قائمة ملوك آشور

King Assyria
Iššiʾak Aššur
šar māt Aššur
Ashur symbol Nimrud.png
Symbol of Ashur, the ancient Assyrian national deity
Sculpted reliefs depicting Ashurbanipal, the last great Assyrian king, hunting lions, gypsum hall relief from the North Palace of Nineveh (Irak), c. 645-635 BC, British Museum (16722368932).jpg
Relief depicting Ashurbanipal (ح. 669–631 BC) engaged in a lion hunt, a royal ritual meant to symbolically represent the Assyrian king's duty to bring order to the world[1]
التفاصيل
أول عاهلTudiya
(legendary)
Puzur-Ashur I
(independent city-state)
Ashur-uballit I[أ]
(first to use 'king')
آخر عاهلAshur-uballit II
التشكيل21st century BC
الإلغاء609 BC

قائمة الملوك الآشوريين جـُمـِّعت من قائمة ملوك آشور، وهي مملكة وإمبراطورية قديمة سامية أكادية في شمال بلاد الرافدين (شمال العراق حالياً) مع اضافة معلومات من اكتشافات أثرية حديثة. وتضم قائمة الملوك الآشوريين فترات الحكم التي يبدو أنها مبنية على قوائم ليمـّو ضاعت الآن (تسرد أسماء المسؤولين ذوي ألقاب النسب لكل سنة). فترات الحكم تلك تتسق جيداً مع قوائم الملوك الحيثيين، البابليين والفراعنة وكذلك مع السجل الأثري، وتُعتبر موثوق بها لهذا العصر.[3]

قبل اكتشاف الألواح المسمارية التي تسرد الملوك الآشوريين القدماء، لم يكن لدى الباحثين قبل القرن 19 الميلادي سوى قائمتين للملوك الآشوريين، إحداهما في تأريخ يوسبيوس من قيصرية المسمى خرونيكون (ح. 325 م)، والذي يوجد منه نسختان[4] وثانياً قائمة موجودة في Excerpta Latina Barbari.

كما تم اكتشاف قائمة غير كاملة تذكر 16 ملكاً آشورياً في أدبيات سكستوس يوليوس أفريكانوس. كما وصلتنا شظايا قوائم للملوك الآشوريين كتبها يونانيون ورومان، مثل قطسياس من كنيدوس (ح. 400 ق.م.) المؤلف الروماني كاستور من رودس (القرن الأول ق.م.) والمؤرخ الروماني كفاليون (القرن الأول الميلادي).

ومنذ اكتشاف وفك شفرة السجلات المسمارية، فإن تلك القوائم "بعد المسمارية" للملوك الآشوريين لم تعد تُعتبر موثوق بها أو حقيقية، إلا أنها قد تتضمن حقائق تاريخية صغرى تراكم إفسادها على مر القرون. بل يجادل بعض الباحثين أن تلك القوائم هي محض اختراع أو خيال.

The ancient Assyrians did not believe that their king was divine himself, but saw their ruler as the vicar of their principal deity, Ashur, and as his chief representative on Earth. In their worldview, Assyria represented a place of order while lands not governed by the Assyrian king (and by extension, the god Ashur) were seen as places of chaos and disorder. As such it was seen as the king's duty to expand the borders of Assyria and bring order and civilization to lands perceived as uncivilized. As Assyria expanded, its rulers gradually adopted grander and more boastful titles. Early kings used Iššiʾak Aššur (representative/viceroy of Ashur), considering the god Ashur to be the true king. From the time of Ashur-uballit I (14th century BC), the rulers instead used king (šar). In time, further titles, such as "king of Sumer and Akkad", "king of the Universe" and "king of the Four Corners of the World", were added, often to assert their control over all of Mesopotamia.

All modern lists of Assyrian kings generally follow the Assyrian King List, a list kept and developed by the ancient Assyrians themselves over the course of several centuries. Though some parts of the list are probably fictional, the list accords well with Hittite, Babylonian and ancient Egyptian king lists and with the archaeological record, and is generally considered reliable for the age. The line of Assyrian kings ended with the defeat of Assyria's final king Ashur-uballit II by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Median Empire in 609 BC, after which Assyria disappeared as an independent political unit, never to rise again. The Assyrian people survived the fall of their empire and kept their own cultural and religious traditions (though were Christianized in the 1st–3rd centuries AD). At times, Assur and other Assyrian cities were afforded great deals of autonomy by its foreign rulers after the 7th century BC, particularly under the Achaemenid and Parthian empires.

