أبلاست موسكو

Coordinates: 55°42′N 36°58′E / 55.700°N 36.967°E / 55.700; 36.967
(تم التحويل من موسكو أوبلاست)
هذا المقال هو عن المنطقة السياسية والإدارية. إذا كنت تريد الجغرافيا الحضرية ومنطقة الاتصالات والنقل، انظر منطقة موسكو العمرانية.
"پودموسكوڤييه" redirects here. For طراز دلتا من الغواصات, see الغواصة الروسية BS-64.
Moscow Oblast
أبلاست
Московская область
Moscow Urban Agglomeration, Russia, LandSat-7 image.jpg
علم Moscow Oblast
Flag
درع Moscow Oblast
Coat of arms
النشيد: none[1]
Map of Russia - Moscow Oblast.svg
الإحداثيات: 55°42′N 36°58′E / 55.700°N 36.967°E / 55.700; 36.967
البلدروسيا
المنطقة الاتحاديةCentral[2]
المنطقة الاقتصاديةCentral[3]
تأسستJanuary 14, 1929[4]
المركز الإداريNone
الحكومة
 • الكيانOblast Duma[5]
 • Governor[7]Andrey Vorobyov[6]
المساحة
[8]
 • Total44٬300 كم² (17٬100 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة55th
التعداد
 (2010 Census)[9]
 • Total7٬095٬120
 • Estimate 
(2018)
7٬503٬385 (+5٫8%)
 • الترتيب2nd
 • الكثافة160/km2 (410/sq mi)
 • Urban
80٫1%
 • الريف
19٫9%
منطقة التوقيتUTC+3 (توقيت موسكو Edit this on Wikidata[10])
ISO 3166 codeRU-MOS
لوحات السيارات50, 90, 150, 190, 750
OKTMO ID46000000
اللغات الرسميةالروسية[11]
الموقع الإلكترونيhttp://www.mosreg.ru

أبلاست موسكو (Moscow Oblast ؛ روسية: Московская область, romanized: Moskovskaya oblast, ru, informally known as Подмосковье, Podmoskovye, ru)[12] is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). With a population of 8,524,665 (2021 Census) living in an area of 44,300 square kilometers (17,100 sq mi),[13] it is one of the most densely populated regions in the country[14] and is the second most populous federal subject.[9] The oblast has no official administrative center; its public authorities are located in Moscow and Krasnogorsk (the Moscow Oblast Duma and the local government), and also across other locations in the oblast.[15]

Located in European Russia between latitudes 54° and 57° N and longitudes 35° and 41° E, Moscow Oblast borders Tver Oblast in the northwest, Yaroslavl Oblast in the north, Vladimir Oblast in the northeast and east, Ryazan Oblast in the southeast, Tula Oblast in the south, Kaluga Oblast in the southwest, and Smolensk Oblast in the west. The oblast mostly surrounds the federal city of Moscow, which is not part of the oblast, but rather a separate federal subject in its own right. The oblast is highly industrialized, with the major industries being metallurgy, oil refining, and mechanical engineering, along with the food, energy, and chemical industries.

تم تأسيس إقليم موسكو 14 يناير 1929. تبلغ درجة الحرارة في اقليم موسكو حوالى -9 درجة مئوية في يناير و 19 درجة مئوية في يوليو. يحيط أبلاست (إقليم) موسكو مدينة موسكو ويحتل 47000 كيلو متر مربع. تغطي الغابات 42 ٪ من أراضيه

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

مدن وقرى موسكو أوبلاست

أبريليفكا، بالاشيخا، برونيتسي، تشيخوف، تشيرنوغولوفكا، ديدوفسك، دميتروف، دولغوبروندي، دوموديدوفو، دريزنا، دوبنا، دزيرجينسكي، إيليكتروغورسك، إيليكتروستال، إيليكتروغلي، فريازينو، غوليتسينو، إيسترا، آيفانتييفكا، كاشيرا، خيمكي، خوتكوفو، كليموفسك، كلين، كولومنا، كوروليوف، كوتلنيكي، كراسنوارميسك، موسكو أوبلاست، كراسنوغورسك، كراسنوزافودسك، كراسنوزنامنسك، كوبينكا، كوروفسكوي، ليكينو-دوليوفو، لوبنيا، لوسينو-بتروفسكي، لوخوفايتسي، ليتكرينو، ليوبارتسي، موسكوفسكي، موجايسك، مايتشي، نارو-فومينسك، نوجينسك، اودينتسوفو، اورخوفو-زيوايفو، اوجيرلاي، اوزايوري، بافلوفسك بوساد، بيرسفت، بودولسك، بروتفينو، بوشتشينو، بوشكينو، رامنسكوي، ريوتوف، روشال، روزا، سرغيايف بوساد، سربوخوف، شاتورا، شتشربينكا، شتشايولكوفو، سولنتشنوغورسك، ستارايا كوبافنا، ستوبينو، تالدوم، ترويتسك، موسكو أوبلاست، فيرييا، فيدنويي، فولوكولامسك، فوسكريسينسك، فيسوكوفسك، ياخروما، ييغوريفسك، يوبيلييني، زارايسك، جيليزنودوروجني، جوكوفسكي.


