مكدنل دگلس

مكدنل دگلس كورپوريشن
McDonnell Douglas Corporation
الصناعةصناعة الطائرات
هندسة ميكانيكية
aircraft construction
صناعة الطيران Edit this on Wikidata
السابقشركة طائرات دوغلاس
طائرات ماكدونل Edit this on Wikidata
اللاحقشركة بوينگ
اللاحقشركة بوينگ
تأسستApril 28, 1967
المؤسسدونالد دگلس, جيمس سميث ماكدونل Edit this on Wikidata
انحلتAugust 1, 1997 (merger date)[1]
المقر الرئيسيبركلي، مزوري، الولايات المتحدة
الأشخاص الرئيسيون
Harry Stonecipher (CEO; 1994–1997)
الشركة الأمبوينگ Edit this on Wikidata
الموقع الإلكترونيmdc.com (Archived 6 يوليو 1997 at the Wayback Machine)

مكدنل دگلس McDonnell Douglas، كانت أكبر مصنع طائرات ومقاول دفاع أمريكي، أنتجت عدد من أشهر الطائرات التجارية والعكسرية. تأسست الشركة من دمج مكدنل للطائرات ودگلس للطائرات في عام 1967. مقر الشركة بالقرب من مطار لامبرت-سانت لويس الدولي، سانت لويس، مزوري، الولايات المتحدة. شركة مكدنل دگلس للخدمات التكنولوجية، أحد فروع مكدنل دگلس، مقرها الرئيسي في مقاطعة سانت لويس، مزوري، الولايات المتحدة.[2] اندمجت مكدنل دگلس مع منافستها بوينگ، في 1997.[1]

المقر الرئيسي للشركة في St. Louis Lambert International Airport، بالقرب من سانت لويس، مزوري.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

التاريخ

خلفية

المقالة الرئيسية: McDonnell Aircraft Corporation and Douglas Aircraft Company

The company was formed from the firms of James Smith McDonnell and Donald Wills Douglas in 1967. Both men were of Scottish ancestry, were graduates of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and had worked for the aircraft manufacturer Glenn L. Martin Company.[3]

Douglas F3D Skyknight

Douglas had been chief engineer at Martin before leaving to establish Davis-Douglas Company in early 1920 in Los Angeles. The following year, he bought out his backer and renamed the firm the Douglas Aircraft Company.[4]

McDonnell founded J.S. McDonnell & Associates in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1926 to produce a personal aircraft for family use. The economic depression from 1929 ruined his ideas and the company collapsed. He worked at three companies, joining Glenn Martin Company in 1933. He left Martin in 1938 to try again with his own firm, McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, this time based at Lambert Field, outside St. Louis, Missouri.[5]

Douglas Aircraft profited during World War II. The company produced about 10,000 C-47s, a military variant of the Douglas DC-3, from 1942 to 1945. The workforce swelled to 160,000.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Both companies suffered at the end of the war, facing an end of government orders and a surplus of aircraft. Douglas continued to develop new aircraft, including the DC-6 in 1946 and the DC-7 in 1953.[6][7] The company moved into jet propulsion, producing the F3D Skyknight in 1948 and then the more "jet age" F4D Skyray in 1951.[8] In 1955, Douglas introduced the U.S. Navy's first attack jet, the A4D Skyhawk.[9] Designed to operate from the decks of the World War II Essex، طراز aircraft carriers, the Skyhawk was small, reliable, and tough. Variants of it continued in use in the Navy for almost 50 years,[10] finally serving in large numbers in a two-seat version as a jet trainer.[11]

Douglas DC-8

Douglas also made commercial jets, producing the DC-8 in 1958 to compete with the Boeing 707.[12][13] McDonnell was also developing jets, but being smaller it was prepared to be more radical, building on its successful FH-1 Phantom to become a major supplier to the Navy with the F2H Banshee and F3H Demon; and producing the F-101 Voodoo for the United States Air Force (USAF).[14][15] The Korean War-era Banshee and later the F-4 Phantom II produced during the Vietnam War helped push McDonnell into a major military fighter supply role.[16] Douglas created a series of experimental high-speed jet aircraft in the Skyrocket family, with the Skyrocket DB-II being the first aircraft to travel at twice the speed of sound in 1953.

