هاريانا

Coordinates: 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.73°N 76.78°E / 30.73; 76.78
(تم التحويل من ولاية هاريانا)
هاريانا
ولاية
Cyber City View.jpg
Pinjore Garden Chandigarh India (8).JPG
Sourabh475123 01.jpg
Asigarh-fort.jpg
Ghaggar river in Panchkula.jpg
Most Beautiful Lake in Faridabad.jpg
من أعلى لأسفل، من اليسار لليمين: مدينة السايبر، گورگاون، حدايق پينجورى، العجلة الحربية البرونزية للإلهين كريشنا وأرجونا في كوروكشترا، حصن آسي‌گره، نهر غگار، بحيرة في سوراج‌كوند.
الختم الرسمي لحكومة هاريانا
الشعار
أصل الاسم: Abode of God or Green Forest
الشعار: 
Satyameva Jayate
Truth alone triumphs
الموقع في هاريانا
الموقع في هاريانا
الإحداثيات (چندي‌گره): 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.73°N 76.78°E / 30.73; 76.78
البلد الهند
إعلانها كولاية1 نوفمبر 1966
العاصمةچندي‌گره[1]
أكبر مدينةفريد أباد
الأضلاع22
الحكومة
 • الكيانحكومة هاريانا
 • الحاكمباندارو داتاتريا
 • كبير الوزراءمانوهار لال كتار (BJP)
 • نائب كبير الوزراءدوشيانت تشوتالا (JJP)
 • المجلس التشريعيUnicameral (90 مقعد)
 • الدوائر النتخابيةراجيا سابها (5 مقاعد)
لوك سابها (10 مقاعد)
المساحة
[1]
 • الإجمالي44٬212 كم² (17٬070 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحةرقم 21
التعداد
 (2011)
 • الإجمالي25٫353٫081
 • الترتيبرقم 18
 • الكثافة573/km2 (1٬480/sq mi)
 • ترتيب الكثافة10
صفة المواطنهايرياني
اللغات[2][3]
 • الرسميةالهندية
 • Additional official
 • المحلية
[4][5][6][7][8]
GSDP (2020–21)
[9]
 • الإجمالي₹7٫65 trillion (96 بليون US$)
 • للفرد₹239٬535 (US$3٬000)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+05:30 (ت.ه.)
ISO 3166 codeIN-HR
لوحة السيارةHR-xx
م.ت.ب.▲ 0.704 (2017)[10] (High)
ترتيب م.ت.ب.رقم 11
النسبة بين الجنسين0.879♀/♂[11]
معرفة القراءة والكتابة83.78%[12]
الموقع الإلكترونيharyana.gov.in
رموز هاريانا
Emblemشعار هاريانا
الثديي
Antilope cervicapra from velavadar.JPG
الطبي الأسود
Bird
Black Francolin.jpg
الدراج الأسود
Flower
Sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera.jpg
اللوتس
Tree
Ficus religiosa Bo.jpg
فيكس لسان العصفور
^† عاصمة مشتركة مع الپنجاب
[2] مشتركة بين الپنجاب، هاريانا وچندي‌گره.

هاريانا ( /hʌriˈɑːnə/؛ هندوستاني: [ɦəɾɪˈjaːɳa])، هي إحدى ولايات الهند وتقع في الجزء الشمالي من البلاد. اقتطعت من ولاية شرق الپنجاب السابقة في 1 نوفمبر 1966 على أساس لغوي. تأتي بالمرتبة 22 من حيث المساحة، بأقل من 1.4٪ (44.212 كم²) من إجمالي مساحة الهند.[1][13] عاصمةتها مدينة چندي‌گره، وأكبر مدنها فريد اباد، والتي تعتبر أكثر المدن اكتظاظاً بالسكان في الولاية، وگورگاون هي المركز المالي بالولاية، وتقع فيها أبرز شركات فورتشن 500.[14] تنقسم هاريانا إدارياً إلى 6 أقسام، 22 22 ضلع، و22 تقسيم فرعي، 83 تحصيل، 50 تحصيل فرع، 140 بلوك تنمية مجتمعية، 154 مدينة وبلدة، 6.848 قرية، و6.222 پانچاية قروية.[13][15]

Haryana contains 32 special economic zones (SEZs), mainly located within the industrial corridor projects connecting the National Capital Region.[13][16] Gurgaon is considered one of the major information technology and automobile hubs of India.[17][18] Haryana ranks 11th among Indian states in human development index.[10] The economy of Haryana is the 13th largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹7٫65 trillion (96 بليون US$) and has the country's 5th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹240٬000 (US$3٬000).[19]

The state is rich in history, monuments, heritage, flora and fauna and tourism, with a well-developed economy, national highways and state roads. It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, by Rajasthan to the west and south, while river Yamuna forms its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh. Haryana surrounds the country's capital territory of Delhi on three sides (north, west and south), consequently, a large area of Haryana state is included in the economically important National Capital Region of India for the purposes of planning and development.