الجغرافيا

خريطة أبلاست موسكو ومدينة موسكو الاتحادية

التضاريس

The oblast is mostly flat, with some hills with a height of about 160 meters (520 ft) in the western and extensive lowlands in the eastern part. From the southwest to northeast, the oblast is crossed by the border of the Moscow glacier to the north of the common ice-erosion form with moraine ridges, and to the south are only erosional landforms. The western and northern parts of the oblast contain the Moscow Uplands. Their average height peaks at about 300 meters (980 ft) near Dmitrov and the upper point of 310 meters (1,020 ft) lies near the village of Shapkino in Mozhaysky District. The northern part of the Moscow Uplands is steeper than the southern part. The uplands contain lakes of glacial origin, such as Lakes Nerskoye and Krugloye. To the north of the Moscow Uplands lies the alluvial Verhnevolzhsk Depression; It is marshy and flat with the height varying between about 120 meters (390 ft) and 150 meters (490 ft).[16]

To the south stretches a hilly area of the Moskvoretsko-Oksk plain. Its greatest height of 254 meters (833 ft) lies in the area of Tyoply Stan, within the Moscow city limits. The plain has clearly defined river valleys, especially in the south parts, and occasional karst relief, mostly in Serpukhovsky District. In the extreme south, after the Oka River, lies the Central Russian Upland. It contains numerous gullies and ravines and has average height above 200 m with the maximum of 236 m near Pushchino.[17]

Most of the eastern part of Moscow Oblast is taken by the vast Meshchera Lowlands with much wetland in their eastern part. Their highest hill peaks at 214 meters (702 ft) but the average heights are 120–150 meters (390–490 ft). Most lakes of the lowlands, such as Lakes Chyornoye and Svyatoye, are of glacial origin. Here lies the lowest natural elevation of the region, the water level of Oka River at 97 meters (318 ft).[18][19]

الجيولوجيا والمعادن

الجيولوجيا

دولوميت
Gneiss

Moscow Oblast is located in the central part of the East European craton. Like all cratons, the latter is composed of the crystalline basement and sedimentary cover. The basement consists of Archaean and Proterozoic rocks and the cover is deposited in the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. The lowest depth of the basement (1,000 meters (3,300 ft)) is to the south of Serebryanye Prudy, in the very south area of the oblast, and the largest (4,200 meters (13,800 ft)) is to the east of Sergiyev Posad, in the northeast region.[20]

Tertiary deposits are almost absent within the oblast. Significantly more abundant are deposits of the Carboniferous and Jurassic periods. In the Cretaceous period, a sea was covering Moscow Oblast, as evidenced by phosphate deposits and a variety of sands. Cretaceous sediments are most common in the north of the oblast. The sea was wider in Jurassic than in Cretaceous period. Typical Jurassic deposits, in the form of black clay, are found within and around the city of Moscow and in the valley of the Moscow River. Carboniferous deposits in Moscow Oblast are represented by dolomite, limestone, and marl. Coal deposits rich in organic remains occur in the south, especially in Serpukhovsky District, and in the western regions. Devonian deposits were also found within the region.[21]

Quaternary deposits are widely distributed in Moscow Oblast; their thickness decreases from the northwest to southeast. It is believed[22] that there were four glaciations in the area. The first occurred in the Lower Pleistocene and spread to the east–west part of the Oka River valley, it left almost no trace in the region. In the Middle Pleistocene, there were two powerful glaciations. The Dnieper glacier covered a large part of the Russian Plain, whereas the Moscow glaciation stopped just south of the present city of Moscow. The last glaciation, the Valdai glaciation, occurred in the Late Pleistocene; it did not directly affect the territory of Moscow Oblast, but left traces in the form of fluvioglacial deposits, mainly in the north area. The glaciers left behind a moraine loam with pebbles and boulders of various rocks, such as granite, gneiss, quartzite, dolomite, limestone and sandstone. Its thickness varies between a few meters at watersheds and 100 m at moraine ridges.[23]

المعادن

Moscow Oblast is rich in minerals. Sands from the sediments of different periods (mainly Quaternary and Cretaceous) are of high quality and are widely used in construction. Quartz sand (milled quartz) is used in the glass industry, their production is conducted from the end of 17th century near Lyubertsy. Much of the production is currently halted due to environmental concerns, and only the Yeganovskoye field is being exploited; its silica sand reserves are 33 million tonnes and annual production reaches 675,000 tonnes.[24] Sand and gravel deposits are abundant within the Smolensk-Moscow Upland. Sandstone deposits are developed in Klinsky and Dmitrovsky Districts.

There are numerous clay deposits within the oblast; fusible clay is excavated in Sergiyev Posad. The Yeldiginskoye field near the village of Sofrino has reserves estimated at 30 million cubic meters; its annual production reaches 600,000 cubic meters (21,000,000 cu ft). Refractory white clay occurs in the eastern region, in the Carboniferous and Jurassic sediments, and is extracted from the 14th century near Gzhel. The largest (Kudinovskoye) deposit is near the town of Elektrougli with the reserves of 3 billion tonnes. Also widespread are loams which are used in brick manufacture and limestones ("white stone"). The famous Myachkovo deposit of carboniferous limestone provided material that went for cladding of such buildings in Moscow as the Bolshoi Theater. The mining in Myachkovo had been stopped and currently, limestone is provided by the quarries of Podolsky, Voskresensky, and Kolomensky Districts. The latter district also provides marble-like limestone.[25]

Other industrial minerals of Moscow Oblast are dolomite, limestone tuff, and marl; mostly in the southern and eastern parts. Dolomite is used in the cement industry. Its mining is concentrated mainly near Shchyolkovo, the reserves exceed 20 million tonnes and the annual production is about 650 tonnes.[26]

Phosphates are produced in the Yegorevskoye and Severskoye fields. Meshchera and Verkhnevolzhsk Lowlands are rich in peat. The largest mines are "Ryazanovskoe" (840,000 tonnes per year) and "Radovitsky moss" (760,000 tonnes per year), both around Yegoryevsk.[27][28] There are deposits of brown coal beyond the Oka River, but they have no commercial value. There are also minor deposits of titanium and iron ore in Serpukhovsky and Serebryano-Prudsky Districts.

