هاري جونستون

هاري جونستون، بريشة إليوت و فراي.

السير هنري "هاري" هاملتون جونستون Henry "Harry" Hamilton Johnston ‏GCMG KCB ‏(12 يونيو 1858 – 31 يوليو 1927)، كان مستكشفاً بريطانياً، وعالم نبات ولغات واداري استعماري، أحد اللاعبين الرئيسيين في "الهروع إلى أفريقيا" الذي حدث في نهاية القرن التاسع عشر.

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 السنوات المبكرة

ولد في كننگتون پارك، جنوب لندن، والتحق بمدرسة ستوكوِل الابتدائية ثم King's College London، أتبععها بأربع سنوات في تعلم الرسم في الأكاديمية الملكية. وكجزء من دراسته، سافر إلى أوروپا وشمال أفريقيا، فزار تونس الداخلية التي قليلاً ما يزورها الأوروپيون.

 الاستكشاف في أفريقيا

في 1882 زار جنوب أنگولا مع إرل مايو، وفي العام التالي التقى هنري مورتون ستانلي في الكونغو، ليصبح أحد أوائل الأوروبيين بعد ستانلي الذين رأوا النهر فوق Stanley Pool. His developing reputation led the Royal Geographical Society and the British Association to appoint him leader of an 1884 scientific expedition to Mount Kilimanjaro. On this expedition he concluded treaties with local chiefs (which were then transferred to the شركة شرق أفريقيا البريطانية)، in competition with German efforts to do likewise.

 الخدمة الاستعمارية البريطانية ورؤية الكاب إلى القاهرة

In October 1886 the British government appointed him vice-consul في الكامرون ومنطقة دلتا نهر النيجر، where a protectorate had been declared in 1885, and he became acting consul in 1887, deposing and banishing the local chief جاجا. On leave in England in 1888, he met with Lord Salisbury and apparently helped صياغة خطة الكيپ إلى القاهرة للحصول على حزمة من الأراضي المتصلة عبر أفريقيا، والتي تسربت (بموافقة سالزبري) إلى التايمز في مقالة مجهولة الكاتب "بقلم مستكشف أفريقي".

 نياسالاند (محمية وسط أفريقيا البريطانية)

Portrait of Johnston by تيودور بليك ويرگمان (1894)

In 1889 Johnston was sent to Lisbon to negotiate the Portuguese and British spheres of influence in southeastern Africa, then went to Mozambique as consul. From there he went to بحيرة نياسا لفض الحرب بين تجار الرقيق العرب و شركة تجارة البحيرات الأفريقية. Alarm over the presence of the Portuguese Serpa Pinto triggered the Anglo-Portuguese Crisis, which ended with Johnston having نياسالاند (today's Malawi) declared the British Central Africa Protectorate, and he was made its first commissioner in 1891.

 الهروع إلى كاتنگا

In 1890 acting for Cecil Rhodes and the British South Africa Company (BSAC), Johnston sent Alfred Sharpe (who would become his successor in Nyasaland) to obtain a treaty with Msiri, King of Garanganze in Katanga. This territory was in the sphere of influence of Belgian King Leopold II's Congo Free State, and though the Berlin Conference's Principle of Effectivity allowed such a move, it had the potential to precipitate an Anglo-Belgian crisis. Sharpe failed with Msiri, though he obtained treaties with Mwata Kazembe covering the eastern side of the Luapula River and Lake Mweru, and with other chiefs covering the southern end of Lake Tanganyika. In 1891 Leopold sent the Stairs Expedition to Katanga. Johnston dissuaded it from accessing Katanga through Nyasaland, but it went through German East Africa instead, and took Katanga after killing Msiri.

 شمال شرق روديسيا ونياسالاند

Johnston realised the strategic importance of Lake Tanganyika to the British, especially since the territory between the lake and the coast had become German East Africa forming a break of nearly 900 km in the chain of British colonies in the Cape to Cairo dream. However the north end of Lake Tanganyika was only 230 km from British-controlled Uganda, and so a British presence at the south end of the lake was a priority.

With Belgian, German and Portuguese frontiers to contend with, Johnston ensured that British bomas were established (in addition to those in Nyasaland) east of Luapula-Mweru at Chiengi and the Kalungwishi River, at the south end of Lake Tanganyika at Abercorn, and at Fort Jameson between Mozambique and the Luangwa valley. At these bomas he helped set up and oversee the British South Africa Company's administration in the territory which became North-Eastern Rhodesia (the north-eastern half of today's Zambia). Although he missed out in Katanga, altogether he helped to consolidate an area of nearly half a million square kilometres – nearly 200,000 square miles (520,000 km²), or twice the area of the United Kingdom in 2009 – lying between the lower Luangwa River valley and lakes Nyasa, Tanganyika, and Mweru into the British Empire.

