قرة قرم

Coordinates: 36°N 76°E / 36°N 76°E / 36; 76
(تم التحويل من قراقرم)
هذا المقال هو عن سلسلة الجبال. إذا كنت تريد المدينة في منغوليا، انظر قرة قرم (مدينة).
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Karakum.
قرةقرم
Karakoram
Baltoro glacier from air.jpg
مثلجة بالتورو في وسط قرةقرم، وفيها گاشربروم 1 و 2 اللذان يتعديان 8,000 متر.
أعلى نقطة
القمةK2
الارتفاع8,611 m (28,251 ft)
الإحداثيات35°52′57″N 76°30′48″E / 35.88250°N 76.51333°E / 35.88250; 76.51333 
الأبعاد
الطول500 km (310 mi)
الجغرافيا
Interactive map outlining Karakoram range
البلدانأفغانستان, الصين, الهند, پاكستان and طاجيكستان
المناطق/المقاطعاتگلگت-بلتستان, لداخ, شين‌جيانگ and Badakhshan
نطاق الإحداثيات36°N 76°E / 36°N 76°E / 36; 76
يحدجبال پامير, هندو كوش, Kunlun Mountains, الهيمالايا and سلسلة لداخ
Karakoram
Chinese name
الصينية喀喇昆仑山脉
Hanyu PinyinKālǎ Kūnlún shānmài
المعنى الحرفي"Kara-Kunlun mountain range"
Tibetan name
التبتيةཁར་ཁོ་རུམ་རི
Uyghur name
Uyghurقاراقورام

قرةقرم Karakoram (أو Karakorum )[1] هي سلسلة جبال كبيرة تمتطي الحدود بين پاكستان والهند والصين، وتقع في مناطق گلگت-بلتستان (پاكستان), لداخ (الهند), ومنطقة شين‌جيانگ، (الصين). وهي واحدة من سلاسل الجبال العظمى في آسيا, وهي جزء من الهيمالايا بينما هي في الواقع تقع شمال سلسلة الهيمالايا.

The Karakoram is the second-highest mountain range on Earth and part of a complex of ranges that includes the Pamir Mountains, Hindu Kush, and Himalayas.[2][3]

The range contains 18 summits higher than 7,500 m (24,600 ft) in elevation, with four above 8,000 m (26,000 ft):[4][5][6] K2 (8,611 m (28,251 ft) AMSL) (the second-highest peak on Earth), Gasherbrum I, Broad Peak, and Gasherbrum II.

قمة كي 2 إحدى أعلى قمم الهمالايا في سلسلة جبال كاراكورام وأشدها وعورة

وتمتد لمسافة 500 كم تقريبا. تضم العديد من قمم الهمالايا المرتفعة كقمة كي 2 (8,611 م) وقمة موستاج (7,273 م) وگاشربروم 1 (8,068 م) وجبل كايلاس (6,714 م) والذي يقع في التيبت. ويطلق عليه سكان التبت، كانج ريمبوتس؛ جبل الجليد الثمين. وهذا الجبل مقدس عند الهندوس والبوذيين، ويزعم أنه يحتوي على عروش آلهتهم. ويتسلق الزوار من جميع أنحاء آسيا وآسيا الوسطى والهند هذا الجبل، على الأقدام. وتأخذهم الرحلة في الأدغال المدارية، إلى المرتفعات المتجمدة. وتقع أسفل قمة الجبل بحيرة ماناساروار المقدسة عند الهندوس.

The range is about 500 km (311 mi) in length and is the most glaciated place on Earth outside the polar regions. The Siachen Glacier (76 km (47 mi) long) and Biafo Glacier (63 km (39 mi) long) are the second- and third-longest glaciers outside the polar regions.[7]

The Karakoram is bounded on the east by the Aksai Chin plateau, on the northeast by the edge of the Tibetan Plateau and on the north by the river valleys of the Yarkand and Karakash rivers beyond which lie the Kunlun Mountains. At the northwest corner are the Pamir Mountains. The southern boundary of the Karakoram is formed, west to east, by the Gilgit, Indus and Shyok rivers, which separate the range from the northwestern end of the Himalaya range proper. These rivers flow northwest before making an abrupt turn southwestward towards the plains of Pakistan. Roughly in the middle of the Karakoram range is the Karakoram Pass, which was part of a historic trade route between Ladakh and Yarkand that is now inactive.