Salts of potassium salt are being developed around Serpukhov and Yegoryevsk. There are also numerous mineral springs near Zvenigorod, Klin, and Serpukhov. They include surface springs and reservoirs at the depth of 300–500 meters (980–1,640 ft). Deeper, at 1–1.5 kilometers (0.62–0.93 mi) there is a large sea of salt extending beyond Moscow Oblast. Waters with the salt concentration up to 300 g/L are used in the local food industry and spas.[29]

المناخ

في الشتاء

The climate of Moscow Oblast is humid continental, with clearly expressed seasonality – short but warm summers and long, cold winters; the continentality increases from northwest to southeast. The period of the average temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) lasts 130–150 days, beginning in early or mid-November and ending in late March (or very early April). The average annual temperature varies from +3.5 °C (38.3 °F) to +5.5 °C (41.9 °F). The coldest months are January and February with the average temperature of −9 °C (16 °F) in the west and −12 °C (10 °F) in the east. With the arrival of arctic air, the temperature drops to below −20 °C (−4 °F) that may last up to twenty days during the winter, with the temperatures reaching −45 °C (−49 °F). The minimum temperature of −54 °C (−65 °F) was observed in Naro-Fominsk. Thaws often occur in December and February due to the Atlantic, and rarely the Mediterranean cyclones. The thaws usually last several days, and their total number from November to March can reach fifty. Snow starts accumulating in November, though sometimes in late October or early December, and disappears in mid-April (sometimes in late March). The snow depth is 25–50 centimeters (9.8–19.7 in) and the soil freezes to 65–75 centimeters (26–30 in). The warmest month is July with the average temperature of +18.0 °C (64.4 °F) in the northwest and +20.0 °C (68.0 °F) in the southeast. The maximum temperature of +40 °C (104 °F) was recorded in Kolomna during 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. The average annual rainfall is 450–650 millimeters (18–26 in), the precipitation is maximal in the northwestern and minimal in the southeastern regions. The summer precipitation is usually 75 millimeters (3.0 in), but severe droughts occur once in 25–30 years, with less than 5 millimeters (0.20 in) of rain over June–August.[30][31]

Climate data for أبلاست موسكو
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −6
(21) 		−5
(23) 		1
(34) 		11
(52) 		18
(64) 		22
(72) 		25
(77) 		23
(73) 		16
(61) 		8
(46) 		2
(36) 		−4
(25) 		9.8
(49.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10
(14) 		−10
(14) 		−4
(25) 		6
(43) 		13
(55) 		17
(63) 		19
(66) 		17
(63) 		11
(52) 		5
(41) 		−2
(28) 		−7
(19) 		6.3
(43.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −14
(7) 		−15
(5) 		−9
(16) 		1
(34) 		8
(46) 		12
(54) 		13
(55) 		11
(52) 		6
(43) 		1
(34) 		−6
(21) 		−11
(12) 		2.8
(37.0)
Source: protown.ru[32]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الأنهار والبحيرات

The Shosha River near the selo of Mikulino

There are more than three hundred rivers with the length above 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) in Moscow Oblast. All rivers are calm and have well-developed valleys and floodplains. They are mostly fed by melting snow and the flood falls on April–May. The water level is low in summer and increases only with heavy rain. The rivers freeze over from late November until mid-April. The only navigable rivers are the Volga, the Oka, and the Moskva River.[33]

Most rivers belong to the basin of the Volga, which itself only crosses a small part in the north of Moscow Oblast, near the border with Tver Oblast. The second largest river of the region is the Oka. The northern part of Moscow Oblast includes such Volga tributaries as the Shosha, the Lama, the Dubna, the Sestra, and the Yakhroma. On the south flow the tributaries of the Oka, including the Nara, the Protva, and the Lopasnya Rivers. The Moskva River, which almost entirely flows within the oblast, also belongs to the Oka basin. The eastern and northeastern regions, including much of Meschersk Depression, are irrigated by the tributaries of the Klyazma River, which itself is a main tributary of the Oka.[33]

The Moscow Canal crosses the northern part of Moscow Oblast through the Ikshinskyoe, Klyazminskoye, Pyalovskoye, and Pestovskoye Reservoirs. In the basin of the Moskva River, there are also Ozerninskoye, Mozhayskoye, Istrinskoye, and Ruza Reservoirs, providing Moscow with drinking water.[33]

There are about 350 lakes in the oblast, almost all are shallow (5–10 m) and many are of glacial origin. The largest are ru (Lake Dubovoye) (11.8 square kilometers (4.6 sq mi)) and Svyatoye (11.6 square kilometers (4.5 sq mi)) whereas the deepest (32 meters (105 ft)) is Lake Glubokoye in Ruzsky District. There are also many marshes, especially within the Meshchersk and Verkhnevolzhsk lowlands.[34]

التربة

A typical landscape of Moscow Oblast

The oblast is dominated by relatively infertile podsol soils which require fertilizers for commercial agriculture. On the hills there is more loam and the low-lying areas have more of bog, sandy loam and sand. Chernozem is scarce and occurs only south of the Oka River. Gray forest soils are spread between the Oka, Moskva, and Klyazma Rivers, mostly in Ramensky and Voskresensky Districts. Marshy soils are common in Meshchersk and Verkhnevolzhsk lowlands. Valleys of large rivers are rich in alluvial soils. In general, soils are heavily polluted with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and household and industrial waste, especially around Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Noginsk, and Voskresensk.