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أصل الاسم

Anthropologists came up with the view that Haryana was known by this name because in the post-Mahabharata period, the Ābhiras live here,[20] who developed special skills in the art of agriculture.[21] According to Pran Nath Chopra, Haryana evolved as a word from Ābhirāyana (from ābhira and ayana "path, way") to Ahirāyana to Hariyānā (Haryana).[22]


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: History of Haryana, National monuments in Haryana, and State monuments in Haryana

التاريخ القديم

المقالة الرئيسية: Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic Civilization
A skeleton from an Indus Valley civilisation site near Rakhigarhi.[23] The skeleton is on display in the National Museum.
Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra, which is a war described in the Indian epic poem Mahābhārata. The conflict arose from a dynastic succession struggle between two groups of cousins, the Kauravas and Pandavas, for the throne of Hastinapura in an Indian kingdom called Kuru.

يرجع تاريخ المستوطنات الأولية التي عثر عليها علماء الآثار في هاريانا إلى فترة هاراپا (القرن الثامن عشر ق.م.)، حيث عثر علماء الآثار فيها على عملات ذهبية وأوان خزفية. وكان آخر من عاش بها الرعاة والمزارعون، وعثر العلماء في مستوطناتهم على نوع خاص من الخزف كانوا يستخدمونه يعرف بالخزف الرمادي المدهون.

The villages of Rakhigarhi in Hisar district and Bhirrana in Fatehabad district are home to ancient sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, which contain evidence of paved roads, a drainage system, a large-scale rainwater collection storage system, terracotta brick and statue production, and skilled metalworking (in both bronze and precious metals).[23]

During the Vedic era, Haryana was the site of the Kuru Kingdom, one of India's great Mahajanapadas. The south of Haryana is the claimed location of Manu's state of Brahmavarta.[24][مطلوب مصدر أفضل] The area surrounding Dhosi Hill, and districts of Rewari and Mahendragarh had Ashrams of several Rishis who made valuable contributions to important Hindu scriptures like Vedas, Upanishads, Manusmriti, Brahmanas and Puranas.[25] As per Manusmriti,[26] Manu was the king of Brahmavarta, the flood time state 10,000 years ago surrounded by oldest route of Sarasvati and Drishadwati rivers on the banks of which Sanatan-Vedic or present-day Hindu ethos evolved and scriptures were composed.

تعرضت المنطقة لعدد من الغزوات من الشمال الغربي من الإغريق والسكوذيين والكوشان والهون والأتراك والأفغان وأخيرًا المغول. وحكم المغول بعض هذه المناطق. وفي 1857، أدى زعماء الهاريانا دورًا في الثورة ضد الحكم البريطاني.


العصور الوسطى

Ancient bronze and stone idols of Jain Tirthankara were found in archaeological expeditions in Badli, Bhiwani (Ranila, Charkhi Dadri and Badhra), Dadri, Gurgaon (Gurugram), Hansi, Hisar, Kasan, Nahad, Narnaul, Pehowa, Rewari, Rohad, Rohtak (Asthal Bohar) and Sonepat in Haryana.[27]

تل هارشا كا تيلا غرب مجمع قبر الشيخ چيلي، مع أطلال من عهد حاكم القرن السابع هارشا.

Pushyabhuti dynasty ruled parts of northern India in the 7th century with its capital at Thanesar. Harsha was a prominent king of the dynasty. Tomara dynasty ruled the south Haryana region in the 10th century. Anangpal Tomar was a prominent king among the Tomaras.[28]

After the sack of Bhatner fort during the Timurid conquests of India in 1398, Timur attacked and sacked the cities of Sirsa, Fatehabad, Sunam, Kaithal and Panipat. When he reached the town of Sarsuti (Sirsa), the residents fled and were chased by a detachment of Timur's troops, with thousands of them being killed and looted by the troops. From there he travelled to Fatehabad, whose residents fled and a large number of those remaining in the town were massacred. The Ahirs resisted him at Ahruni but were defeated, with thousands being killed and many being taken prisoners while the town was burnt to ashes. From there he travelled to Tohana, whose Jat inhabitants were robbers according to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi. They tried to resist but were defeated and fled. Timur's army pursued and killed 200 Jats, while taking many more as prisoners. He then sent a detachment to chase the fleeing Jats and killed 2,000 of them while their wives and children were enslaved and their property plundered. Timur proceeded to Kaithal whose residents were massacred and plundered, destroying all villages along the way. On the next day, he came to Assandh, whose residents were "fire-worshippers" according to Yazdi, and had fled to Delhi. Next, he travelled to and subdued Tughlaqpur fort and Salwan before reaching Panipat whose residents had already fled. He then marched on to Loni fort.[29][30]

Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, also called Hemu, claimed royal status and the throne of Delhi after defeating Akbar's Mughal forces on 7 October 1556 in the Battle of Delhi, and assumed the ancient title of Vikramaditya. The area that is now Haryana has been ruled by some of the major empires of India. Panipat is known for three seminal battles in the history of India. In the First Battle of Panipat (1526), Babur defeated the Lodis. In the Second Battle of Panipat (1556), Akbar defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi, who belonged to Rewari. Hem Chandra Vikramaditya had earlier won 22 battles across India from 1553 to 1556 from Punjab to Bengal, defeating the Mughals and Afghans. Hemu had defeated Akbar's forces twice at Agra and the Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become the last Hindu Emperor of India with a formal coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556. In the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas.[32]

British Period

The state was part of the British Punjab province. The Delhi division of Punjab province formed the bulk of Haryana. Among the princely states that were located in the state were Jind, Kalsia, Loharu, Dujana and Pataudi, as well as parts of the Patiala State.

Partition and aftermath

During the Partition of India, the Punjab province was one of two British Indian provinces, alongside Bengal, to be partitioned between India and Pakistan. Haryana, along with other Hindu and Sikh-dominated areas of Punjab province, became part of India as East Punjab state. As a result, a significant number of Muslims left for the newly formed country of Pakistan. Similarly, a huge number of Hindu and Sikh refugees poured into the state from West Punjab. Gopi Chand Bhargava, who hailed from Sirsa in present-day Haryana, became the first Chief Minister of East Punjab.

تشكيل هاريانا

المقالة الرئيسية: قانون إعادة تنظيم الپنجاب 1966

Haryana as a state came into existence on 1 November 1966 the Punjab Reorganisation Act (1966). The Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing state of Punjab and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after consideration of the languages spoken by the people. It encompassed the predominantly Hindi-speaking southern part of former Punjab, while the state of Punjab was reduced to the area where Punjabi speakers formed the majority population. The commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby the then-districts of Hisar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the tehsils of Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district – along with Naraingarh, Ambala and Jagadhri – were to be included.[33]

The commission recommended that the tehsil of Kharar, which includes Chandigarh, the state capital of Punjab, should be a part of Haryana. However, Kharar was given to Punjab.[34] The city of Chandigarh was made a union territory, serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana.[35]

Bhagwat Dayal Sharma became the first Chief Minister of Haryana.[36] Chaudhary Devi Lal is credited to be the individual who pushed for the creation of this commission. He was an instrumental figure in the separation of the Haryana state from Punjab in 1966.[37]


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الجغرافيا

حقل خردل في هاريانا، بالقرب من عاصمة الولاية Chandigarh
سد كاوشاليا

هاريانا مثلثة الشكل تقريبًا، ولها حدود مع راجاستان إلى الغرب، والبنجاب للشمال الغربي، وهيماتشال براديش إلى الشمال وأتر برادش ودلهي إلى الشرق. وهي واد منبسط ماعدا جزءاً شمالياً صغيرًا من الولاية يقع في سيواليكس، ويشكل نهر جومنا (يامونا) حدود هاريانا، ويصب فيه عدد من الأنهار الصغيرة مثل غاجار. وتغذي المياه المتدفقة من نهر جومنا شبكة الري.

Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is between 27°39' to 30°35' N latitude and between 74°28' and 77°36' E longitude.[38] The total geographical area of the state is 4.42 m ha, which is 1.4% of the geographical area of the country.[39] The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 and 3600 ft (200 metres to 1200 metres) above sea level.[40] Haryana has only 4% (compared with national 21.85%) area under forests.[13] Karoh Peak, a 1,467-metre (4,813 ft) tall mountain peak in the Sivalik Hills range of the greater Himalayas range located near Morni Hills area of Panchkula district, is the highest point in Haryana.[41][42][43][44] Most of the state sits atop the fertile Ghaggar Plain, a subsection of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Haryana has 4 states and 2 union territories on its border – Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, and Chandigarh.

