گاوتشانگ

Gaochang
قۇچۇ; 高昌
	أطلال ستوپا بوذية في گاوتشانگ.
	كما يظهر في شين‌جيانگ
المكان	Xinjiang, الصين
الإحداثيات	42°51′10″N 89°31′45″E / 42.85278°N 89.52917°E
النوع	مستوطنة
ملاحظات حول الموقع
الحالة	In ruins

Gaochang^[1] (صينية: 高昌؛ پن‌ين: Gāo chāng�; Old Uyghur: قۇچۇ, Qocho), also called Karakhoja, Qara-hoja, Kara-Khoja, or Karahoja (قاراغوجا in Uyghur), is the site of a ruined, ancient oasis city on the northern rim of the inhospitable Taklamakan Desert in present-day Xinjiang, China. The site is also known in published reports as Chotscho, Khocho, Qocho, or Qočo. During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Gaochang was referred to as "Halahezhuo" (哈拉和卓) (Qara-khoja) and Huozhou.

The ruins are located 30 km southeast of modern Turpan.^[2] The archaeological remains are just outside the modern town of Gaochang, at a place called Idykut-schari or Idikutschari by local residents. (see the work of Albert Grünwedel in the external links below). Artistic depictions of the city have been published by Albert von Le Coq. Gaochang is considered in some sources to have been a "Chinese colony",^[3]^[4] that is, it was located in a region otherwise occupied at the time by West Eurasian peoples.

A busy trading center, it was a stopping point for merchant traders traveling on the Silk Road. It was destroyed in wars during the 14th century, and old palace ruins and inside and outside cities can still be seen today.

Near Gaochang is another major archeological site: the Astana tombs.

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التاريخ

Gaochang's location (close to Turpan) on the Silk Road.

مملكة جوشي والحكم المبكر للهان الصينيين

The earliest people known to have lived in the area were the Gushi (or Jushi). The region around Turfan was described during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) as being occupied by the Jūshī, while control over the region swayed between the Han-Chinese and the Xiongnu.

Wall painting from a Nestorian Christian church, Qocho 683–770 CE

حكم تانگ

Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho

The Gaochang area was conquered by the Mongols of the Chagatai Khanate (not part of Yuan Dynasty) from 1275 to 1318 by as many as 120,000 troops.

البوذية

Buddhism spread to China from India along the northern branch of the Silk Road predominantly in the 4th and 5th centuries as the Liang rulers were Buddhists.^[5] The building of Buddhist grottos probably began during this period. There are clusters close to Gaochang, the largest being the Bezeklik grottos.^[2]

Gaochang ruling families

Rulers of the Kan Family

Family names and given name	Durations of reigns	Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
Kàn Bózhōu	460-477	Did not exist
Kàn Yìchéng	477-478	Did not exist
Kàn Shǒugūi	478-488? or 478-491?	Did not exist

Rulers of the Zhang Family

Family names and given name	Durations of reigns	Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
Zhāng Mèngmíng	488?-496 or 491?-496	Did not exist

Rulers of the Ma Family

Family names and given name	Durations of reigns	Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
Mǎ Rú	496-501	Did not exist

Rulers of the Qu Family

Family names and given name	Durations of reigns	Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
Qú Jiā	501-525
Qú Guāng	525-530	Ganlu (甘露 Gānlù) 525-530
Qú Jiān	530-548	Zhanghe (章和 Zhānghé) 531-548
Qú Xuánxǐ	549-550	Yongping (永平 Yǒngpíng) 549-550
unnamed son of Qu Xuanxi	551-554	Heping (和平 Hépíng) 551-554
Qú Bǎomào	555-560	Jianchang (建昌 Jiànchāng) 555-560
Qú Qiángù	560-601	Yanchang (延昌 Yánchāng) 561-601
Qú Bóyǎ^[6]	601-613 619-623	Yanhe (延和 Yánhé) 602-613 Zhongguang (重光 Zhòngguāng) 620-623
unnamed usurper	613-619	Yihe (Yìhé 義和) 614-619
Qú Wéntài	623-640	Yanshou (延壽 Yánshòu) 624-640
Qú Zhìshèng	640	did not exist

Gallery

The road leading in.
The ruins.
"Main storage building".
"Main storage building".
Manichaean wall painting.

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

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Citations

^ Charles Eliot (4 January 2016). Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch. Sai ePublications & Sai Shop. pp. 1075–. GGKEY:4TQAY7XLN48.
^ ^أ ^ب "The Silk Road". ess.uci.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2007-09-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة louis
^ Jacques Gernet (1996). A history of Chinese civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. ISBN 0-521-49781-7. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
^ 北凉且渠安周造寺碑 Archived 2011-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
^ Victor Cunrui Xiong (1 February 2012). Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy. SUNY Press. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-0-7914-8268-1.

المصادر

Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten in Idikutschari und Umgebung im Winter 1902-1903 : vol.1
Chen, Huaiyu (2014), "Religion and Society on the Silk Road: The Inscriptional Evidence from Turfan", in Swartz, Wendy, Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-15987-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=ffEYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 .

وصلات خارجية

Along the ancient silk routes: Central Asian art from the West Berlin State Museums, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material from Gaochang
Online version of Albert Grünwedel's initial work in the area
Online version of Grünwedel's further work in the area
Online version of Le Coq's work on monuments of Gaochang

الكلمات الدالة:

گاوتشانگ

[Eliot2016-1] Charles Eliot (4 January 2016). Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch. Sai ePublications & Sai Shop. pp. 1075–. GGKEY:4TQAY7XLN48.

[oliver-2] أ ^ب "The Silk Road". ess.uci.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2007-09-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[louis-3] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة louis

[Jacques_Gernet_1996_253-4] Jacques Gernet (1996). A history of Chinese civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. ISBN 0-521-49781-7. Retrieved 17 May 2011.

[5] 北凉且渠安周造寺碑 Archived 2011-08-20 at the Wayback Machine

[Xiong2012-6] Victor Cunrui Xiong (1 February 2012). Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy. SUNY Press. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-0-7914-8268-1.

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v t e موضوعات عن شين‌جيانگ
اورومچي (العاصمة)
عام	التاريخ السياسة الاقتصاد
الجغرافيا	المدن تيان شان حوض زونگاريا حوض تاريم Gurbantünggüt Desert Kumtag Desert صحراء تكلامكان منخفض طرفان جبال جبال ألتاي تيان شان جبال كون‌لون جبال پامير Torugart Pass ممر قرةقرم Lanzhou–Xinjiang Railway
التعليم	جامعة شين‌جيانگ جامعة الزراعة، شين‌جيانگ جامعة الطب، شين‌جيانگ
الثقافة	مهرجان دوپا الموسيقى Meshrep gathering muqam
المطبخ	Dapanji Sangza Samsa Youtazi Pamirdin Xurpa Tohax Tunurkawab المطبخ الإسلامي الصيني
معالم سياحية	Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb جبال فلامينگ Jiaohe Ruins Gaochang Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi مسجد إد كاه بحيرة قرةقول كهوف كيزيل Ruins of Niya
تصنيف كومنز