النبيت

The small highway ring around Moscow

Moscow Oblast lies within the zone of forests and steppes with forests covering over 40% of the region. Coniferous (mainly fir) trees dominate the northern (Verkhnevolzhsk lowlands) and western parts (Mozhaysky, Lotoshinsky, and Shakhovsky Districts). Forests of Meshchora consist primarily of pine; in waterlogged lowlands, there are individual alder forests. Central and eastern regions have coniferous-deciduous forests with the main tree species of spruce, pine, birch, and aspen often mixed with bushes of hazel. To the south lies the subzone of broad-leaved forests of oak, lime, maple and elm. Moscow-Oka Upland is the transition zone which is dominated by spruce, for example, in the upper reaches of the Lopasnya River. Valleys of the Oka are covered in pine forests of the steppe type and the far south regions (Serebryano-Prudsky and partially Serpukhovsky Districts) are cultivated steppes with occasional lime and oak groves.[35]

The intensive cutting of Moscow region forests in the 18–19th centuries reduced them and changed their species: conifers were replaced by birch and aspen. There is almost no logging nowadays and the forests are being restored, especially around Moscow.

Swamps are prevalent in the eastern areas, such as Shatursky and Lukhovitsky Districts. The natural floodplain meadows are almost gone. The number of native plant species is reduced, but some foreign species flourish, such as Canadian maple. Endemic species include water caltrop and lady's slipper.

الوحيش

Elk Island in Sokolniki, Losiny Ostrov park, 1869 painting by Alexei Savrasov

The mammals of Moscow Oblast include badger, squirrel, beaver, otter, muskrat, stoat, Russian desman, raccoon dog, hedgehog, hare (mountain and European), shrews (common shrew, Eurasian pygmy shrew, lesser white-toothed shrew, Eurasian water shrew, etc.), weasel, fox, moose, wild boar, European mole, brown and black rats, marten, mice and voles (wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, house mouse, Eurasian harvest mouse, northern birch mouse, bank vole, field vole, tundra vole, European water vole), European mink, deer (roe, red, spotted), hazel and fat dormouse, and European polecat. At the borders there are occasional bears, lynxes and wolves. In the southern areas there are also speckled ground squirrel, dwarf hamster, great jerboa and beech marten. Some areas contain stable populations of imported animals, such as flying squirrel, American mink and Siberian roe deer. In the oblast, there are more than a dozen kinds of bat and moth.[36]

There are more than 170 species of birds in the area with large numbers of crows, sparrows, ducks, magpies, woodpeckers, thrushes, grouses, bullfinches, nightingales, corncrakes, northern lapwings, white storks, grey herons, seagulls and grebes. Over forty species are being hunted.[36]

Rivers and lakes of Moscow Oblast are rich in fish, such as ruffe, carp, bream, bass, roaches, Chinese sleeper, perch and pike. There are six species of reptiles: three lizards (slowworm, viviparous lizard and sand lizard) and three snakes (European adder, grass snake and smooth snake). There is evidence for bog turtles in some areas. Amphibians are represented by 11 species including smooth newt, great crested newt, common toad, European green toad, common frog, moor frog, marsh frog, common spadefoot and European fire-bellied toad. Insects are numerous, with bees alone accounting for more than 300 species.[36]

In Serpukhovsky District, there is the Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve which contains protected wisents. Near Moscow lies Losiny Ostrov National Park of federal significance.

البيئة

The ecological situation in the Moscow Oblast is serious. The areas adjacent to Moscow, and industrial zones in the east and south-east regions are heavily polluted. Most contamination originates from emissions from Kashira and Shatura Power Stations and disposal of household and industrial waste. For example, the Timohovskaya dump is one of the largest in Europe; other objects of concern are aging oil storage tanks, and nuclear waste in the Sergiyevo-Posadsky District. Contamination level is highest in Moscow, Voskresensk and Klin, high in Dzerzhinsky, Kolomna, Mytishchi, Podolsk, Serpukhov, Shchyolkovo, and Elektrostal, and low in Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve.[37] The major contaminants are formaldehyde and phenol in Moscow; ammonia and hydrogen fluoride in Voskresensk; formaldehyde in Klin, Kolomna, Mytishchi and Podolsk, phenol in Serpukhov. The most polluted rivers are Moscow, Oka and Klyazma. In the Moscow area and in major cities (in particular, in Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Serpukhov, Lukhovitsy and Stupino) also heavily polluted are groundwaters.[37]

التاريخ

انظر أيضاً: Grand Duchy of Moscow and Moscow Governorate
Section of the panorama of the Battle of Borodino by Franz Roubaud (1912)

The territory of what is now Moscow Oblast had been inhabited for more than twenty thousand years. Numerous mounds and settlements from Iron Age were discovered there. Up to the 9–10th centuries, the Moskva River basin and adjacent lands were inhabited by Finnic peoples. Slavs populated the area only in the 10th century. In mid-12th century, the lands became part of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. Several important cities were founded around that time, including Volokolamsk (1135), Moscow (1147), Zvenigorod (1152), and Dmitrov (1154). In the first half of the 13th century, the entire Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, including the Moscow area, was conquered by the Mongols.[38]

Sergius of Radonezh blesses Dmitry Donskoy, before the Battle of Kulikovo

In the 13th century, the land around Moscow was part of Grand Duchy of Moscow, which subsequently was the center of the unification of Russian lands, in particular the Mongol raids. In 1380, from Kolomna the prince Dmitry Donskoy led his troops to defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Kulikovo. The southern part of Moscow Oblast was then part of the Principality of Ryazan; it was attached to Moscow only in the 1520.[39]

In 1708, Moscow Governorate was established by the decree of Peter the Great; the area included most of the present Moscow Oblast. The Battle of Borodino, which decided the outcome of the French invasion of Russia was fought in 1812 near Mozhaysk.