السهول والجبال

Haryana has four main geographical features.[45]

  • The Yamuna-Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state is also called Delhi doab consists of Sutlej-Ghaggar doab (between Sutlej in the north of Punjab and the Ghaggar river flowing through northern Haryana), Ghaggar-Hakra doab (between Ghaggar river and Hakra or Drishadvati river which is the paleochannel of the holy Saraswati River) and Hakra-Yamuna doab (between Hakra river and Yamuna).
  • The Lower Shivalik Hills to the northeast in foothills of Himalaya
  • The Bagar region semi-desert dry sandy plain in north west of Haryana, covering northwest districts of Sirsa, western Fatehabad and northwestern Hisar.
  • The Aravali Range's northernmost low rise isolated non-continuous outcrops in the south, covering the Nuh district.

المياه

نهر يامونا بالقرب من حدود هاريانا

The Yamuna, a tributary of the Ganges, flows along the state's eastern boundary.[46]

Northern Haryana has several northeast to west flowing rivers originating from the Sivalik Hills of Himalayas, such as Ghaggar (palaeochannel of vedic Sarasvati river),[47] Chautang (paleochannel of vedic Drishadvati river, tributary of the Ghagghar),[48][49] Tangri river (tributary of the Ghagghar),[48][49] Kaushalya river (tributary of the Ghagghar),[50] Markanda River (tributary of Ghagghar),[48][49] Sarsuti,[48][49] Dangri,[48][49] Somb river.[51] Haryana's main seasonal river, the Ghaggar-Hakra, known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage,[47] rises in the outer Himalayas, between the Yamuna and the Satluj and enters the state near Pinjore in the Panchkula district, passes through Ambala and Sirsa, it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs for 460 km (290 mi) before disappearing into the deserts of Rajasthan.[52] The seasonal Markanda River, known as the Aruna in ancient times, originates from the lower Shivalik Hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala, and swells into a raging torrent during monsoon is notorious for its devastating power, carries its surplus water on to the Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Sarasuti and later the Ghaggar.[52]

Southern Haryana has several south-west to east flowing seasonal rivulets originating from the Aravalli Range in and around the hills in Mewat region, including Sahibi River[53][54][55][56] (called Najafgarh drain in Delhi),[57][58][59][60][61] Dohan river (tributary of Sahibi, originates at Mandoli village near Neem Ka Thana in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan and then disappears in Mahendragarh district),[54][56] Krishnavati river (former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Dariba and disappears in Mahendragarh district much before reaching Sahibi river)[54][56] and Indori river (longest tributary of Sahibi River, originates in Sikar district of Rajasthan and flows to Rewari district of Haryana), these once were tributaries of the Drishadwati/Saraswati river.[62][63][64]

Kaushalya Dam

Major canals are Western Yamuna Canal,[65][66][67] Sutlej Yamuna link canal (from Sutlej river tributary of Indus),[66][67] and Indira Gandhi Canal.[68]

Major dams are Kaushalya Dam in Panchkula district,[69] Hathnikund Barrage[65][70] and Tajewala Barrage on Yamuna in Yamunanagar district,[65][70][71] Pathrala barrage on Somb river in Yamunanagar district,[65][71] ancient Anagpur Dam near Surajkund in Faridabad district,[72][73] and Ottu barrage on Ghaggar-Hakra River in Sirsa district.[74][75][76]

Major lakes are Dighal Wetland, Basai Wetland, Badkhal Lake in Faridabad,[77][78] holy Brahma Sarovar[79][80] and Sannihit Sarovar in Kurukshetra,[81] Blue Bird Lake in Hisar,[82][83] Damdama Lake at Sohna,[84][85] Hathni Kund in Yamunanagar district,[65][70] Karna Lake at Karnal,[86] ancient Surajkund in Faridabad,[72][87][88] and Tilyar Lake in Rohtak.[89][90][91]

The Haryana State Waterbody Management Board is responsible for the rejuvenation of 14,000 johads of Haryana and up to 60 lakes in National Capital Region falling within the Haryana state.[92][93]

The only hot spring in Haryana is the Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring at Sohna in Gurgaon district.[94][95] Tosham Hill range has several sacred sulphur ponds of religious significance that are revered for the healing impact of sulphur, such as Pandu Teerth Kund, Surya Kund, Kukkar Kund, Gyarasia Kund or Vyas Kund.[96]

Seasonal waterfalls include Tikkar Taal twin lakes at Morni hiills, Dhosi Hill in Mahendragarh district and Pali village on the outskirts of Faridabad.