Thor Able with Pioneer 1 at Cape Canaveral, Florida

Both companies were eager to enter the new missile business, Douglas moving from producing air-to-air rockets and missiles to entire missile systems under the 1956 Nike program and becoming the main contractor of the Skybolt ALBM program and the Thor ballistic missile program.[17][18] McDonnell made a number of missiles, including the unusual ADM-20 Quail,[19] as well as experimenting with hypersonic flight, research that enabled it to gain a substantial share of the NASA projects Mercury and Gemini. Douglas also gained contracts from NASA, notably for part of the enormous Saturn V rocket.[20][21]

The two companies were now major employers, but both were having problems. McDonnell was primarily a defense contractor, without any significant civilian business. It frequently suffered lean times during downturns in military procurement. Meanwhile, Douglas was strained by the cost of the DC-8 and DC-9. The two companies began to sound each other out about a merger in 1963. Douglas offered bid invitations from December 1966 and accepted that of McDonnell.[22] The two firms were officially merged on April 28, 1967 as the McDonnell Douglas Corporation (MDC). Earlier, McDonnell bought 1.5 million shares of Douglas stock to help its partner meet "immediate financial requirements".[23][24] The two companies seemed to be a good fit for each other. McDonnell's military contracts provided an instant solution for Douglas' cash flow problems, while the revenue from Douglas' civil contracts would be more than enough for McDonnell to withstand peacetime declines in procurement.

التشكل

Assembly of the DC-9 and DC-10 at the Long Beach plant, 1974

McDonnell Douglas retained McDonnell Aircraft's headquarters location at what was then known as Lambert–St. Louis International Airport, in Berkeley, Missouri,[25][26][27][28] near St. Louis. James McDonnell became executive chairman and CEO of the merged company, with Donald Douglas Sr. as honorary chairman.[22]

In 1967, with the merger of McDonnell and Douglas Aircraft, David S. Lewis, then president of McDonnell Aircraft, was named chairman of what was called the Long Beach, Douglas Aircraft Division. At the time of the merger, Douglas Aircraft was estimated to be less than a year from bankruptcy. Flush with orders, the DC-8 and DC-9 aircraft were 9 to 18 months behind schedule, incurring stiff penalties from the airlines. Lewis was active in DC-10 sales in an intense competition with Lockheed's L-1011, a rival tri-jet aircraft.[29][30][31] In two years, Lewis had the operation back on track and in positive cash flow. He returned to the company's St. Louis headquarters where he continued sales efforts on the DC-10 and managed the company as a whole as President and chief operating officer through 1971.

McDonnell Douglas DC-10

The DC-10 began production in 1968 with the first deliveries in 1971.[32]

As early as 1966 and for decades thereafter, McDonnell Douglas considered building a twin-engined aircraft named the "DC-10 Twin" or DC-X.[33][34][35] This would have been an early twinjet similar to the Airbus A300, but it never progressed to a prototype. Such an aircraft might have given McDonnell Douglas an early lead in the huge twinjet market that developed in the 1970s, as well as commonality with many of the DC-10's systems.[35][36]

1970–1980

USAF F-15C during an Operation Noble Eagle patrol

In 1977, the next generation of DC-9 variants, dubbed the "Super 80" (later renamed the MD-80) series, was launched.[37]

In 1977, the KC-10 Extender became the second McDonnell Douglas transport aircraft to be purchased by the U.S. Air Force, after the C-9 Nightingale/Skytrain II.

Through the Cold War, McDonnell Douglas had introduced and manufactured dozens of successful military aircraft, including the F-15 Eagle in 1974 and[38] the F/A-18 Hornet in 1978,[39] as well as other products such as the Harpoon and Tomahawk missiles.