مقدمة

المصادر

Assyrian King List of the 7th century BC on a terracotta tablet, from Assur

Incomplete king-lists have been recovered from three of the major ancient Assyrian capitals (Assur, Dur-Sharrukin and Nineveh). The three lists are largely consistent with each other, all originally copies of a single original list, and are based on the yearly appointments of limmy-officials (the eponymous officials for each year, appointed by the king to preside over the celebration of the New Year festival). Because of the consistency between the list and the method through which it was created, modern scholars usually accept the regnal years mentioned as more or less correct. There are some differences between the copies of the list, notably in that they offer somewhat diverging regnal years before the reign of king Ashur-dan I of the Middle Assyrian Empire (reign beginning in ح. 1178 BC). After his time, the lists are identical in their contents.[5]

The king-lists mostly accord well with Hittite, Babylonian and ancient Egyptian king lists and with the archaeological record, and are generally considered reliable for the age.[6] It is however clear that parts of the list are fictional, as some known kings are not found on the list and other listed kings are not independently verified.[7] Originally it was assumed that the list was first written in the time of Shamshi-Adad I ح. 1800 BC but it now is considered to date from much later, probably from the time of Ashurnasirpal I (ح. 1049–1031 BC).[8] The oldest of the surviving king-lists, List A (8th century BC) stops at Tiglath-Pileser II (ح. 967–935 BC) and the youngest, List C, stops at Shalmaneser V (ح. 727–722 BC).[9]

One problem that arises with the Assyrian King List is that the creation of the list may have been more motivated by political interest than actual chronological and historical accuracy. In times of civil strife and confusion, the list still adheres to a single royal line of descent, probably ignoring rival claimants to the throne.[10] Additionally, there are some known inconsistencies between the list and actual inscriptions by Assyrian kings, often regarding dynastic relationships. For instance, Ashur-nirari II is stated by the list to be the son of his predecessor Enlil-Nasir II, but from inscriptions it is known that he was actually the son of Ashur-rabi I and brother of Enlil-Nasir.[11]

الألقاب

انظر أيضاً: Akkadian royal titulary
Text and seal of Shamash-shum-ukin, a Neo-Assyrian king of Babylon, featuring a depiction of the king fighting an oryx antelope

Assyrian royal titles typically followed trends that had begun under the Akkadian Empire (ح. 2334–2154 BC), the Mesopotamian civilization that preceded the later kingdoms of Assyria and Babylon. When the Mesopotamian central government under the Third Dynasty of Ur (ح. 2112–2004 BC) collapsed and polities that had once been vassals to Ur became independent, many of the new sovereign rulers refrained from taking the title of king (šar), instead applying that title to their principal deities (in the case of Assyria, Ashur). For this reason, most of the Assyrian kings of the Old Assyrian period (ح. 2025–1364 BC) used the title Iššiʾak Aššur, translating to "governor of Assyria".[12][13]

In contrast to the titles employed by the Babylonian kings in the south, which typically focused on the protective role and the piety of the king, Assyrian royal inscriptions tend to glorify the strength and power of the king.[14] Assyrian titularies usually also often emphasize the royal genaeology of the king, something Babylonian titularies do not, and also drive home the king's moral and physical qualities while downplaying his role in the judicial system.[15] Assyrian epithets about royal lineage vary in how far they stretch back, most often simply discussing lineage in terms of "son of ..." or "brother of ...". Some cases display lineage stretching back much further, Shamash-shum-ukin (ح. 667–648 BC) describes himself as a "descendant of Sargon II", his great-grandfather. More extremely, Esarhaddon (ح. 681–669 BC) calls himself a "descendant of the eternal seed of Bel-bani", a king who lived more than a thousand years before him.[16]

Assyrian royal titularies were often changed depending on where the titles were to be displayed, the titles of the same Assyrian king would have been different in their home country of Assyria and in conquered regions. Those Neo-Assyrian kings who controlled the city of Babylon used a "hybrid" titulary of sorts in the south, combining aspects of the Assyrian and Babylonian tradition, similar to how the traditional Babylonian deities were promoted in the south alongside the Assyrian main deity of Ashur.[15] The assumption of many traditional southern titles, including the ancient "king of Sumer and Akkad" and the boastful "king of the Universe" and "king of the Four Corners of the World", by the Assyrian kings served to legitimize their rule and assert their control over Babylon and lower Mesopotamia.[17] Epithets like "chosen by the god Marduk and the goddess Sarpanit" and "favourite of the god Ashur and the goddess Mullissu", both assumed by Esarhaddon, illustrate that he was both Assyrian (Ashur and Mullissu, the main pair of Assyrian deities) and a legitimate ruler over Babylon (Marduk and Sarpanit, the main pair of Babylonian deities).[18]

To exemplify an Assyrian royal title from the time Assyria ruled all of Mesopotamia, the titulature preserved in one of Esarhaddon's inscriptions reads as follows:[19]

The great king, the mighty king, king of the Universe, king of Assyria, viceroy of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, son of Sennacherib, the great king, the mighty king, king of Assyria, grandson of Sargon, the great king, the mighty king, king of Assyria; who under the protection of Assur, Sin, Shamash, Nabu, Marduk, Ishtar of Nineveh, Ishtar of Arbela, the great gods, his lords, made his way from the rising to the setting sun, having no rival.