Industries developed in Moscow Oblast in the 17–19th centuries.[30] They were centered in Bogorodsk, Pavlovsky Posad, and Orekhovo-Zuyevo and were dominated by textile production. The first railway in Russia was constructed in the Moscow Oblast in 1851, connecting Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and in 1862 the line to Nizhny Novgorod was opened.

In the Russian SFSR, Central Industrial Oblast was established on January 14, 1929.[4] It included the abolished Moscow, Ryazan, Tver, Tula, Vladimir, and Kaluga Governorates. The oblast was divided into ten okrugs and had the administrative center in Moscow. On June 3, 1929, the area was renamed Moscow Oblast and on July 30, 1930, the division into ten okrugs was abolished.[40][41]

Parts of the then bulky Moscow Oblast were gradually transferred to other divisions. In particular, twenty-six districts became part of Kalinin Oblast in January 1935, and another seventy-seven districts were separated in September 1937 as Tula and Ryazan Oblasts. Borovsky, ru (Vysokinichsky District), Maloyaroslavetsky, Ugodsko-Zavodsky, and Petushinsky Districts were transferred in 1944 to Kaluga and Vladimir Oblasts.[40][41]

In 1941 and 1942, one of the most significant military operations of World War II—the Battle of Moscow—was fought in the Moscow Oblast. Germany reached Solnechnogorsky, Klinsky, Istrinsky, Lobninsky, Khimkinsky, Naro-Fominsky, Volokolamsky, Kolomensky, Kashirsky, Serybryano-Prudsky Districts and others.[بحاجة لمصدر]

According to the Constitution of Russia, adopted in December 1993, Moscow Oblast is one of the 83 federal subjects of Russia.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الاقتصاد

الصناعة

Soyuz-TMA-6 spacecraft developed by Energia

In terms of industrial production, Moscow Oblast is second in Russia, after the city of Moscow. The industry of the Oblast relies on imported raw materials, strong scientific and technological base and highly skilled workforce; it is closely linked with the industry of Moscow.

Well developed are machinery and metalworking. There are plants for the thermal and nuclear power engineering (ZiO-Podolsk in Podolsk), nuclear fuel (TVEL in Elektrostal), space and missile (Energia in Korolyov, Lavochkin in Khimki, NGO engineering in Reutov, FTSDT "Union" in Dzerzhinsky – development of solid rocket fuel, etc., IBC "Horizon" in Dzerzhinsky – power plants for aircraft, etc.); locomotives (Kolomna factory), metro cars (Metrowagonmash in Mytischi), electric trains (Demikhovsky Engineering Works), cars (SeAZ), buses (Likinsky bus plant in Likino-Dulyovo); agricultural machines, excavators and cranes (Lyubertsy, Dmitrov, Balashikha); stainless steel (Elektrostal), cables (Podolsk), optical devices (Krasnogorsky plant, Lytkarino Optical Glass Factory).

There are many defense enterprises, such as Russian Center for demonstrations of weapons, military equipment and technology in Krasnoarmeysk; Kamov, Phazotron, Bazalt, NPP Zvezda, MKB Fakel, MKB Raduga, National Research Institute of Aviation Systems, Krasnozavodsk Chemical Plant, Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design, Moscow Research Institute "Agat", Dolgoprudnenskoe Scientific Production Plant, and many others.

Chemical industry of the Oblast produces acids (Shchyolkovo), mineral fertilizers (plants named "Phosphates" and "Mineral fertilizers" in Voskresensk), synthetic fibers (Serpukhov and Klin), plastics (Orekhovo-Zuyevo), varnishes and paints (Sergiyev Posad, Odintsovsky paint factories), pharmaceuticals (Staraya Kupavna). There is a well-developed industry of construction materials with production of cement in Voskresensk and Kolomna (Shchurovsky cement factory), earthenware, porcelain in the Likino-Dulyovo (Dulevo Porcelain Factory) and Verbilki and dry mortar plant in Krasnogorsk.[30]

Light industry is the oldest in the region; it was started in the 17th century[30] and with 35% contribution was leading the gross industrial production. There is still production of cotton (in Yegoryevsk, Noginsk, Orekhovo-Zuyevo), wool (in Pavlovsky Posad and Pushkino) and jerseys (in Ivanteyevka and Dmitrov). The silk production in Naro-Fominsk had been stopped. Traditional and renowned crafts include Gzhel, Zhostovo painting and Fedoskino miniature. Large foreign investment projects include the plant for manufacturing household appliances (TV sets, washing machines, refrigerators, etc.) by the South Korean company LG built near the village of Dorokhovo.[42]

  • Examples of the Gzhel style

    Examples of the Gzhel style

  • Example of Zhostovo painting

    Example of Zhostovo painting

الطاقة

The largest source of electricity in the Moscow region – Kashira Power Plant

In 1999, Moscow Oblast consumed 15.4 billion m3 of natural gas, 3.32 million tonnes of oil, 2.13 million tonnes of coal and 8.5 billion kWh of electricity. Electricity for the Oblast is provided by the Kashirskaya thermal power plant (TPP, 1910 MW), Dzerzhynskaya TPP No 22 (1300 MW), Thermal Power Plant 27 (1100 MW), Shatura Power Station (1100 MW), Zagorskaya hydroelectric power plant (1200 MW), Elektrogorsk TPP (623 MW) and several smaller plants. Major new energy project in the region is the construction of Zagorsk hydroelectric plant with the capacity of 840 MW. The deficit of energy is provided by powerlines connecting the region with Saint Petersburg, Volga Hydroelectric Station and other energy suppliers.[43]

