have been stereotyped by other Chinese[which?] as real estate speculators. China Daily notes that investments from Wenzhounese buyers play a disproportionately large role in the increased property prices all over China.[67]

The people of Wenzhou are thought to be equipped with business sense and a commercial culture more dominant than anywhere else in China. Wenzhou has two economic characteristics: it was the first to launch a market economy, and it continues to have an active and developed private economy.[68]

التعليم

التعليم الابتدائي والمتوسط

التعليم العالي

المواقع الرسمية لجامعات وكليات ون‌ژو

مشاهير ون‌ژو

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

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  65. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Nanxi River – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  66. ^ "南戏博物馆：戏曲故里寻声腔遗韵--温州频道--人民网". People's Daily. Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  67. ^ "Chinese speculators eye property overseas". Archived from the original on 28 January 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  68. ^ "China's Capital of Capitalism Weathers Recession" (in الإنجليزية). NPR. Retrieved 2020-06-29.

المراجع

  • Economic profile for Wenzhou at HKTDC
  • Nanlai Cao, Constructing China's Jerusalem: Christians, Power and Place in the City of Wenzhou, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2010, 232 pp.

وصلات خارجية

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Wenzhou.
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