دور الملك الآشوري

Relief of Tiglath-Pileser III (ح. 745–727), depicting the king in a chariot

Ancient Assyria was an absolute monarchy, with the king believed to be appointed directly through divine right by the chief deity, Ashur.[1] The Assyrians believed that the king was the link between the gods and the earthly realm. As such, it was the king's primary duty to discover the will of the gods and enact this, often through the construction of temples or waging war. To aid the king with this duty, there was a number of priests at the royal court trained in reading and interpreting signs from the gods.[20]

The heartland of the Assyrian realm, Assyria itself, was thought to represent a serene and perfect place of order whilst the lands governed by foreign powers were perceived as infested with disorder and chaos.[1] The peoples of these "outer" lands were seen as uncivilized, strange and as speaking strange languages.[21] Because the king was the earthly link to the gods, it was his duty to spread order throughout the world through the military conquest of these strange and chaotic countries.[1] As such, imperial expansion was not just expansion for expansion's sake but was also seen as a process of bringing divine order and destroying chaos to create civilization.[21]

There exists several ancient inscriptions in which the god Ashur explicitly orders kings to extend the borders of Assyria. A text from the reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I (ح. ح. 1243–1207 BC) states that the king received a royal scepter and was commanded to "broaden the land of Ashur". A similar inscription from the reign of Ashurbanipal (ح. 668–631 BC) commands the king to "extend the land at his feet".[21]

The king was also tasked with protecting his own people, often being referred to as a "shepherd". This protection included defending against external enemies and defending citizens from dangerous wild animals. To the Assyrians, the most dangerous animal of all was the lion, used (similarly to foreign powers) as an example of chaos and disorder due to their aggressive nature. To prove themselves worthy of rule and illustrate that they were competent protectors, Assyrian kings engaged in ritual lion hunts. Lion-hunting was reserved for Assyrian royalty and was a public event, staged at parks in or near the Assyrian cities.[1] In some cases, the hunt even took place with captive lions in an arena.[22]

الشرعية

As opposed to some other ancient monarchies, such as ancient Egypt, the Assyrian king was not believed to be divine himself, but was seen as divinely chosen and uniquely qualified for the royal duties. Most kings stressed their legitimacy through their familial connections to previous kings; a king was legitimate through his relation to the previous line of great kings who had been chosen by Ashur. Usurpers who were unrelated to previous kings usually either simply lied about being the son of some previous monarch or claimed that they had been divinely appointed directly by Ashur.[21]

Two prominent examples of such usurpers are the kings Tiglath-Pileser III (ح. 745–727 BC) and Sargon II (ح. 722–705 BC). The inscriptions of these kings completely lack any familial references to previous kings, instead stressing that Ashur himself had appointed them directly with phrases such as "Ashur called my name", "Ashur placed me on the throne" and "Ashur placed his merciless weapon in my hand".[21]

المصادر المسمارية

توجد حالياً ثلاث نسخ من ألواح مسمارية لقائمة الملوك الآشوريين، وشظيتان.[23] They date to the early first millennium ق.م.—the oldest, List A (8th century ق.م.) stopping at Tiglath-Pileser II (ح. 967–935 ق.م.) and the youngest, List C, at شلمنصر الخامس (727–722 ق.م.). Assyriologists believe the list was originally compiled to link Shamshi-Adad I (ازدهر ح. 1700 ق.م. (short)), an Amorite who had conquered Assur، to the native rulers of the land of Assur. Scribes then copied the List and added to it over time.[24]

الملوك الآشوريين

الملوك التالون مسرودون في ألواح مسمارية من الآشوريين أنفسهم.

الفترة المبكرة

لا نعرف فترات الحكم للملوك قبل إريشوم الأول.