المناخ

Haryana is hot in summer at around 45 °C (113 °F) and mild in winter. The hottest months are May and June and the coldest are December and January.[62] The climate is arid to semi-arid with an average rainfall of 592.93 mm.[97] Around 29% of rainfall is received during the months from July to September as a result of the monsoon, and the remaining rainfall is received during the period from December to February as a result of the western disturbance.[39]

أقل درجة للحرارة اليومية المتوسطة هي 7°م في يناير و26°م في يونيو والعظمى هي 20°م، في يناير و39°م في يونيو. ومعدل سقوط المطر في تشانديجار يصل إلى 106سم، ويسقط حوالي 90% بين يونيو وأكتوبر.

Climate data for Gurgaon (1991–2020, extremes 1965–2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.0
(82.4) 		33.5
(92.3) 		39.5
(103.1) 		44.8
(112.6) 		49.0
(120.2) 		47.5
(117.5) 		45.0
(113.0) 		41.0
(105.8) 		41.2
(106.2) 		39.3
(102.7) 		38.4
(101.1) 		32.5
(90.5) 		49.0
(120.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20.1
(68.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		29.9
(85.8) 		36.9
(98.4) 		40.9
(105.6) 		39.3
(102.7) 		35.9
(96.6) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.4
(92.1) 		32.0
(89.6) 		27.8
(82.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		31.2
(88.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		14.0
(57.2) 		19.6
(67.3) 		24.6
(76.3) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.8
(78.4) 		24.4
(75.9) 		18.0
(64.4) 		12.0
(53.6) 		7.5
(45.5) 		17.7
(63.9)
Record low °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		0.7
(33.3) 		3.7
(38.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		14.8
(58.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		21.0
(69.8) 		15.5
(59.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		9.3
(48.7) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−0.4
(31.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 13.5
(0.53) 		16.9
(0.67) 		3.4
(0.13) 		8.2
(0.32) 		22.7
(0.89) 		79.2
(3.12) 		135.5
(5.33) 		211.4
(8.32) 		120.2
(4.73) 		15.9
(0.63) 		10.7
(0.42) 		11.0
(0.43) 		648.6
(25.54)
Average rainy days 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.6 1.7 4.3 7.6 8.5 5.5 1.3 1.0 0.8 34.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 54 45 37 28 31 40 63 69 59 45 47 55 48
Source: India Meteorological Department[98][99]
Climate data for Karnal (1991–2020, extremes 1949–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2) 		33.2
(91.8) 		37.5
(99.5) 		45.2
(113.4) 		46.0
(114.8) 		45.6
(114.1) 		43.9
(111.0) 		42.0
(107.6) 		38.3
(100.9) 		39.3
(102.7) 		34.4
(93.9) 		28.5
(83.3) 		46.0
(114.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		27.7
(81.9) 		35.5
(95.9) 		38.6
(101.5) 		37.6
(99.7) 		33.8
(92.8) 		32.6
(90.7) 		32.3
(90.1) 		31.8
(89.2) 		27.3
(81.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		30.0
(86.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5) 		8.9
(48.0) 		12.9
(55.2) 		18.3
(64.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.4
(77.7) 		26.0
(78.8) 		25.3
(77.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		17.3
(63.1) 		11.5
(52.7) 		7.4
(45.3) 		17.2
(63.0)
Record low °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.5
(38.3) 		9.0
(48.2) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		16.0
(60.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−0.4
(31.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 32.5
(1.28) 		28.9
(1.14) 		21.1
(0.83) 		13.3
(0.52) 		27.6
(1.09) 		98.4
(3.87) 		172.8
(6.80) 		160.4
(6.31) 		128.4
(5.06) 		4.3
(0.17) 		2.0
(0.08) 		6.0
(0.24) 		695.4
(27.38)
Average rainy days 1.7 2.1 1.5 1.2 1.7 5.1 7.8 8.0 5.0 0.3 0.2 0.6 35.4
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 64 58 51 31 33 44 67 73 68 54 53 60 55
Source: India Meteorological Department[98]

[99]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

النبيت والوحيش

رموز ولاية هاريانا
يوم التأسيس 1 نوفمبر (يوم
الانفصال عن الپنجاب)
ثدييات الولاية الظبي الأسود[100]
طائر الولاية الدراج الأسود
شجرة الولاية Peepal[100]

فيكس لسان العصفور

زهرة الولاية اللوتس[100]

الغابات

Forest cover in the state in 2013 was 3.59% (1586 km2) and the Tree Cover in the state was 2.90% (1282 km2), giving a total forest and tree cover of 6.49%.[101] In 2016–17, 18,412 hectares were brought under tree cover by planting 14.1 million seedlings.[13] Thorny, dry, deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state. During the monsoon, a carpet of grass covers the hills. Mulberry, eucalyptus, pine, kikar, shisham and babul are some of the trees found here. The species of fauna found in the state of Haryana include black buck, nilgai, panther, fox, mongoose, jackal and wild dog. More than 450 species of birds are found here.[102][103][104]