The oil crisis of the 1970s was a serious shock to the commercial aviation industry. McDonnell Douglas was hit by the economic shift and forced to contract while diversifying into new areas to protect against more downturns.[بحاجة لمصدر]

1980–1989

KC-10 Extender during refueling

In 1984, McDonnell Douglas expanded into helicopters by purchasing Hughes Helicopters from the Summa Corporation for $470 million.[40] Hughes Helicopters was made a subsidiary initially and renamed McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems in August 1984.[41] McDonnell Douglas Helicopters's most successful product was the Hughes-designed AH-64 Apache attack helicopter.[42][43]

In 1986, MD-11 was launched, an improved and upgraded version of DC-10.[44] The MD-11 was the most advanced trijet aircraft to be developed. It sold 200 units, but was discontinued in 2001 after the merger with Boeing as it competed with the Boeing 777.[44][45][46][47] The final commercial aircraft design to be made by McDonnell Douglas came in 1988. The MD-90 was a stretched version of the MD-80,[48] equipped with International Aero Engines V2500 turbofans, the largest rear-mounted engines ever on a commercial jet. The MD-95, a modern regional airliner closely resembling the DC-9-30, was the last McDonnell Douglas designed commercial jet produced.[49][50]

McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk assembly line, c. 1988

On January 13, 1988, McDonnell Douglas and General Dynamics won the US Navy Advanced Tactical Aircraft (ATA) contract. The US$4.83 billion contract was to develop the A-12 Avenger II, a stealth, carrier-based, long-range flying wing attack aircraft that would replace the A-6 Intruder.

In January 1989, Robert Hood, Jr was appointed President to lead the Douglas Aircraft Division, replacing retiring President Jim Worsham. McDonnell Douglas then introduced a major reorganization called the Total Quality Management System (TQMS). TQMS ended the functional setup where engineers with specific expertise in aerodynamics, structural mechanics, materials, and other technical areas worked on several different aircraft. This was replaced by a product-oriented system where they focus on one specific airplane. As part of reorganization, 5,000 managerial and supervisory positions were eliminated at Douglas. The former managers could apply for 2,800 newly created posts; the remaining 2,200 would lose their managerial responsibilities.[51] The reorganization reportedly led to widespread loss of morale at the company and TQMS was nicknamed "Time to Quit and Move to Seattle" by employees referring to the competitor Boeing headquartered in Seattle, Washington.[52]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1990–1997

Technical issues, development cost overruns, growing unit costs, and delays led to the termination of the A-12 Avenger II program on January 13, 1991, by Defense Secretary Dick Cheney. Years of litigation would proceed over the contract's termination: the government claimed that the contractors had defaulted on the contract and were not entitled to the final progress payments, while McDonnell Douglas and General Dynamics believed that the contract was terminated out of convenience, and thus the money was owed.[بحاجة لمصدر] The case was contested through litigation until a settlement was reached in January 2014. The chaos and financial stress created by the collapse of the A-12 program led to the layoff of 5,600 employees.[53] The advanced tactical aircraft role vacated by the A-12 debacle would be filled by another McDonnell Douglas program, the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.[39][54]

However the purchasing of aircraft was curtailed as the Cold War came to an abrupt end in the 1990s. This curtailment in military procurements combined with the loss of the contracts for two major projects, the Advanced Tactical Fighter and Joint Strike Fighter, severely hurt McDonnell Douglas.[45][55] McDonnell Douglas built only a small wind tunnel test model.[56][57] At its peak in mid-1990, McDonnell Douglas employed 132,500 people, but dropped to about 87,400 by the end of 1992.[58]

In 1991, MD-11 was not quite a success; ongoing tests of the MD-11 revealed a significant shortfall in the aircraft's performance. An important prospective carrier, Singapore Airlines, required a fully laden aircraft that could fly from Singapore to Paris, against strong headwinds during mid-winter; the MD-11 did not have sufficient range for this at the time.[59] Due to the less-than-expected performance figures, Singapore Airlines cancelled its 20-aircraft MD-11 order on August 2, 1991, and ordered 20 A340-300s instead.[60]