"ملوك عاشوا في الخيام"

يُظهـِر هذا القسم تشابه واضح مع أسلاف الأسرة البابلية الأولى.[24]

"ملوك أسلاف" (غير معروفي الأب)

المذكورون هنا هم أسلاف شمشي-عضد الأول.[24]

"ملوك غير معروف لقبهم"

هؤلاء هم الحكام المبكرون في آشور.[24]

الفترة الآشورية القديمة
اسم الملك حكم ملاحظات
Sulili unknown 21st century ق.م. "ابن Aminu"
Kikkiya unknown 21st century ق.م. "ابن Sulili"
Akiya unknown 21st century ق.م. "ابن Kikkiya"
Puzur-Ashur I ازدهر ح. 2025 ق.م. Founded new Dynasty, dedicated temples in Ashur، founded colonies in Asia Minor[29] Contemporary of Ishbi-Erra of Larsa
Shalim-ahum died 2009 ق.م. "ابن Puzur-Ashur I"
Ilu-shuma ازدهر ح. 2008 - 1975 ق.م. raided Sumero-Akkadian City States in southern Mesopotamia

الفترة الآشورية القديمة

Damage to the tablets in all three extant King Lists before إنليل-ناصر الثاني (ح. 1420–1415 ق.م. (short)) prevents the calculation of approximate regnal dates from Erishum I to this point. Additionally, three kings attested elsewhere from this period are not included in the standard King List. The remainder of the King List then has an unbroken chain of regnal lengths from Enlil-nasir II on. Disparities between the different versions of the King List for the reigns of Ashur-nadin-apli (ح. 1196–1194 ق.م. (short)) and Ninurta-apal-Ekur (ح. 1182–1180 ق.م. (short)) contribute to the debate over the chronology of the ancient Near East.[24][30] Georges Roux and A. Leo Oppenheim provide dates in their King Lists, but these are open to debate[31]

الفترة الآشورية القديمة
اسم الملك حكم[32][33] ملاحظات[32][33]
إريشوم الأول ازدهر ح. 1974-1935 ق.م.
(30 أو 40 عاماً)		 "ابن Ilu-shuma"; Possibly contemporary of Sumuabum first ruler of Babylonia; He is said to have built the temple of Ashur
إيكونوم 1934 - 1921 ق.م. "ابن إلوشوما"
سرگون الأول ح. 1920 - 1881 ق.م. "ابن إيكونوم"
پزور-آشور الثاني 1881 - 1873 ق.م. "ابن سرگون الأول"
نرم-سوئن (نرم-سن) 1872 - 1818 ق.م. "ابن پزور-آشور الثاني"
Erishum II 1818 - 1809 ق.م. (damaged text) "ابن Naram-Suen"
شمشي-عضد الأول ازدهر ح. 1809 - 1782 ق.م. "ابن (local Amorite ruler) Ila-kabkabu، went to Karduniash in the time of Naram-Suen. In the eponymy of Ibni-Adad، Shamshi-Adad went up from Karduniash. He took Ekallatum، where he stayed three years. In the eponymy of Atamar-Ishtar، Shamshi-Adad went up from Ekallatum. He ousted Erishum II، ابن Naram-Suen, from the throne and took it. Formed the first Assyrian Empire";
Ishme-Dagan I 1782 - 1751 ق.م. "ابن Shamshi-Adad (I), inherited empire, warred inconclusively with حمورابي"
موت-أشكور 1750 ق.م. - 1740 ق.م. حاكم تحت حمورابي من بابل، ابن Ishme-Dagan I, married to a Hurrian queen; not included in the standard King List, but attested elswhere[34]
Rimush of Assyria 1739 ق.م. - حوالي 1733 ق.م. included in the alternative King List fragment, last part of name lost; (believed to be Rimush by Georges Roux) not included in the standard King List[34] Was a vassal of Hammurabi
Asinum حوالي 1732 ق.م. grandابن Shamshi-Adad I, driven out by vice-regent Puzur-Sin because he was of Amorite extraction; not included in the standard King List, but attested in Puzur-Sin's inscription[34]
سبعة غاصبين للعرش حكموا في توالٍ سريع حوالي 1731 ق.م. - 1726 ق.م. بعد طرد البابليين والعموريين من آشور:
Adasi حوالي 1725 - 1701 ق.م. Completely drove Babylonians and Amorites from Assyria حوالي 1720 ق.م.
Bel-bani 1700 - 1691 ق.م. (10 عاماً) "ابن Adasi"
Libaya 1690-1674 ق.م. (17 عاماً) "ابن Bel-bani"
Sharma-Adad I 1673-1662 ق.م. (12 عاماً) "ابن Libaya"
Iptar-Sin 1661-1650 ق.م. (12 عاماً) "ابن Sharma-Adad (I)"
Bazaya 1649-1622 ق.م. (28 عاماً) "ابن Iptar-Suen"
Lullaya (1621-1618 ق.م. (6 عاماً) "ابن a nobody"
Shu-Ninua 1615-1602 ق.م. (14 عاماً) "ابن Bazaya"
Sharma-Adad II 1601-1599 ق.م. (3 عاماً) "ابن Shu-Ninua"
Erishum III 1598-1586 ق.م. (13 عاماً) "ابن Shu-Ninua"
Shamshi-Adad II 1585-1580 ق.م.(6 عاماً) "ابن Erishum (III)"
Ishme-Dagan II 1579 - 1562 ق.م. (16 عاماً) "ابن Shamshi-Adad (II)"
Shamshi-Adad III 1562 - 1548 ق.م. (16 عاماً) " ابن (another) Ishme-Dagan, brother of Sharma-Adad (II), ابن Shu-Ninua"
Ashur-nirari I 1547 - 1522 ق.م. (26 عاماً) "ابن Ishme-Dagan II"
Puzur-Ashur III 1521-1498 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-nirari (I)"; contemporary of Burna-Buriash I، Kassite king of Babylonia[25] Fortified Ashur
Enlil-nasir I 1497 - 1484 ق.م. (13 عاماً) "ابن Puzur-Ashur (III)"
Nur-ili حوالي 1483 - 1471 ق.م. (12 عاماً) "son Enlil-nasir (I)" Became a vassal of the Mitanni Empire
Ashur-shaduni حوالي 1471 ق.م. (1 month) "ابن Nur-ili"
Ashur-rabi I حوالي 1470 - 1451 ق.م. (uncertain, damaged text) "ابن Enlil-nasir (I), ousted him (Ashur-shaduni), (and) seized the throne"
Ashur-nadin-ahhe I حوالي 1450 - 1431 (uncertain, damaged text) "ابن Ashur-rabi (I)"
Enlil-nasir II ح. 1430–1425 ق.م. "his (Ashur-nadin-ahhe I's) brother, ousted him"
Ashur-nirari II ح. 1424–1418 ق.م. "ابن Enlil-nasir (II)"
Ashur-bel-nisheshu ح. 1417–1409 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-nirari (II)"
Ashur-rim-nisheshu ح. 1408–1401 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-bel-nisheshu"
Ashur-nadin-ahhe II ح. 1400–1391 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-rim-nisheshu"