The Tashkurghan National Nature Reserve and the Pamir Wetlands National Nature Reserve in the Karalorun and Pamir mountains have been nominated for inclusion in UNESCO in 2010 by the National Commission of the People's Republic of China for UNESCO and have been tentatively added to the list.[8]

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الاسم

The black gravel of Karakoram mountains, as seen near Pakistan's Biafo Glacier

Karakoram is a Turkic term meaning black gravel. The Central Asian traders originally applied the name to the Karakoram Pass.[9] Early European travellers, including William Moorcroft and George Hayward, started using the term for the range of mountains west of the pass, although they also used the term Muztagh (meaning, "Ice Mountain") for the range now known as Karakoram.[9][10] Later terminology was influenced by the Survey of India, whose surveyor Thomas Montgomerie in the 1850s gave the labels K1 to K6 (K for Karakoram) to six high mountains visible from his station at Mount Haramukh in Kashmir Valley.

In traditional Indian geography the mountains were known as Krishnagiri (black mountains), Kanhagiri and Kanheri.[11]


الاستكشاف

Due to its altitude and ruggedness, the Karakoram is much less inhabited than parts of the Himalayas further east. European explorers first visited early in the 19th century, followed by British surveyors starting in 1856.

The Muztagh Pass was crossed in 1887 by the expedition of Colonel Francis Younghusband[12] and the valleys above the Hunza River were explored by General Sir George K. Cockerill in 1892. Explorations in the 1910s and 1920s established most of the geography of the region.

The name Karakoram was used in the early 20th century, for example by Kenneth Mason,[9] for the range now known as the Baltoro Muztagh. The term is now used to refer to the entire range from the Batura Muztagh above Hunza in the west to the Saser Muztagh in the bend of the Shyok River in the east.

Hunza Valley in the Gilgit-Baltistan region administered by Pakistan

Floral surveys were carried out in the Shyok River catchment and from Panamik to Turtuk village by Chandra Prakash Kala during 1999 and 2000.[13][14]

الجيولوجيا والمثالج

The Karakoram is in one of the world's most geologically active areas, at the plate boundary between the Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate.[15] A significant part, somewhere between 28 and 50 percent, of the Karakoram Range is glaciated covering an area of more than 15,000 square kilometres or 5,800 square miles,[16] compared to between 8 and 12 percent of the Himalaya and 2.2 percent of the Alps.[17] Mountain glaciers may serve as an indicator of climate change, advancing and receding with long-term changes in temperature and precipitation. The Karakoram glaciers are slightly retreating,[18][19][20] unlike the Himalayas where glaciers are losing mass at significantly higher rate, many Karakoram glaciers are covered in a layer of rubble which insulates the ice from the warmth of the sun.[21] Where there is no such insulation, the rate of retreat is high.[22]

العصر الجليدي

In the last ice age, a connected series of glaciers stretched from western Tibet to Nanga Parbat, and from the Tarim basin to the Gilgit District.[23][24][25] To the south, the Indus glacier was the main valley glacier, which flowed 120 kilometres (75 mi) down from Nanga Parbat massif to 870 metres (2,850 ft) elevation.[23][26] In the north, the Karakoram glaciers joined those from the Kunlun Mountains and flowed down to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) in the Tarim basin.[25][27]

While the current valley glaciers in the Karakoram reach a maximum length of 76 kilometres (47 mi), several of the ice-age valley glacier branches and main valley glaciers, had lengths up to 700 kilometres (430 mi). During the Ice Age, the glacier snowline was about 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) lower than today.[25][26]

أعلى القمم

Highest Karakoram peaks in the Baltoro region as seen from International Space Station

قالب:Karakoram OSM The highest peaks of the Karakoram are:

Mountain Height[28] Ranked Remark
K2 8,611 metres (28,251 ft) 2 K2Flag of پاكستان پاكستان–Flag of الصين الصين
Gasherbrum I 8,080 metres (26,510 ft) 11 K5Flag of پاكستان پاكستان–Flag of الصين الصين
Broad Peak 8,051 metres (26,414 ft) 12 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان–Flag of الصين الصين
Gasherbrum II 8,034 metres (26,358 ft) 13 K4Flag of پاكستان پاكستان–Flag of الصين الصين
Gasherbrum III 7,952 metres (26,089 ft) K3aFlag of پاكستان پاكستان not on world highest list
Gasherbrum IV 7,925 metres (26,001 ft) 17 K3Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Distaghil Sar 7,885 metres (25,869 ft) 19 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Kunyang Chhish 7,852 metres (25,761 ft) 21 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Masherbrum I 7,821 metres (25,659 ft) 22 K1Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Batura I 7,795 metres (25,574 ft) 25 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Rakaposhi 7,788 metres (25,551 ft) 26 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Batura II 7,762 metres (25,466 ft) Flag of پاكستان پاكستان not on world highest list
Kanjut Sar 7,760 metres (25,460 ft) 28 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Saltoro Kangri I 7,742 metres (25,400 ft) 31 K10Flag of پاكستان پاكستان–Flag of الهند الهند
Batura III 7,729 metres (25,358 ft) Flag of پاكستان پاكستان not on world highest list
Saser Kangri I 7,672 metres (25,171 ft) 35 K22Flag of الهند الهند
Chogolisa 7,665 metres (25,148 ft) 36 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Shispare Sar 7,611 metres (24,970 ft) 38 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Trivor Sar 7,577 metres (24,859 ft) 39 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Skyang Kangri 7,545 metres (24,754 ft) 43 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان–Flag of الصين الصين
Mamostong Kangri 7,516 metres (24,659 ft) 47 K35Flag of الهند الهند
Saser Kangri II 7,513 metres (24,649 ft) 48 Flag of الهند الهند
Saser Kangri III 7,495 metres (24,590 ft) 51 Flag of الهند الهند
Pumari Chhish 7,492 metres (24,580 ft) 53 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Passu Sar 7,478 metres (24,534 ft) 54 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Yukshin Gardan Sar 7,469 metres (24,505 ft) 55 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Teram Kangri I 7,462 metres (24,482 ft) 56 Flag of الهند الهند–Flag of الصين الصين
Malubiting 7,458 metres (24,469 ft) 58 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
K12 7,428 metres (24,370 ft) 61 K12Flag of پاكستان پاكستان–Flag of الهند الهند
Sia Kangri 7,422 metres (24,350 ft) 63 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان–Flag of الصين الصين
Momhil Sar 7,414 metres (24,324 ft) 64 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Skil Brum 7,410 metres (24,310 ft) 66 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان–Flag of الصين الصين
Haramosh Peak 7,409 metres (24,308 ft) 67 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Ghent Kangri 7,401 metres (24,281 ft) 69 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان–Flag of الهند الهند
Ultar Peak 7,388 metres (24,239 ft) 70 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Rimo I 7,385 metres (24,229 ft) 71 Flag of الهند الهند
Sherpi Kangri 7,380 metres (24,210 ft) 74 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Bojohagur Duanasir 7,329 metres (24,045 ft) Flag of پاكستان پاكستان not on world highest list
Yazghil Dome South 7,324 metres (24,029 ft) Flag of پاكستان پاكستان not on world highest list
Baltoro Kangri 7,312 metres (23,990 ft) 81 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Crown Peak 7,295 metres (23,934 ft) 83 Flag of الصين الصين
Baintha Brakk 7,285 metres (23,901 ft) 86 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Yutmaru Sar 7,283 metres (23,894 ft) 87 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Baltistan Peak 7,282 metres (23,891 ft) 88 K6Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Muztagh Tower 7,273 metres (23,862 ft) 90 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان–Flag of الصين الصين
Diran 7,266 metres (23,839 ft) 92 Flag of پاكستان پاكستان
Apsarasas Kangri I 7,243 metres (23,763 ft) 95 Flag of الهند الهند–Flag of الصين الصين
Rimo III 7,233 metres (23,730 ft) 97 Flag of الهند الهند
Gasherbrum V 7,147 metres (23,448 ft) Flag of پاكستان پاكستان not on world highest list

The majority of the highest peaks are in the Gilgit–Baltistan region administered by Pakistan. Baltistan has more than 100 mountain peaks exceeding 6,100 metres (20,000 ft) height from sea level.


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K-numbers

K2
K-numbers International name Height Remark
K1 Masherbrum 7,821 metres (25,659 ft)
K2 K2 8,611 metres (28,251 ft) - at the head of the Godwin-Austen Glacier
K3 Gasherbrum IV 7,925 metres (26,001 ft)
K3a Gasherbrum III 7,952 metres (26,089 ft)
K4 Gasherbrum II 8,034 metres (26,358 ft) -
K5 Gasherbrum I 8,080 metres (26,510 ft) -
K6 Baltistan Peak 7,282 metres (23,891 ft)
K7 Gomgma Gangri 6,934 metres (22,749 ft) at the head of the Charakusa Valley
K8 Skilma Gangri 7,422 metres (24,350 ft) on the western flank of the Siachen Glacier
K9 Gamba Gangri 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) (approx) near Trango Towers
K10 Saltoro Kangri I 7,742 metres (25,400 ft) -
K11 Saltoro Kangri II 7,705 metres (25,279 ft) -
K12 Saitang peak 7,428 metres (24,370 ft) - subsidiary of Saltoro Kangri
K13 Dansam Peak 6,666 metres (21,870 ft) south west of Saltoro Kangri
K22 Saser Kangri I 7,672 metres (25,171 ft)
K25 Pastan Kangri 6,523 metres (21,401 ft) south of Saltoro Kangri
K35 Mamostong Kangri 7,516 metres (24,659 ft)

السلاسل الصغرى

View of the Moon over Karakoram Range in Pakistan

The naming and division of the various subranges of the Karakoram is not universally agreed upon. However, the following is a list of the most important subranges, following Jerzy Wala.[29] The ranges are listed roughly west to east.