McDonnell Douglas MD-12 aircraft concept

In 1992, McDonnell Douglas unveiled a study of a double deck jumbo-sized aircraft designated MD-12.[36][61] Despite briefly leaving the market, the study was perceived as merely a public relations exercise to disguise the fact that MDC was struggling under intense pressure from Boeing and Airbus. It was clear to most in the industry that MDC had neither the resources nor the money to develop such a large aircraft,[62] and the study quickly sank without a trace. A similar double deck concept was used in Boeing's later Ultra-Large Aircraft study intended to replace the 747,[63][64] but ultimately the double deck concept would not see the light of day until the Airbus A380 in the 2000s.[65][66]

Following Boeing's 1996 acquisition of Rockwell's North American division, McDonnell Douglas merged with Boeing in August 1997 in a US$13 billion stock swap, with Boeing as the surviving company.[1][55] Boeing introduced a new corporate identity based on the McDonnell Douglas logo, which showed the globe being encircled in tribute to the first aerial circumnavigation which was accomplished in 1924 by Douglas aircraft. It was designed by graphic designer Rick Eiber, who has been the corporate identity consultant for Boeing over ten years.[67][68][69][70]

Between 1993 and just after the merger in 1997, McDonnell Douglas performed studies on the feasibility of a twin-engine jet using MD-11 components, and ultimately made a pitch for such a jet with Boeing wings, but nothing came of any of the proposals.[35][71][72]

In 1999, Boeing completed the spin off of the civilian line of helicopters to form MD Helicopters, which was formerly part of McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems.

Starting August 17, 2006, Boeing closed down the Long Beach factory as orders for the C-17 ceased.[73]

McDonnell Automation Company legacy

Some of the company's lasting legacies are non-aviation related. They are the computer systems and companies developed in the company's subsidiary McDonnell Automation Company (McAuto) which was created in the 1950s initially used for numerical control for production starting in 1958 and computer-aided design (CAD) starting in 1959. Its CAD program MicroGDS remains in use with the latest official version 11.3 issued in June 2013.[74][75]

By the 1970s, McAuto had 3,500 employees and $170 million worth of computer equipment. This made it one of the largest computer processors in the world during this era.[75]

In 1981, McAuto acquired Bradford Systems and Administrative Services for $11.5 million and began processing medical claims.[76] In 1983, two principals of Bradford who had to come work at McAuto—Joseph T. Lynaugh[بحاجة لمصدر] and Howard L. Waltman[77]—formed the Sanus Corporation, a health maintenance organization that was a wholly owned subsidiary of McDonnell Douglas.[78] In 1986, after McDonnell Douglas reduced its control, Sanus announced a partnership with St. Louis pharmacy chain Medicare-Glaser Corp. to form Express Scripts to provide drugs for the Sanus HMO.

المنتجات

الطائرات العسكرية

The McDonnell Douglas YC-15 was used as the base for the C-17.
McDonnell Douglas DC-9
Built from 1988 to 2000, the MD-11 was the last McDonnell Douglas widebody aircraft.
F/A-18E Super Hornet
MD 500 Helicopter.

الطائرات التجارية

Experimental aircraft

طائرات الركاب المقترحة


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

المروحيات

مركبات فضائية

أنظمة حاسوب

  • سكويل
  • سپيريت
  • ريالتي أو إس
  • Series 18 Model 6
  • Series 18 Model 9
  • 6200
  • 6400
  • 9000
  • 9200
  • 9400

The corporation also produced the Sovereign (later M7000) series of systems in the UK, which used the Sovereign operating system developed in the UK and which was not based on Pick, unlike the "Reality" family of systems listed above. Sovereign, largely a Data Entry solution, had a reasonable market in the United States supporting data entry shops.[79]