الفترة الآشورية الوسطى

The dates up to Ninurta-apal-Ekur (ح. 1182–1180 ق.م.) are subject to debate, as some of the regnal lengths vary over the different versions of the King List. The dates given below are based on Assyrian King Lists B and C, which give only three years to Ashur-nadin-apli، and the same to Ninurta-apal-Ekur. (Assyrian King List A gives four years to Ashur-nadin-apli and 13 years to Ninurta-apal-Ekur.[35]) This timeframe is also subject to the overall debate about the chronology of the ancient Near East; the short (or low) chronology is used here.

Dates from 1179 to 912 ق.م., although less secure than dates from 911 ق.م. onwards, are not subject to the chronology debate.[25]

الفترة الآشورية الوسطى
اسم الملك حكم[36][37][38] ملاحظات[32][33]
Eriba-Adad I ح. 1390–1364 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-bel-nisheshu"
Ashur-uballit I ح. 1363–1328 ق.م. "ابن Eriba-Adad (I)" Amarna letters correspondent with Pharaoh Amenhotep IV
Enlil-nirari ح. 1327–1318 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-uballit"
Arik-den-ili ح. 1317–1306 ق.م. "ابن Enlil-nirari"
Adad-nirari I ح. 1305–1274 ق.م. "ابن Arik-den-ili"
Shalmaneser I ح. 1273–1244 ق.م. "ابن Adad-nirari (I)"
Tukulti-Ninurta I ح. 1243–1207 ق.م. "ابن Shalmaneser (I)"
Ashur-nadin-apli ح. 1206–1203 ق.م. "during the lifetime of Tukulti-ninurta (I), Ashur-nadin-apli, his son, seized the throne"
Ashur-nirari III ح. 1202–1197 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-nadin-apli"
Enlil-kudurri-usur ح. 1196–1192 ق.م. "ابن Tukulti-Ninurta (I)"
Ninurta-apal-Ekur ح. 1191–1180 ق.م. "ابن Ila-Hadda، a descendant of Eriba-Adad (I)، went to Karduniash. He came up from Karduniash (and) seized the throne."
Beginning with Ashur-Dan I, dates are consistent and not subject to middle/short chronology distinctions.
Ashur-Dan I ح. 1179–1133 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-nadin-apli"
Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur ح. 1133 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-dan (I), briefly"
Mutakkil-nusku ح. 1133 ق.م. "his (Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur's) brother, fought him and took him to Karduniash. Mutakkil-Nusku held the throne briefly, then died."
Ashur-resh-ishi I ح. 1133–1115 ق.م. "ابن Mutakkil-Nusku"
Tiglath-Pileser I ح. 1115–1076 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-resh-ishi (I)"
Asharid-apal-Ekur ح. 1076–1074 ق.م. "ابن Tiglath-pileser (I)"
Ashur-bel-kala ح. 1074–1056 ق.م. "ابن Tiglath-pileser (I)"
Eriba-Adad II ح. 1056–1054 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-bel-kala"
Shamshi-Adad IV ح. 1054–1050 ق.م. "ابن Tiglath-pileser (I), came up from Karduniash. He ousted Eriba-Adad (II), ابن Ashur-bel-kala, (and) seized the throne"
Ashur-nasir-pal I ح. 1050–1031 ق.م. "ابن Shamshi-Adad (IV)"
Shalmaneser II ح. 1031–1019 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-nasir-pal (I)"
Ashur-nirari IV ح. 1019–1013 ق.م. "ابن Shalmaneser (II)"
Ashur-rabi II ح. 1013–972 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-nasir-pal (I)"
Ashur-resh-ishi II ح. 972–967 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-rabi (II)"
Tiglath-Pileser II ح. 967–935 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-resh-ishi (II)"
Ashur-Dan II ح. 935–912 ق.م. "ابن Tiglath-Pileser (II)"