الزراعة

Agriculture has a relatively minor role in the economy of the Oblast. Only 25% of land is cultivated and another 15% are used for other activities such as livestock farming. Agriculture is the least developed in the northern, eastern and western border regions. In the southern region, especially south of the Oka River, more than 50% of land is used in agriculture. Horticulture is typical for the southern region with most of the sown area (more than 3/5) occupied by forage crops. Large areas are reserved for grains, especially wheat, barley, oats and rye, and significant role plays potato. Greenhouses are very common and Moskovsky city hosts the largest greenhouse complex in Europe. Also grown are flowers and mushrooms. Livestock farming predominates over the crop, and is primarily aimed at the production of milk and meat. In addition to cattle, commonly bred are pigs and chickens.[30]

The economic crisis of the 1990s in Russia had severely affected the agriculture of Moscow Oblast. In particular, in the 2000s, as compared with 1970–80s, the grain production has fallen by more than 3 times; potatoes by 2.5 times; vegetables, livestock and poultry by 30%; milk by 2 times and eggs by 4 times.[44][45]

النقل

The gateway to the Moscow Canal in Yakhroma

Moscow Oblast has a dense transport network, including roads, railways and waterways along the largest rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Land routes are radially diverging from Moscow and crossed by one railway and two highway rings. Neither railways nor roads, built for the most part many years ago, can cope with the steadily mounting traffic flows. About half of the roads are overloaded and three quarters do not meet modern requirements. Insufficient width of the roads and frequent repairs cause traffic jams.[46]

Moscow Oblast has the highest density of railways in Russia. Eleven major radial lines originate in Moscow and run through the Oblast; the total length of the railways reaches 2,700 km. Almost all railroads are electrified. The largest rail hubs are Orekhovo-Zuyevo and Bekasovo. Regular navigation is carried on the rivers Volga, Oka and Moscow, as well as on the Moscow Canal. Major river ports are in Serpukhov and Kolomna. Also well-developed is pipeline transport. There are two major oil lines, two natural gas rings and numerous radial lines connecting Moscow with the largest gas producing regions of the country.[47]

Moscow and Moscow Oblast have several international passenger airports, namely Sheremetyevo (with two terminals), Vnukovo, Domodedovo and Ostafyevo. There is also Bykovo Airport, which is used for freight. The largest military airport is Chkalovsky (near Shchyolkovo) which also processes some civilian passenger and cargo flights.

Major highways of Moscow Oblast are as follows:

الثقافة والترفيه

Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius
Wooden church

Moscow Oblast has numerous therapeutic and recreational facilities located mainly in western, northwestern and northern parts, and also near Moscow. Of great importance for recreation are forests, which occupy over 40% of the region, as well as horticultural activities. The region has the highest number (over 1 million) of dachas with associated individual gardens. Also numerous are manor complexes, such as those in Abramtsevo, Muranovo, Ostafievo, historical towns (Vereya, Volokolamsk, Dmitrov, Zaraysk, Zvenigorod, Istra, Kolomna, Sergiyev Posad, Serpukhov, etc.), monasteries (Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery, Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, Nikolo-Ugresh monastery, etc.), and museums (Chekhov museum in Melikhovo, Tchaikovsky museum in Klin, Serpukhov Historical and Art Museum, etc.). The oldest surviving building is the Kamenskoye Church.

السكان

Nationalities represented by more than 1000 people in Moscow Oblast in 2010[48]
Russians 6,202,672 Tajiks 3,404
Ukrainians 119,474 Koreans 3,232
Tatars 56,202 Mari 2,554
Belarusians 31,665 Kazakhs 2,493
Armenians 63,306 Ossetians 2,389
Mordvins 18,678 Lezgins 2,130
Azerbaijanis 19,061 Chechens 1,941
Chuvashi 12,466 Greeks 1,850
Moldovans 19,611 Udmurts 1,847
Jews 7,164 Bulgarians 1,511
Georgians 9,888 Gipsies 1,511
Germans 4,607 Avars 1,242
Uzbeks 4,183 Lithuanians 1,172
Bashkirs 3,565 Unidentified 172,090
2012
  • Births: 83 382 (12.0 per 1000)
  • Deaths: 99 773 (14.4 per 1000)[49]
2013
  • Births: 85 386 (12.1 per 1000)
  • Deaths: 98 942 (14.1 per 1000)
2014
  • Births: 90 041 (12.6 per 1000)
  • Deaths: 99 389 (13.9 per 1000)
2015
  • Births: 94 688 (13.1 per 1000)
  • Deaths: 94 333 (13.0 per 1000)
  • Total fertility rate:[50]
3

الحكومة والأوسمة

RKA Mission Control Center in Korolyov

Moscow Oblast was awarded three Orders of Lenin, on 3 January 1934, 17 December 1956 and 5 December 1966.

The highest executive organ is the Government of Moscow Oblast. Eighteen ministries act as the executive bodies of state authority.[51] The powers, tasks, functions and competence of the Government are defined by the Charter of the Moscow Region. The Governor of the Moscow Oblast will be elected with the term of 5 years.[52] The Regional Duma of Moscow Oblast was formed on 12 December 1993. It consists of 50 deputies also serving a 5-year term.[52]

Sergey Shoygu was elected as Governor of Moscow Oblast in April 2012 by the Moscow Oblast Duma.[53] Shoygu left office after only six months with his appointment when he was appointed as Minister of Defence by Vladimir Putin. Andrei Vorobyov was appointed as acting governor and won a full term to the office in the 2013 elections.[54][55]

التقسيمات الإدارية والبلدية

المقالة الرئيسية: التقسيمات الإدارية في أبلاست موسكو

قالب:Moscow Oblast Divisions

Administratively, the oblast is divided into 38 cities/towns under oblast jurisdiction and 36 administrative districts, consisting of 46 towns of district significance, 72 urban-type settlements, and 6,119 rural localities.