الممرات

قالب:Karakoram Mountain Pass OSM Passes from west to east are:

The Khunjerab Pass is the only motorable pass across the range. The Shimshal Pass (which does not cross an international border) is the only other pass still in regular use.

Cultural references

The Karakoram mountain range has been referred to in a number of novels and movies. Rudyard Kipling refers to the Karakoram mountain range in his novel Kim, which was first published in 1900. Marcel Ichac made a film titled Karakoram, chronicling a French expedition to the range in 1936. The film won the Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival of 1937. Greg Mortenson details the Karakoram, and specifically K2 and the Balti, extensively in his book Three Cups of Tea, about his quest to build schools for children in the region. K2 Kahani (The K2 Story) by Mustansar Hussain Tarar describes his experiences at K2 base camp.[31]


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انظر أيضاً

شاحنة باكستانية على طريق قرةقرم السريع. نانگا پاربات, في سلسلة الهيمالايا (وليس في سلسلة قرةقرم) تبدو واضحة في الخلفية

الهامش

  1. ^ قالب:Cite Dictionary.com
  2. ^ قرة قرم على موسوعة بريتانيكا.
  3. ^ "Hindu Kush Himalayan Region". International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ^ Shukurov, The Natural Environment of Central and South Asia 2005, p. 512.
  5. ^ Voiland, Adam (2013). "The Eight-Thousanders". NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
  6. ^ "Mountains". Planet Earth. BBC. No. 3.
  7. ^ Tajikistan's Fedchenko Glacier is 77 km (48 mi) long. Baltoro and Batura Glaciers in the Karakoram are 57 km (35 mi) long, as is Bruggen or Pio XI Glacier in southern Chile. Measurements are from recent imagery, generally supplemented with Russian 1:200,000 scale topographic mapping as well as Jerzy Wala,Orographical Sketch Map: Karakoram: Sheets 1 & 2, Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Zurich, 1990.
  8. ^ "Karakorum-Pamir". UNESCO. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  9. ^ أ ب ت Mason, Kenneth (1928). Exploration of the Shaksgam Valley and Aghil ranges, 1926. p. 72. ISBN 978-81-206-1794-0.
  10. ^ Close C, Burrard S, Younghusband F, et al. (1930). "Nomenclature in the Karakoram: Discussion". The Geographical Journal. Blackwell Publishing. 76 (2): 148–158. doi:10.2307/1783980. JSTOR 1783980.
  11. ^ Kohli, M.S. (2002), Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage, Indus Publishing, p. 22, ISBN 978-81-7387-135-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA22 
  12. ^ French, Patrick. (1994). Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer, pp. 53, 56-60. HarperCollinsPublishers, London. Reprint (1995): Flamingo. London. ISBN 0-00-637601-0.
  13. ^ Kala, Chandra Prakash (2005). "Indigenous Uses, Population Density, and Conservation of Threatened Medicinal Plants in Protected Areas of the Indian Himalayas". Conservation Biology. 19 (2): 368–378. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00602.x. S2CID 85324142.
  14. ^ Kala, Chandra Prakash (2005). "Health traditions of Buddhist community and role of amchis in trans-Himalayan region of India" (PDF). Current Science. 89 (8): 1331.
  15. ^ "Geological evolution of the Karakoram ranges". Italian Journal of Geosciences. 130 (2): 147–159. 2011. doi:10.3301/IJG.2011.08.
  16. ^ Muhammad, Sher; Tian, Lide; Khan, Asif (2019). "Early twenty-first century glacier mass losses in the Indus Basin constrained by density assumptions". Journal of Hydrology. 574: 467–475. Bibcode:2019JHyd..574..467M. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.04.057.
  17. ^ Gansser (1975). Geology of the Himalayas. London: Interscience Publishers.
  18. ^ Gallessich, Gail (2011). "Debris on certain Himalayan glaciers may prevent melting". sciencedaily.com. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  19. ^ Muhammad, Sher; Tian, Lide (2016). "Changes in the ablation zones of glaciers in the western Himalaya and the Karakoram between 1972 and 2015". Remote Sensing of Environment. 187: 505–512. Bibcode:2016RSEnv.187..505M. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2016.10.034.
  20. ^ Muhammad, Sher; Tian, Lide; Nüsser, Marcus (2019). "No significant mass loss in the glaciers of Astore Basin (North-Western Himalaya), between 1999 and 2016". Journal of Glaciology. 65 (250): 270–278. Bibcode:2019JGlac..65..270M. doi:10.1017/jog.2019.5.