الفترة الآشورية الحديثة

الامبراطورية الآشورية الحديثة (824 & 671 ق.م.)

Synchronisms between the limmu lists and absolute dates known from Babylonian chronology provide good absolute dates for the years between 911 ق.م. and 649 ق.م..

The dates for the very end of the Assyrian period are uncertain due to the lack of limmu lists after 649 ق.م.. Some sources list Ashurbanipal's death in 631 ق.م., rather than 627 ق.م.; Ashur-etil-ilani then reigns from 631 to 627, and Sin-shar-ishkun reigns until 612 ق.م., when he is known to have died in the اجتياح نينوى.[25]

الفترة الآشورية الحديثة
اسم الملك Image حكم[39][40][41] ملاحظات[32][33]
عضد-نيراري الثاني 912–891 ق.م. "ابن Ashur-Dan (II)"
Tukulti-Ninurta II 891–884 ق.م. "ابن عضد-نيراري الثاني"
آشور-ناصر-پال الثاني Ashurnasipal with official.jpg 884–859 ق.م. "ابن Tukulti-Ninurta (II)"
شلمنصر الثالث King Shalmaneser III Istanbul Museum.JPG 859–824 ق.م. "ابن آشور-ناصر-پال الثاني"
شمشي-عضد الخامس Shamshi-Adad V-1.jpg 824–811 ق.م. "ابن شلمنصر الثالث"
سميراميس (شمـّو-رمات)، وصية على العرش، 811–808 ق.م.
عضد-نيراري الثالث Adad-Nirari stela.jpg 811–783 ق.م. "ابن شمشي-عضد الخامس"
شلمنصر الرابع 783–773 ق.م. "ابن عضد-نيراري الثالث"
آشور-دان الثالث 773–755 ق.م. "ابن شلمنصر الرابع"؛ كسوف شمسي 763 ق.م.[25]
آشور-نيراري الخامس 755–745 ق.م. "ابن عضد-نيراري الثالث"
Tiglath-Pileser III Tilglath pileser iii.jpg 745–727 ق.م. "ابن آشور-نيراري الخامس"
شلمنصر الخامس Shalmaneser V.jpg 727–722 ق.م. "ابن Tiglath-Pileser (III)"
نهاية الوثيقة المعرفة بإسم قائمة الملوك الآشوريين؛ الملوك التالون حكموا بعد كتابة الوثيقة.
سرگون الثاني Sargon II and dignitary.jpg 722–705 ق.م.
سناحريب Sennacherib.jpg 705–681 ق.م.
آسرحدون Esarhaddon.jpg 681–669 ق.م.
تواريخ الملوك الأواخر غير أكيدة.
آشورباني‌پال Assurbanipal als hogepriester.jpg 669–627 ق.م.
Ashur-etil-ilani ح. 631–627 ق.م. انهمك في حرب أهلية مستمرة، مما أوهن الامبراطورية
سين‌شومو‌ليشير 626 ق.م. مغتصب للعرش طالـَب أيضاً بعرش بابل
سين‌شارإيش‌كون ح. 627–612 ق.م. انهيار الامبراطورية الآشورية أثناء حكمه. سقوط نينوى
في 612 ق.م.، سقطت العاصمة الآشورية نينوى في أيدي الميديين، البابليين والسكوذيين. ولكن بدعم من المصريين، واصل جنرال آشوري الحكم لبضع سنوات من حران.
آشور-اوباليت الثاني 612 ق.م.– ح. 608/605 ق.م. حران اجتاحها تحالف كياخارس من ميديا ونبوپلصر من بابل بالتعاون مع سكوذيا وكيمريا، وانهزمت القوة الآشورية-المصرية في كاركميش في 605 ق.م.