مقذوفات وصواريخ

Commercial deliveries

Delivery of McDonnell Douglas-designed  
commercial airplanes by year and model[80]
DC-8 DC-9 DC-10 MD-80 MD-90 MD-11 Total
1959 21 21
1960 91 91
1961 42 42
1962 22 22
1963 19 19
1964 20 20
1965 31 5 36
1966 32 69 101
1967 41 153 194
1968 102 202 304
1969 85 122 207
1970 33 51 84
1971 13 46 13 72
1972 4 32 52 88
1973 29 57 86
1974 48 47 95
1975 42 43 85
1976 50 19 69
1977 22 14 36
1978 22 18 40
1979 39 35 74
1980 18 41 5 64
1981 16 25 61 102
1982 10 11 34 55
1983 12 51 63
1984 10 44 54
1985 11 71 82
1986 17 85 102
1987 10 94 104
1988 10 120 130
1989 1 117 118
1990 139 3 142
1991 140 31 171
1992 84 42 126
1993 43 36 79
1994 23 17 40
1995 18 13 18 49
1996 12 25 15 52
1997 16 26 12 54
1998 8 34 12 54
1999 26 13 8 47
2000 5 4 9
2001 2 2
Total 556 976 446 1,191 116 200 3,485
Active[81][82] 2 32 50 404 65 123 676
DC-8 DC-9 DC-10 MD-80 MD-90 MD-11