الحياة البرية

ديك الماء
انظر أيضاً: List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India

Haryana has two national parks, eight wildlife sanctuaries, two wildlife conservation areas, four animal and bird breeding centers, one deer park and three zoos, all of which are managed by the Haryana Forest Department of the Government of Haryana.[105][106] Sultanpur National Park is a notable Park located in Gurgaon District

قضايا بيئية

انظر أيضاً: تلوث الهواء في الهند

Haryana Environment Protection Council is the advisory committee and the Department of Environment, Haryana is the department responsible for the administration of the environment. Areas of Haryana surrounding Delhi NCR are the most polluted. During the smog of November 2017, the air quality index of Gurgaon and Faridabad showed that the density of fine particulates (2.5 μm diameter) was an average a score of 400 and the monthly average of Haryana was 60. Other sources of pollution are exhaust gases from old vehicles, stone crushers and brick kilns. Haryana has 7.5 million vehicles, of which 40% are old, more polluting vehicles, and 500,000 new vehicles are added every year. Other majorly polluted cities are Bhiwani, Bahadurgarh, Dharuhera, Hisar and Yamunanagar.[107]

الديموغرافيا

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
19014٬623٬064—    
19114٬174٬677−1.02%
19214٬255٬892+0.19%
19314٬559٬917+0.69%
19415٬272٬829+1.46%
19515٬673٬597+0.74%
19617٬590٬524+2.95%
197110٬036٬431+2.83%
198112٬922٬119+2.56%
199116٬463٬648+2.45%
200121٬144٬564+2.53%
201125٬351٬462+1.83%
source:[108]
انظر أيضاً: قائمة أشخاص من هاريانا


يمثل الهندوس نحو 90% من السكان، ويعيشون بشكل رئيسي في المناطق الريفية، في تشانديجار التي تعتبر الحد الفاصل، وتُعدُّ عاصمة لكل من هاريانا والبنجاب. وهناك أيضا العديد من الأسواق الكبيرة. واللغة الرئيسية هي الهندية لكن الأردو والبنجابية تستخدمان أيضًا.

الديانات

الدين في هاريانا (2011)[109]

  الهندوسية (87.46%)
  الإسلام (7.03%)
  السيخية (4.91%)
  الجينية (0.21%)
  المسيحية (0.20%)
  البوذية (0.03%)
  أخرى (0.18%)


هدم مسجد بلال، هاريانا، الهند، 23 أغسطس 2021.

في 23 أغسطس 2021، هدمت السلطات الهندية مسجد بلال التاريخي بمدينة فريد أباد، ولاية هاريانا. وانتشر على مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي مقطع ڤيديو يظهر هدم مسجد بلال تظهر فيه حفارة تقوم بعملية الهدم بحضور الشرطة الهندية. وأفادت مصادر عن هدم المسجد بناء على أوامر المحكمة العليا الهندية التي قضت بهدم التعديات على أراضي الغابات بقرية خوري گاون بمدينة فريد أباد. صدرت الأوامر إلى مؤسسة فريد آباد البلدية في 19 فبراير 2020. ومع ذلك، ادعى سكان القرية أن سلطات الولاية والبلدية كانت تعمل بجد ضد الفقراء بينما تجنب الأغنياء الذين بنوا بيوت المزارع والمباني التجارية على أراضي الغابات. [110]

في 24 يوليو 2021، استجابت المحكمة العليا الهندية بتوجيه السلطات المحلية بالمدينة لإكمال عمليات هدم التعديات في غضون أربعة أسابيع والتأكد من عدم بقاء أي بناء غير قانوني على أراضي الغابات. في وقت سابق، تم هدم المسجد البابري، وهو مسجد إسلامي تاريخي، على يد حزب شيڤ سنا الهندوسي المتطرف، حيث أمرت المحكمة العليا الهندية ببناء معبد هندوسي في مكانه.


اللغات

لغات هاريانا (2011)[111]

  الهندية (47.96%)
  الهاريانية (37.17%)
  الپنجابية (7.36%)
  الباگرية (2.11%)
  المواتية (1.66%)
  الأردو (1.48%)
  أخرى (2.26%)


اللغات المحلية واللغة الأم في هاريانا.