شظايا قوائم يونانية ورومانية

قطسياس

Ctesias as court physician to Artaxerxes II، claimed to have access to the royal historical records. Ctesias' list of Assyrian kings was included in his Persica, a work covering the history of Persia, but the first 3 books were dedicated to pre-Persian Assyria entitled "The History of the Assyrians". How much of Ctesias' king list is factual history is still debated, while most scholars agree large parts are fiction, it is generally agreed that there is historical truth based on the probability his list was rooted in transmitted oral tradition.[42][43] Classical scholar Robert Drews however has argued that Ctesias' list contains information from Babylonian tablets.[44] Although Ctesias's entire work is lost, fragments of it are found preserved in Diodorus Siculus، Nicolaus of Damascus and Photius. From these fragments it is known Ctesias dated the founding of the Assyria to ح. 2166 ق.م., by king Ninus، husband of Queen Semiramis، and 30 further Assyrian kings followed for 1300 years in succession to Sardanapalus (ح. 866 ق.م.). [45] Ctesias' list of 30 successors from Ninus (وسميراميس) to Sandanapalus is lost.

كاستور من رودس وكفاليون

In the 1st century ق.م., Castor of Rhodes compiled an Assyrian King List, similar to that of Ctesias'. However fragments only remain in mutilated form, but it is known from these fragments that Castor's Assyrian king list started with Belus، but like Ctesias' included Ninus، also said to be the husband of Semiramis. However Ninus equates in Castor's list to the second king, not the first and is said to have ruled for 52 years. Castor further dated Belus to 2123 ق.م..[46] A fragment from Cephalion، names Ninus' successor to be Ninyas, his son.

قائمة أفريكانوس

An incomplete list of 16 Assyrian kings is found in Sextus Julius Africanus' Chronographiai (early 3rd century AD):[47]

Of the Assyrian Kings the 1st was Belus who reigned 55 عاماً.
Ninus .. .. 52 عاماً.
Semiramis .. .. 42.
Ninaus (Ninyas?) who is called Zamis the ابن Ninus and Semiramis; he reigned 38 عاماً.
Arius .. .. 30 عاماً.
Aralius .. .. .. 40.
Xerxes .. .. .. 30.
Armamithres .. 38.
Belochos .. .. 35.
Balaeus .. .. .. 52.
Sethos .. .. .. 50.
Mamuthos .. .. 30.
Aschalius .. .. 28.
Sphaerus .. .. 22.
Mamulus .. .. 30.
Spartheos .. .. 42.

قائمة يوسبيوس

Eusebius of Caesarea's Chronicle (ح. 325 AD), contains a complete list of 36 Assyrian kings. Eusebius' King List

Excerpta Latina Barbari

A final list is found in the Excerpta Latina Barbari. القائمة يمكن مطالعتها في كتاب Scaliger المسمى Thesaurus temporum (1606). The list dates Belus، the first Assyrian king to ح. 2206 ق.م..[48]

القائمة بالعربية

المؤرخ العربي اليعقوبي ضمّن في كتاب التاريخ الذي كتبه في 873 م قائمة ملوك "موصل ونينوى" والتي ضمت أربعة ملوك آشوريين يمكن التعرف على أسمائهم: Palūs/Tiglath-pileser II (965-936), Ninūs/Tukulti-Ninurta II (890-884), Lāwasnasir/Assurnasirpal II (883-859) and Shamīram/Semiramis (810-806).[49]

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Early Assyrian rulers, who ruled little more than a city-state, typically styled themselves Iššiʾak Aššur (regent or representative of Ashur). Some historians regard Ashur-uballit I as the first Assyrian king since he was the first to adopt the style šar māt Aššur (king of Assyria), which was then in consistent use from his time onwards.[2]