أشخاص محوريون

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب ت Boeing Chronology, 1997–2001 Archived يناير 2, 2013 at the Wayback Machine at boeing.com. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "merger" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  2. ^ "Welcome!." McDonnell Douglas Technical Services Company. 24 January 1997. Retrieved on 4 June 2009.
  3. ^ Yenne 1985, pp. 6–9.
  4. ^ Yenne 1985, pp. 10–12.
  5. ^ Leiser, Ken. "St. Louis aviation honored". St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 28, 2009. Archived أغسطس 29, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Johnston, Stanley (February 17, 1946). "Douglas DC-4 and DC-6 Skymasters". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  7. ^ "DC-7, newest Douglas Airliner, takes to sky". Los Angeles Times. May 19, 1953. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  8. ^ "U.S. Jet set mark, flies 753.4 M.P.H: Navy Hero recaptures World Speed leadership – Bests week-old British record". New York Times. October 4, 1953. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  9. ^ "Bantam Jet Bomber is unveiled by Navy". Hartford Courant. June 8, 1954. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  10. ^ "Saying goodbye to the A-4 Skyhawk". The Virginian. July 17, 1993. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  11. ^ Ray, Nancy (September 16, 1991). "Aircraft pioneer, 83, savors bold designs that still fly". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  12. ^ Miles, Marvin (May 31, 1958). "Douglas Jetliner, most advanced of nation, debuts in test flight". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  13. ^ Miles, Marvin (August 24, 1961). "A DC-8 is first Airliner to top speed of Sound". New York Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  14. ^ "Navy awards contract for new jet fighter". Hartford Courant. August 17, 1952. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  15. ^ "Navy accepts first Demon jet". Los Angeles Times. January 9, 1954. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  16. ^ O'neil, Tim (May 24, 2009). "The Phantom of the factory: A Look Back – The F-4 Phantom II, rolled out in late May 1958, became one of the great success stories of military aviation and supported thousands of families". St Louis Post. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  17. ^ "Skybolt fired Successfully". Kentucky New Era. December 20, 1962.
  18. ^ Shannon, Don (May 9, 1958). "Thor hinted as favorite missile". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  19. ^ Witkin, Richard (May 8, 1960). "Missiles extend life of bomber: Jets, once thought obsolete, will soon carry deadly Air-Ground rockets". New York Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  20. ^ "Douglas Saturn contract grows $48 Million". Los Angeles Times. December 22, 1963. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  21. ^ Schonberger, Ernest A (October 5, 1967). "$170.5-Million job won by McDonnell Douglas". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  22. ^ أ ب Wright, Robert (January 26, 1967). "McDonnell and Douglas take a giant step". New York Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  23. ^ "Douglas, McDonnell aircraft firms announce merger plans". The Bulletin. (Bend, Oregon). UPI. January 13, 1967. p. 6.
  24. ^ "McDonnell Douglas merger cleared". Fort Scott Tribune. April 27, 1967.
  25. ^ Ealy, Charles and Andy Dworkin. "Texas Instruments may sell defense unit McDonnell Douglas among 1st to show interest Archived أكتوبر 21, 2012 at the Wayback Machine." The Dallas Morning News. November 6, 1996. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  26. ^ "Berkeley city, Missouri[dead link]." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  27. ^ "Berkeley, MO (1990) Tiger Map Archived يونيو 7, 2000 at the Wayback Machine." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  28. ^ Bower, Carolyn. "TESTS FIND RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL Archived أكتوبر 21, 2012 at the Wayback Machine." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. December 9, 1988. News 2F. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  29. ^ Wood, Charles (June 6, 1972). "DC-10 deal also pleases Lockheed". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  30. ^ Wright, Robert (March 11, 1974). "Lockheed seeking greater range for Tristar; hopes to make its jet more competitive". New York Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  31. ^ Wood, Robert (June 12, 1971). "L-1011 Customers admit concessions by Douglas". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  32. ^ Steiger, Paul (July 30, 1971). "Airlines take over 1st DC-10s as McDonnell Gibes Lockheed". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  33. ^ Getze, John (November 22, 1972). "Douglas takes 1st Step toward Twin Engine version of DC-10". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  34. ^ Buck, Thomas (April 14, 1973). "Douglas plans wide-bodied jet with short-medium ranges". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  35. ^ أ ب ت Thomas, Geoffrey (2023-02-08). "How McDonnell Douglas missed the Big Twin and disappeared". Airline Ratings (in الإنجليزية الأسترالية). Retrieved 2023-06-02.
  36. ^ أ ب "Clipped Wings". Flight International. December 20, 2005. Archived from the original on November 18, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  37. ^ Redburn, Tom (October 3, 1977). "McDonnell to build larger, quieter DC-9". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  38. ^ Williams, Bob (May 10, 1981). "7 Aerospace Firms Take $50-Million Gamble on Advanced F-15 Fighter". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  39. ^ أ ب "Pentagon gives Navy Go-Ahead on costly Douglas F-18 fighter". Los Angeles Times. June 30, 1981. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  40. ^ "McDonnell Douglas completes Hughes Helicopter acquisition". Chicago Tribune. January 8, 1984. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  41. ^ Richardson, Doug and Lindsay Peacock. Combat Aircraft AH-64, pp. 14–15. London: Salamander Books, 1992. ISBN 0-86101-675-0.