الثقافة

الموسيقى

المقالة الرئيسية: موسيقى هاريانا


المطبخ

انظر أيضاً: مطبخ شمال الهند


المجتمع

التقسيمات الإدارية

المقالة الرئيسية: Administrative divisions of Haryana

الأقسام

دوائر لوك سابها العشرة في هاريانا.
انظر أيضاً: قائمة مدن هاريانا حسب السكان

The state is divided into 6 revenue divisions, 5 Police Ranges and 4 Police Commissionerates (c. January 2017).[112][113][114][115] Six revenue divisions are: Ambala, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Hisar, Karnal and Faridabad.[112] Haryana has 11 municipal corporations (Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ambala, Panchkula, Yamunanagar, Rohtak, Hisar, Panipat, Karnal, Sonipat, and Manesar[116]), 18 municipal councils and 52 municipalities.[117]

Within these, there are 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 blocks, 154 cities and towns, 6,848 villages, 6,226 villages panchayats and numerous smaller dhanis.[15]

الأضلع

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة أضلع هاريانا
الأقسام الأضلع
أمبالا أمبالا، Kurukshetra, Panchkula, Yamuna Nagar
فريد أباد فريد أباد، Palwal، نوح
Gurgaon Gurgaon, Mahendragarh, Rewari,
Hisar فتح أباد، جيند، هيسار، سيسرا
Rohtak جاجار, Charkhi Dadri, Rohtak, Sonipat, Bhiwani[45]
كارنال كارنال, Panipat, Kaithal

Law and order

The Haryana Police force is the law enforcement agency of Haryana. Five Police Ranges are Ambala, Hissar, Karnal, Rewari and Rohtak.[118] Four Police Commissionerates are Faridabad, Gurgaon, Panchkula and Sonipat.[112] Cybercrime investigation cell is based in Gurgaon's Sector 51.[119]

The highest judicial authority in the state is the Punjab and Haryana High Court, with the next higher right of appeal being to the Supreme Court of India. Haryana uses an e-filing facility.[120]

Governance and e-governance

انظر أيضاً: CMs, Assembly, Assembly constituencies, Lok Sabha constituencies, and Political dynasties

The Common Service Centres (CSCs) have been upgraded in all districts to offer hundreds of e-services to citizens, including applications for new water and sanitation connections, electricity bill collection, ration card member registration, the result of HBSE, admit cards for board examinations, online admission forms for government colleges, long route booking of buses, admission forms for Kurukshetra University and HUDA plots status inquiry.[121] Haryana has become the first state to implement Aadhaar-enabled birth registration in all the districts.[121] Thousands of all traditional offline state and central government services are also available 24/7 online through single unified UMANG app and portal as part of Digital India initiative.[122][123]

الحكم

يُعين رئيس الهند حاكمًا للولاية لدورة مدتها خمس سنوات، ويساعد الحاكم مجلس الوزراء المعين من الجمعية التشريعية. وفي هاريانا عشرة أعضاء منتخبون في لوك سابها (مجلس العموم أو النواب) وخمسة ممثلين مرشحين في راجاسابها (مجلس الأعيان أو اللوردات) في البرلمان الهندي الوطني. وهناك اثنتا عشرة منطقة، كل واحدة تحت سيطرة جابي، وبانشايات راج (مجلس حكم القرية) ويضم جميع القرى في هاريانا وعددها سبعة آلاف.

الاقتصاد

مركز تسوق في گورگاون.
مراكز التسوق تلبي القدرة الشرائية المتنامية لسكان هاريانا.
المقالة الرئيسية: Economy of Haryana, SEZs in Haryana, HSIDC estates, Companies in Gurugram, and Tourism in Haryana

Haryana's 14th placed 12.96% 2012-17 CAGR[16] estimated a 2017-18 GSDP of US$95 billion[13] split into 52% services, 30% industries and 18% agriculture.[13]

The services sector is split across 45% in real estate and financial and professional services, 26% trade and hospitality, 15% state and central government employees, and 14% transport and logistics & warehousing.[13] In IT services, Gurgaon ranks first in India in growth rate and existing technology infrastructure, and second in startup ecosystem, innovation and livability (Nov 2016).[124]

The industrial sector is split across 69% manufacturing, 28% construction, 2% utilities and 1% mining.[13] In industrial manufacturing, Haryana produces 67% of passenger cars, 60% of motorcycles, 50% of tractors and 50% of the refrigerators in India.[13]

The service and industrial sectors are boosted by 7 operational SEZs and an additional 23 formally approved SEZs (20 already notified and 3 approved in-principle) that are mostly spread along the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor, Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor and Western Peripheral Expressway.[13]

The agricultural sector is split across 93% crops and livestock, 4% commercial forestry and logging, and 2% fisheries.[13] Although Haryana has less than 1.4% of the total area of India, it contributes 15% of food grains to the central food security public distribution system,[13] and makes up 7% of total national agricultural exports, including 60% of total national basmati rice exports.[13]

الزراعة

المحاصيل

مزارع خضراء في هاريانا.