 الأعوام اللاحقة

In 1896 in recognition of this achievement he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB), but afflicted by tropical fevers, transferred to Tunis as consul-general. In the same year, he had married the Hon. Winifred Mary Irby, daughter of Florance George Henry Irby, fifth Baron Boston.

In 1899 Sir Harry was sent to Uganda as special commissioner to end an ongoing war. He improved the colonial administration, and in 1900 concluded the Buganda Agreement dividing the land between the UK and the chiefs. For his services in Uganda, he received the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in the King's Birthday Honours list in November 1901. Also in 1901, Johnston was the very first recipient of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society's Livingstone Medal, and in the following year he was appointed a member of the council of the Zoological Society of London. He received the honorary degree Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) from the University of Cambridge in May 1902. The Royal Geographical Society awarded him their 1904 Founder's Gold Medal for his services to African exploration.

In 1902 his wife gave birth prematurely to twin boys, but neither survived more than a few hours, and they had no more children. His sister, Mabel Johnston, married Arnold Dolmetsch, an instrument maker and member of the Bloomsbury set, in 1903.

In 1903 and in 1906 he stood for parliament for the Liberal Party, but was unsuccessful on both occasions. In 1906, the Johnstons moved to the hamlet of Poling, near Arundel in West Sussex, where Harry Johnston largely concentrated on his literary endeavours. He took to writing novels, which were frequently short-lived, while his accounts of his own voyages through central Africa were rather more enduring. Some have put forward the unlikely theory that he was the principal model for 'The Man who loved Dickens' in the novel A Handful of Dust by Evelyn Waugh.

He was a prominent member of the Round Table movement, created in 1909.

Wall plaque erected to the memory of Sir Harry Johnston in the church of St Nicholas, Poling, West Sussex. Designed and cut by Eric Gill

Harry Johnston suffered two strokes in 1925, from which he became partially paralysed and never recovered, dying two years later in 1927 at Woodsetts House near Worksop in Nottinghamshire. He was buried in the churchyard of St Nicholas, Poling, where there is a commemorative wall plaque within the nave of the church designed and cut by the Arts and Crafts sculptor and typeface designer, Eric Gill – who lived in nearby Ditchling. The main typeface used on the plaque appears to be Gill's contemporaneously-designed Perpetua – designed in 1925, but not released until 1929 – while the lower-case typeface used for the Latin quote below is not presently recognised.

Harry Johnston was the very model of the multi-talented African explorer; he exhibited paintings, collected flora and fauna (he was instrumental in bringing the okapi to the attention of science), climbed mountains, wrote books, signed treaties, and ruled colonial governments. Like his fellow imperialists he believed in British and European superiority over Africans, though he tended towards paternalistic governance rather than the use of brute force. These attitudes, which seem patronising today, were outlined in his book The Backward Peoples and Our Relations with Them (1920), but included his view that colonial rulers should try to understand the culture of the subjugated peoples. Consequently, he was considered (by white settlers) as being unusually favourable towards the native peoples (for instance his administration was one of the first in British African colonies to train and employ Africans in the colonial service as clerks and skilled staff), and he had eventually fallen out with Cecil Rhodes as a result.

الشلالات في Mambidima on the Luapula River were named Johnston Falls by the British in his honour.

 كتب

Wikisource has original works written by or about:

هاري جونستون

Frontispiece painting "The Negro in West Africa - Liberian Hinterland" painted by Johnston and published in his book The Negro in the New World (1910)

• The River Congo (1884)
• The Kilema-Njaro Expedition (1886)
• The History of a Slave (1889)
• British Central Africa (1897)
• The Colonization of Africa (1899)
• The Uganda Protectorate (1902)
• The Nile Quest: The Story of Exploration (1903)
• Liberia (1906)
• George Grenfell and the Congo (1908)
• The Negro in the New World (1910)
• The Opening Up of Africa (1911)
• Phonetic Spelling (1913) (online)
• A Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages (1919, 1922) (online)
• The Gay-Dombeys (1919) – a sequel to Dombey and Son by Charles Dickens
• Mrs. Warren's Daughter—a sequel to Mrs. Warren's Profession by George Bernard Shaw
• The Backward Peoples and Our Relations with Them (1920)
• The Story of my Life (1923) – autobiography
• The Veneerings – a sequel to Our Mutual Friend by Charles Dickens

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 الهامش

• Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa
• Roland Oliver, "Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa". 1958.
• James A. Casada, "Sir Harry H. Johnston: A Bio-Bibliographical Study. 1977.

 وصلات خارجية

• أعمال من Harry Hamilton Johnston في مشروع گوتنبرگ
• أعمال من H.H. Johnston في مشروع گوتنبرگ
• Works by or about هاري جونستون at Internet Archive
• The International Primary School which bears Sir Harry Johnston's name was founded in the early 1950s in Zomba, Malawi