  42. ^ Western, Ken (March 22, 1997). "McDonnell Douglas' Apache Longbow makes its debut". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on August 30, 2011.
  43. ^ Flannery, William (April 8, 1995). "Mcdonnell wins big helicopter contract but layoffs are looming at commercial air unit". St Louis Post. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  44. ^ أ ب "Aircraft profile: MD-11". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on July 30, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  45. ^ أ ب Pae, Peter (February 22, 2001). "Last Plane Out for Aerospace Pioneer; Aviation: Ceremony today marks the delivery of the last commercial aircraft built under the McDonnell Douglas name". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 27, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  46. ^ "American Airlines retires last MD-11 from fleet". Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News. October 16, 2001.
  47. ^ Demarco, Peter (سبتمبر 19, 2000). "MD-11 Jet has highest crash rate". New York Daily Times. Archived from the original on يونيو 29, 2009.
  48. ^ Cohen, Aubrey (December 28, 2009). "Did subsidies drive MD and Lockheed from commercial jet biz?". Seattle PI. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  49. ^ Lane, Polly (November 3, 1997). "MD-95'S future uncertain – Boeing to phase uut MD-80, MD-90". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  50. ^ Weintraub, Richard (February 14, 1993). "MD-90 Airliner unveiled by McDonnell Douglas: firm seeks to stay in civilian aircraft business". Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  51. ^ Henkoff, Ronald. "BUMPY FLIGHT AT MCDONNELL DOUGLAS Even before two DC-10 crashes, it was beset by defense cutbacks and factory foul-ups. Now managers must unsnarl a new reorganization to get airborne again". Fortune. Archived from the original on 2013-04-10.
  52. ^ Stevenson, Richard (September 29, 1991). "Breathing Easier at McDonnell Douglas". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
  53. ^ "McDonnell Air gets president". The New York Times. August 3, 1991. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
  54. ^ Gepfert, Ken (October 30, 1979). "McDonnell trying to hog F-18 sales, Northrop suit says". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  55. ^ أ ب Schneider, Greg (February 4, 1997). "Merger or no, Boeing and McDonnell Douglas linked". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  56. ^ "JSF.mil > Gallery". Archived from the original on July 19, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
  57. ^ "MD JSF - Aircraft of the Month - May 2000". alexstoll.com. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
  58. ^ LAYOFFS IN AVIATION SKYROCKET MOST FIRINGS IN '93 OCCURRED IN AEROSPACE. joc.com
  59. ^ Norris & Wagner 1999, p. 66
  60. ^ Norris & Wagner 2001, p. 59
  61. ^ "MDC brochures for undeveloped versions of the MD-11 and MD-12". md-eleven.net. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
  62. ^ Black, Larry (August 11, 1992). "McDonnell Douglas in shake-up as profits drop". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  63. ^ Wallace, James (October 24, 2007). "Airbus all in on need for jumbo – but Boeing still doubtful". Seattle PI.[dead link]
  64. ^ Norris, Guy (September 10, 1997). "Boeing looks again at plans for NLA". Flight International. Archived from the original on June 1, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  65. ^ "Boeing, partners expected to scrap Super-Jet study". Los Angeles Times. July 10, 1995. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  66. ^ Madslien, Jorn (January 18, 2005). "Giant plane a testimony to 'old Europe'". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 11, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  67. ^ "Boeing Unveils New Corporate Identity". Boeing. August 1, 1997. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  68. ^ "Bold Logo Design Inspiration: Boeing". DesignRush. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  69. ^ Farhat, Sally (July 29, 1999). "Rick Eiber, 54, Renowned Graphic Designer". The Seattle Times. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  70. ^ "The Boeing Company 2022 Annual Report" (PDF). Boeing. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  71. ^ Norris, Guy (January 25, 1995). "Douglas concentrates on proposal for MD-11 Twin". FlightGlobal. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  72. ^ Flight International, 25–31 January 1995
  73. ^ "Boeing to Close Long Beach C-17 Plant". August 17, 2006.
  74. ^ "MicroGDS". Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  75. ^ أ ب "History". Archived from the original on ديسمبر 16, 2018. Retrieved مارس 11, 2018.
  76. ^ "Bradford National Sells a Division - The New York Times". The New York Times. December 25, 1981. Archived from the original on March 12, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  77. ^ "Howard L. Waltman". Archived from the original on July 16, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  78. ^ 25 Sep 1987, p. 43 - St. Louis Post-Dispatch at Newspapers.com<
  79. ^ Elleray, Dick (July 16, 1986). "The Reality Operating System Revealed (1986/09)". Project Management Bulletin. Project Management Group, McDonnell Douglas Information Systems Group.
  80. ^ Time Period Reports. Archived أبريل 10, 2006 at the Wayback Machine boeing.com
  81. ^ "Production summary - Airfleets aviation". airfleets.net. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  82. ^ "World Airliner Census 2016" (PDF). pic.carnoc.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on نوفمبر 18, 2017. Retrieved يناير 5, 2017.
  • Greider, William. One World, Ready or Not. Penguin Press, 1997. ISBN 0-7139-9211-5.
  • Yenne, Bill. McDonnell Douglas. Crescent Books, 1985. ISBN 0-517-44287-6.


وصلات خارجية

Portal icon بوابة طيران
Portal icon بوابة شركات
Portal icon بوابة كاليفورنيا
Portal icon بوابة مزوري


تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=مكدنل_دگلس&oldid=3784922"