  21. ^ Muhammad, Sher; Tian, Lide; Ali, Shaukat; Latif, Yasir; Wazir, Muhammad Atif; Goheer, Muhammad Arif; Saifullah, Muhammad; Hussain, Iqtidar; Shiyin, Liu (2020). "Thin debris layers do not enhance melting of the Karakoram glaciers". Science of the Total Environment. 746: 141119. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.746n1119M. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141119. PMID 32763605.
  22. ^ Veettil, B.K. (2012). "A Remote sensing approach for monitoring debris-covered glaciers in the high altitude Karakoram Himalayas". International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences. 2 (3): 833–841.
  23. ^ أ ب Kuhle, M. (1988). "The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages- An Autocycle Hypothesis.Tibet and High Asia. Results of the Sino-German Joint Expeditions (I)". GeoJournal. 17 (4): 581–596. doi:10.1007/BF00209444. S2CID 129234912.
  24. ^ Kuhle, M. (2006). "The Past Hunza Glacier in Connection with a Pleistocene Karakoram Ice Stream Network during the Last Ice Age (Würm)". In Kreutzmann, H.; Saijid, A. (eds.). Karakoram in Transition. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. pp. 24–48.
  25. ^ أ ب ت Kuhle, M. (2011). "The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and Last Glacial Maximum) Ice Cover of High and Central Asia, with a Critical Review of Some Recent OSL and TCN Dates". In Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Hughes, P.D. (eds.). Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look. Amsterdam: Elsevier BV. pp. 943–965. (glacier maps downloadable)
  26. ^ أ ب Kuhle, M. (2001). "Tibet and High Asia (VI): Glaciogeomorphology and Prehistoric Glaciation in the Karakoram and Himalaya". GeoJournal. 54 (1–4): 109–396. doi:10.1023/A:1021307330169.
  27. ^ Kuhle, M. (1994). "Present and Pleistocene Glaciation on the North-Western Margin of Tibet between the Karakoram Main Ridge and the Tarim Basin Supporting the Evidence of a Pleistocene Inland Glaciation in Tibet. Tibet and High Asia. Results of the Sino-German and Russian-German Joint Expeditions (III)". GeoJournal. 33 (2/3): 133–272. doi:10.1007/BF00812877. S2CID 189882345.
  28. ^ For Nepal, the heights indicated on the Nepal Topographic Maps are followed. For China and the Baltoro Karakoram, the heights are those of Mi Desheng's "The Maps of Snow Mountains in China". For the Hispar Karakoram the heights on a Russian 1:100,000 topo map "Hispar area expeditions". Archived from the original on 2008-04-27. Retrieved 2008-07-15. seem to be more accurate than the customarily quoted heights probably based on US army maps from the 50s [1]. Elsewhere, unless otherwise indicated, heights are those in Jill Neate's "High Asia".
  29. ^ Jerzy Wala, Orographical Sketch Map of the Karakoram, Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Zurich, 1990.
  30. ^ shuaib (2019-08-18). "Naltar Valley: Heaven on Earth". Mehmaan Resort (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2019-09-01.
  31. ^ Tarar, Mustansar Hussain (1994). K2 kahani. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel (published in Urdu). p. 179. ISBN 969-35-0523-9. OL 18941738M.

المصادر

  • Curzon, George Nathaniel. 1896. The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus. Royal Geographical Society, London. Reprint: Elibron Classics Series, Adamant Media Corporation. 2005. ISBN 1-4021-5983-8 (pbk); ISBN 1-4021-3090-2 (hbk).
  • Kreutzmann, Hermann, Karakoram in Transition: Culture, Development, and Ecology in the Hunza Valley, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 9780195472103
  • Mortenson, Greg and Relin, David Oliver. 2008. Three Cups of Tea. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0141034263 (pbk); Viking Books ISBN 978-0670034826 (hbk); Tantor Media ISBN 978-1400152513 (MP3 CD).
  • Kipling, Rudyard 2002. Kim (novel); ed. by Zohreh T. Sullivan. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 039396650X—This is the most extensive critical modern edition with footnotes, essays, maps, etc.

وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Karakoram.


قالب:Ladakh topics

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