الزراعة هي النشاط الاقتصادي الرئيسي، وتستثمر حكومة الولاية في الزراعة بسخاء. فقد زادت شبكة الري وطورت تقنية الحبوب الحديثة. وتغطي المحاصيل 90% من المساحة الكلية. ويزداد إنتاج الحبوب بسرعة. ويعتبر العدس، والخردل والقمح من المحاصيل الشتوية الرئيسية. بينما يعتبر القطن، والذرة الشامية، والأرز وقصب السكر من المحاصيل الصيفية الرئيسية. والصناعات المهمة هي تصنيع القطن والسكر، وتنتج الولاية أيضًا عجولاً وأبقار الألبان. لاتوجد في هاريانا صناعات ثقيلة، لكن هناك مناطق في الجنوب بها صناعات خفيفة. والولاية أكبر منتج للعناصر الأساسية الصناعية في الهند. وتشمل المنتجات الأخرى: الدراجات والأواني النحاسية والإسمنت والزجاجيات والدراجات النارية والثلاجات والسكر وأجهزة التلفاز والجرارات والإطارات.

تقع الضواحي والمدن الرئيسية في المنطقة على طريق جراند ترنك السريع من لاهور إلى كلكتا. وبسبب قربها من دلهي، تتوافر بها الطرق الجيدة وخدمات القطارات.

In 2015–2016, Haryana produced the following principal crops: 13,352,000 tonnes of wheat, 4,145,000 tonnes of rice, 7,169,000 tonnes of sugarcane, 993,000 tonnes of cotton and 855,000 tonnes of oilseeds (mustard seed, sunflower, etc.). In the northeastern area, dairy cattle, buffaloes, and bullocks play a prominent role, being utilised both for agricultural ploughing and as draft animals.[125]

Fruits, vegetables and spices

Vegetable production was: potato 853,806 tonnes, onion 705,795 tonnes, tomato 675,384 tonnes, cauliflower 578,953 tonnes, leafy vegetables 370,646 tonnes, brinjal 331,169 tonnes, guard 307,793 tonnes, peas 111,081 tonnes and others 269,993 tonnes.[13]

Fruits production was: citrus 301,764 tonnes, guava 152,184 tonnes, mango 89,965 tonnes, chikoo 16,022 tonnes, aonla 12,056 tonnes and other fruits 25,848 tonnes.[13]

Spices production was: garlic 40,497 tonnes, fenugreek 9,348 tonnes, ginger 4,304 tonnes and others 840 tonnes.[13]

Flowers and medicinal plants

Cut flowers production was: marigold 61,830 tonnes, gladiolus 2,448,620 million, rose 1,861,160 million and other 691,300 million.[13]

Medicinal plants production was: aloe vera 1403 tonnes and stevia 13 tonnes.[13]

Livestock

انظر أيضاً: Dairying in Haryana

Haryana is well known for its high-yield Murrah buffalo.[126][127][128][129] Other breeds of cattle native to Haryana are Haryanvi, Mewati, Sahiwal and Nili-Ravi.[130]

Research

انظر أيضاً: Research institutes in Haryana

To support its agrarian economy, both the central government (Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Central Sheep Breeding Farm, National Research Centre on Equines, Central Institute of Fisheries, National Dairy Research Institute, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research and National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources) and the state government (CCS HAU, LUVAS, Government Livestock Farm, Regional Fodder Station and Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute) have opened several institutes for research and education.[131][132][133]

القطاع الصناعي

مكتب Larsen & Toubro في فريد آباد.

التصنيع

انظر أيضاً: Automotive industry in Haryana
The headquarters of DLF Limited, India's largest real estate company, in Gurgaon, Haryana.

الخدمات

معظم المقيمين في گورگاون يعملون في قطاع تكنولوجيا المعلومات الذي ينمو بسرعة هائلة.

Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of the most important drivers of development for the state. Haryana was the first state in the country to achieve 100% rural electrification in 1970 as well as the first in the country to link all villages with all-weather roads and provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state.[152][مطلوب مصدر أفضل]

Sources of power in the state include:

النقل

Admin map of Haryana with RTO codes
Delhi Faridabad Skyway



الرعاية الصحية

التعليم

MRIU



الرياضة

Saina Nehwal, Badminton player from Hisar, Haryana



الإعلام

انظر أيضاً

مرئيات

هدم مسجد بلال، ولاية هاريانا الهندية، 23 أغسطس 2021.


المصادر

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