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج The British Museum 2018.
  2. ^ Radner 2015, pp. 7, 114.
  3. ^ Rowton, M.B. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 1.1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–195. ISBN 0-521-07051-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ واحدة هي الاعتيادية والأخرى هي ترجمة لاحقة بالأرمنية.
  5. ^ Lendering 2006.
  6. ^ Rowton 1970, pp. 194–195.
  7. ^ La Boda 1994, p. 89.
  8. ^ Azize 1998, p. 1–27.
  9. ^ Meissner 1990, p. 101–102.
  10. ^ Hagens 2005, p. 24.
  11. ^ Hagens 2005, p. 27.
  12. ^ Hallo 1980, p. 193.
  13. ^ Liverani 2013.
  14. ^ Stevens 2014, p. 73.
  15. ^ أ ب Karlsson 2017, p. 1.
  16. ^ Karlsson 2017, p. 12.
  17. ^ Soares 2017, p. 21.
  18. ^ Soares 2017, p. 28.
  19. ^ Luckenbill 1927, p. 211.
  20. ^ Melville 2016, pp. 219–229.
  21. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Parker 2011, pp. 357–386.
  22. ^ Reade 1998b, pp. 72–79.
  23. ^ For discussion of king lists, see Poebel, “Assyrian King List,” 71–90; IJ Gelb, “Two Assyrian King Lists,”Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13 (1954): 209–30.
  24. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Meissner, Bruno (1990). Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Vol. 6. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 101–102. ISBN 3-11-010051-7.
  25. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Rowton, M.B. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 1.1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–204. ISBN 0-521-07051-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ أ ب Glassner, Jean-Jacques (2004). Mesopotamian Chronicles. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 137. ISBN 1-58983-090-3. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |publisher= at position 20 (help)
  27. ^ Meissner, Bruno (1990). Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Vol. 6. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 103. ISBN 3-11-010051-7.
  28. ^ Meissner, Bruno (1990). Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Vol. 6. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 104. ISBN 3-11-010051-7.
  29. ^ Georges Roux - Ancient Iraq
  30. ^ Rowton, M.B. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 1.1. Cambridge University Press. p. 195. ISBN 0-521-07051-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  31. ^ Georges Roux - Ancient Iraq and A. Leo Oppenheim - Ancient Mesopotamia
  32. ^ أ ب ت ث Glassner, Jean-Jacques (2004). Mesopotamian Chronicles. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 136–144. ISBN 1-58983-090-3. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |publisher= at position 20 (help)
  33. ^ أ ب ت ث Lendering, Jona (31 March 2006). "Assyrian King List". Retrieved 2008-08-13.
  34. ^ أ ب ت Glassner, Jean-Jacques (2004). Mesopotamian Chronicles. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 88. ISBN 1-58983-090-3.
  35. ^ For variants, see footnotes 49–56 in Glassner, Jean-Jacques (2004). Mesopotamian Chronicles. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 155. ISBN 1-58983-090-3. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |publisher= at position 20 (help)
  36. ^ Comments on the Nassouhi Kinglist and the Assyrian Kinglist Tradition, J.A. Brinkman, Orientalia N.S 42, 1973
  37. ^ Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia ق.م., A.K. Grayson, University of Toronto Press, 1987, ISBN 0-8020-2605-2
  38. ^ The Chronology of Ancient Assyria Re-assessed, B. Newgrosh, JACF, vol. 08, pp. 78-106, 1999
  39. ^ Landscape and Settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, T. J. Wilkinson, E. B. Wilkinson, J. Ur, M. Altaweel, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, November 2005
  40. ^ [1] Neo-Assyrian Eponym List—Livius.org
  41. ^ [2] Empires and Exploitation: The Neo-Assyrian Empire, P Bedford, WA Perth, 2001
  42. ^ "Ctesias' Persian History: Introduction, text, and translation", Jan P. Stronk, Wellem Verlag, 2010, pp.30-36.
  43. ^ Felix Jacoby cf. FGrH 688 T 11, T 13, T 19, shows ancient authorities that considered the king list to be sensational, semi-fictional أو unrealistic at the time.
  44. ^ Assyria in Classical Universal Histories, Robert Drews, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 14, H. 2 (Apr., 1965), pp. 129-142
  45. ^ Drews, 1965, p. 30.
  46. ^ "Ovid, Varro, and Castor of Rhodes: The Chronological Architecture of the 'Metamorphoses'", Thomas Cole, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 102, (2004), pp. 355-422.
  47. ^ Preserved by George Syncellus، found in Cory's Ancient Fragments, 1826, p. 70.
  48. ^ The Assyrian King list in the Excerpta Latina Barbari claims Belus ruled 1430 years before the first Olympiad (776 ق.م.) thus dating him to 2206 ق.م..
  49. ^ Dierk Lange, The founding of Kanem by Assyrian Refugees ح. 600 ق.م.E: Documentary, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence, Boston, 2011, p. 29.

المراجع

  • Ascalone, Enrico (2007). Mesopotamia: Assyrians, Sumerians, Babylonians (Dictionaries of Civilizations; 1). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-25266-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Grayson, Albert Kirk (1975). Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. Locust Valley, N.Y. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Healy, Mark (1992). The Ancient Assyrians. ISBN 978-1-85532-163-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Leick, Gwendolyn (2003). Mesopotamia. ISBN 0-14-026574-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Lloyd, Seton (1984). The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: From the Old Stone Age to the Persian Conquest. ISBN 0-500-79009-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Nardon, Don (1998). Assyrian Empire. ISBN 1-56006-313-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

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