As of 2011, Moscow Oblast is municipally subdivided into 38 urban okrugs and 36 municipal districts, which consist of 114 urban settlements and 193 rural settlements.

Center of Volokolamsk in 2003

The three largest cities of the oblast are Balashikha (215,494), Khimki (207,425), and Podolsk (186,961).[9] Most other towns have ten to fifty thousand people. The smallest town is Vereya in Naro-Fominsky District with the population of 4,957 (تعداد 2002)[56]. Among the urban-type settlements, the largest is Nakhabino (36,546) followed by Tomilino (30,605).[9] The oldest populated place in the oblast is Volokolamsk, first mentioned in 1135; slightly younger towns are Zvenigorod (1152), Dmitrov (1154), and Kolomna (1177).

The city of Baikonur in Kazakhstan also belongs administratively to the oblast, as part of Odintsovsky District.[57][58]

The most intensive formation of towns occurred in 1938–1940. The youngest towns are Golitsyno and Kubinka. They existed for quite some time, but were granted town status only in 2004. Some recent towns separated from the other towns, such as Yubileyny and Peresvet.

New projects have been announced at the beginning of the 21st century. One of them is Rublyovo-Arkhangelsk, which is designed for 30,000 inhabitants with high income and is called by the media the "city for millionaires".[59][60] Another is "Great Domodedovo, 30 kilometers (19 mi) south of the Moscow Ring Road, which is designed for 450,000 residents.[61] The new city A101 was designed for 300,000 residents in 2009 and the sale of its land in Leninsky District has already begun; the city's construction is planned to take thirty-five years.[62][63][64]

A part of Moscow Oblast's former territory, mainly to the southwest of the city of Moscow, was merged with the federal city of Moscow on July 1, 2012.[65]

The housing stock of the oblast is approximately 125 million square meters. Almost all the houses are equipped with water supply, sewerage, gas,[66] central heating and hot water. However, the telephone network is underdeveloped in rural areas. In the competition for the most comfortable city of 2006 in the Moscow Oblast the winner was Kolomna followed by Balashikha (for cities with population over 100,000) and Vidnoye (<100,000) and then by Mytishchi and Noginsk.

Residential district in Ramenskoye

Administrative and municipal divisions

مقال رئيسي: Administrative divisions of Moscow Oblast

قالب:Moscow Oblast Divisions

Administratively, the oblast is divided into 38 cities/towns under oblast jurisdiction and 36 administrative districts, consisting of 46 towns of district significance, 72 urban-type settlements, and 6,119 rural localities.

As of 2011, Moscow Oblast is municipally subdivided into 38 urban okrugs and 36 municipal districts, which consist of 114 urban settlements and 193 rural settlements.

Center of Volokolamsk in 2003

الدين

Religion in Moscow Oblast as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[67][68]
Russian Orthodoxy
  
 45.5%
Other Orthodox
  
 2.4%
Old Believers
  
 0.5%
Other Christians
  
 3.3%
Islam
  
 2.1%
Rodnovery and other native faiths
  
 0.7%
Spiritual but not religious
  
 29.4%
Atheism and irreligion
  
 8.7%
Other and undeclared
  
 7.4%


المناطق الشقيقة

قالب:Outdated

المناطق الشريكة

لأبلاست موسكو اتفاقيات تعاون مع:

مصادر

  1. ^ Article 25 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast states that the symbols of the oblast include a flag and a coat of arms, but not an anthem.
  2. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District).
  3. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (گوستاندارت of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER).
  4. ^ أ ب Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987., p. 179
  5. ^ Charter of Moscow Oblast, Article 40
  6. ^ Official website of Moscow Oblast. Andrey Yuryuvich Vorobyov Archived فبراير 7, 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Governor of Moscow Oblast (بالروسية)
  7. ^ Charter of Moscow Oblast, Article 30
  8. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in الروسية). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  9. ^ أ ب ت ث Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  10. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in الروسية). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  11. ^ الرسمية في جميع أرجاء روسيا الاتحادية حسب الفقرة 68.1 من دستور روسيا.
  12. ^ Molnet.ru (مايو 29, 2006). "Московскую область назвали официально" (in الروسية). Archived from the original on يناير 5, 2009. Retrieved يناير 18, 2007.
  13. ^ "1.1. ОСНОВНЫЕ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ в 2014 г." [MAIN SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS 2014]. Regions of Russia. Socioeconomic indicators - 2015 (in الروسية). Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  14. ^ B. Prokhorov; A. Martynov; V. Artyukhov; V. Vinogradov (1999). Плотность населения и система расселения (in الروسية). Archived from the original on November 4, 2006. Retrieved October 31, 2006.
  15. ^ According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the government bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not named the official administrative center of the oblast.
  16. ^ Wagner, pp. 31–32
  17. ^ Wagner, pp. 32–35
  18. ^ Wagner, pp. 35–36
  19. ^ Moscow Oblast Archived أكتوبر 14, 2013 at the Wayback Machine moskvaobl.ru (in Russian)
  20. ^ Wagner, p. 5
  21. ^ Wagner
  22. ^ Wagner, p. 15
  23. ^ Wagner, pp. 15–18
  24. ^ Wagner, p. 76
  25. ^ Wagner, pp. 73–76
  26. ^ Wagner, pp. 77–78
  27. ^ Wagner, p. 71
  28. ^ Site OAO Shaturtorf" Archived نوفمبر 11, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Shaturtorf.ru. Retrieved on 2012-08-05.
  29. ^ Wagner, p. 79
  30. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "Moscow (oblast, Russia)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on July 28, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  31. ^ Myachkovo NA, Sorokin VN, Climate of Moscow Oblast, Moscow, 1991 (in Russian)
  32. ^ "Protown.ru". November 2014.
  33. ^ أ ب ت Wagner BB, Klevkova IV Rivers of Moscow region Archived مارس 9, 2012 at the Wayback Machine Moscow, MGPU, 2003.
  34. ^ Wagner BB, Dmitrieva VT Lakes and reservoirs of the Moscow region Archived نوفمبر 18, 2020 at the Wayback Machine Moscow, MGPU 2004
  35. ^ Lyubimova EL, Flora of Podmoskovie, Moscow, 1964
  36. ^ أ ب ت Tourov SS, Wildlife of Podmoskovie, Moscow, 1961
  37. ^ أ ب "Ecological portal Moscow Region". Archived from the original on أكتوبر 6, 2008. Retrieved أغسطس 10, 2009.
  38. ^ "History of Volokolamsk". Archived from the original on فبراير 21, 2011. Retrieved يوليو 8, 2010.. moskvaobl.ru (in Russian)
  39. ^ History of Moscow Oblast Archived أكتوبر 14, 2013 at the Wayback Machine moskvaobl.ru (in Russian)
  40. ^ أ ب Pages of History Archived سبتمبر 26, 2018 at the Wayback Machine Moscow Oblast (in Russian)
  41. ^ أ ب History Archived سبتمبر 26, 2018 at the Wayback Machine Official site of Moscow Oblast (in Russian)
  42. ^ LG opened a plant in Podmoskovie Archived يوليو 24, 2011 at the Wayback Machine 11 September 2006 (in Russian)
  43. ^ Economics Archived أكتوبر 24, 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  44. ^ Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2005, average for each category over 1970–1980
  45. ^ Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2009, average over 2001–2008
  46. ^ "Московский транспортный узел – что будет дальше (Moscow transport hub – what next)". Archived from the original on سبتمبر 27, 2008. Retrieved يوليو 8, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Alldoma.ru (29 June 2008). Retrieved on 2012-08-05.
  47. ^ "Mostransgaz" Archived سبتمبر 12, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Mostransgaz.info.
  48. ^ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ПО СУБЪЕКТАМ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ. gks.ru
  49. ^ Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации. Gks.ru. Retrieved on 2013-08-20.
  50. ^ Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Gks.ru (2010-05-08). Retrieved on 2013-08-20.
  51. ^ Executive authorities Archived يوليو 3, 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Mosreg.ru. Retrieved on 2012-08-05.
  52. ^ أ ب Charter of Moscow Oblast Archived مايو 2, 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  53. ^ Alexander Bratersky (2012-04-05). "Murmansk Governor Out, New Moscow Region Governor In". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  54. ^ Russian President Appoints Acting Governor Of Moscow Region Archived نوفمبر 13, 2012 at the Wayback Machine, RFERL, November 08, 2012. Retrieved on 2012-11-12
  55. ^ "Election Results" (in الروسية). Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
  56. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]] (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-07-25. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  57. ^ odi_love (2016-09-13). "Знаете что связывает космодром Байконур и Одинцовский район?". LiveJournal. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  58. ^ "Самым безопасным городом Подмосковья оказался Байконур в Казахстане". MKRU. December 20, 2016. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  59. ^ Martovalieva, Yulia (2006-11-02). "Новая карта Подмосковья, где строится параллельная страна для VIP-персон" [New map of Moscow region, where the country is built parallel to the VIP -persons]. 2006.novayagazeta.ru. Archived from the original on April 21, 2018. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  60. ^ "Тридцать тысяч миллионеров" [Thirty thousand millionaires will move into a village near Moscow]. Archi.ru. 2006-05-24. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  61. ^ "Большое Домодедово: Краснодар под Москвой" [Great Domodedovo: Krasnodar, near Moscow]. expert.ru. أبريل 21, 2009. Archived from the original on أبريل 20, 2009. Retrieved يوليو 8, 2010.
  62. ^ "ГОРОДА С КУПЕЧЕСКИМ РАЗМАХОМ" [Cities with the merchant scope]. burs.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on October 1, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  63. ^ "Masshtab" sells lands of the project A-101 Archived نوفمبر 7, 2014 at the Wayback Machine 5 June 2005 (in Russian)
  64. ^ Interview with Michail Blinkin (in Russian) Archived أكتوبر 28, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Rusnovosti.ru (2009-06-08). Retrieved on 2012-08-05.
  65. ^ Official website of the Government of Moscow. Draft of adopted measures of the capital and oblast governments with regards to the expansion of the borders of Moscow Archived يناير 30, 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in روسية)
  66. ^ (in روسية) GUP MO "Mosoblgaz" Archived سبتمبر 19, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Mosoblgaz.ru. Retrieved on 2012-08-05.
  67. ^ "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
  68. ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
  69. ^ "Интернет портал СНГ. 7.4. Соглашения между регионом государства – участника СНГ и регионом государства – участника СНГ (Российская Федерация)". Archived from the original on June 9, 2016.

مواقع خارجية

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=أبلاست_موسكو&oldid=4060586"