قائمة الملوك الحيثيين

Tudḫaliya IV of the New Kingdom, ح. ح. 1245–1215 BC.[1]
الدولة الحيثية في أقصى اتساع لها، في القرن 13 ق.م.

The dating and sequence of Hittite kings is compiled by scholars from fragmentary records, supplemented by the finds in Ḫattuša and other administrative centers of cuneiform tablets and more than 3,500 seal impressions providing the names, titles, and sometimes ancestry of Hittite kings and officials. Given the nature of the source evidence, reconstructions vary among scholars, and the dating or even existence, relationships and sequence of some kings is disputed at several point within Hittite history. The list below indicates instances of such debates, with references.

All dates in the list below should be considered approximate. Hittite Chronology is almost completely dependent on synchronisms with other ancient Near Eastern countries.[2] Such synchronisms are few and usually open to interpretation. Muršili I is believed to have overthrown Samsu-ditāna, the last king of the Amorite dynasty of Babylon, but the dating of this event varies widely across chronological schemes based on interpretations of the records of observation of Venus during the reign of Samsu-ditāna's predecessor. These have resulted in several chronologies for Mesopotamia. In reference to the capture of Babylon by Muršili I, these are High (1651 BC), Middle (1595 BC), Low (1531 BC), and Ultra-Low (1499 BC),[3] with additional variants such as the lower Middle Chronology (1587 BC).[4] The distinction between these Mesopotamian chronological models disappears in the Late Bronze Age. Egyptian chronology is also subject to variant interpretations, resulting in three leading options, High (1304 BC), Middle (1290 BC), and Low (1279 BC), for the accession of Ramesses II, the contemporary of the Hittite kings Muwatalli II and Ḫattušili III.[5] Assuming the preferred Low Chronology for Egypt, Ramesses II fought Muwatalli II at Kadesh in 1274 BC (Year 5), concluded a peace treaty with Ḫattušili III in 1259 BC (Year 21), and married the latter's daughter Maathorneferure in 1246 BC (Year 34).[6]

On the Hittite side there are very few precise indicators. The "Apology" of Ḫattušili III indicates that his nephew and predecessor Muršili III reigned for 7 years.[7] A text of Muršili II records an omen of the sun at the beginning of the campaign season against Azzi-Ḫayaša, in Year 9 or 10 of the reign. It is often considered to have been a solar eclipse, with current scholarly opinion divided between one on 24 June 1312 BC (which was visible from central Anatolia but seemingly late in the year, apparently adopted in the chronologies of Amélie Kuhrt and Trevor Bryce) and one on 13 April 1308 BC (which was earlier in the year but marginally visible, from eastern Anatolia, apparently adopted in the chronology of Jacques Freu).[8]

The lists below use variations of the Mesopotamian Middle Chronology, the most generally accepted chronology of the Ancient Near East and the chronology that accords best with Hittite evidence.[9] The variants represented below derive from three comprehensive reconstructions of the chronological sequence of rulers, by Amélie Kuhrt (1995), Trevor Bryce (2005), and Jacques Freu (2007). All regnal dates remain approximations.

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مشاكل مع قائمة الملوك

All dates given below, especially those for the Middle Kingdom and earlier, are approximate and based on "middle" chronology. [2]

The order and reign periods of the Hittite kings were established using the Hittite archives and seals unearthed in Boğazköy , and were also supported by other Middle Eastern archives that were contemporary with the Hittites. However, there are gaps in the list. One of the main reasons why a reliable list could not be created is that Hittite scribes, unlike their Egyptian and Mesopotamian counterparts of the same age, did not use a dating method in their documents. In addition, the fact that there are many kings with the same names among the Hittite kings creates problems about the total number of kings with these names and their throne order.

There is not yet sufficient information about the period between the end of the Assyrian trade colony period in Anatolia and the establishment of the Hittite state, that is, approximately from Anitta to Labarna. Although some names have been put forward by various historians (Tuthaliya, PU-Šarruma, Papadilmah, Kantuzzili, etc.), these are open to debate. However , the cruciform seal found in Boğazköy in 1986 and published in 1993 [3] showed that there was a king named Huzziya before the first Hittite kings, Labarna and Hattusili, and was accepted. [4]

Since there are very few documents from the Middle Kingdom [5], there is not much information, especially about the reign periods of the kings.

Tahurvaili 's relationship with Telipinu II. Although it is certain that Zidanta was king for a period of time, it is not clear in what order he was. The most common views are that he was either after Telipinu or Alluvamna.

II. According to most Hittitologists, there is no such king as Hattusili . [6] Those who claim his existence have put forward different opinions about the reign of this king between Tuthaliya I and Suppiluliuma I. [6]

It is possible that young Tuthaliya was also killed before he became king.

It is controversial whether Kurunta was a king in the Hittite state .


فترة إمارات حتّي

انظر أيضاً: حتي
الحاكم الفترة أحداث هامة النسب
پامبا MÖ 23. yüzyıl Hatti Kralı
پيتحانا MÖ 18. yüzyıl Kuššara Kralı, Neşa Fatihi
Piyusti MÖ 18. yüzyıl Hatti Kralı, Anitta'ya yenildi
أنيتـّا MÖ 18. yüzyıl Kuššara Kralı, Hattuşa'yı yıktı Pithana'nın oğlu

المملكة القديمة

الحاكم العهد (MC, Kuhrt, Bryce)[1] [10] Reign (MC, Freu)[11] النسب وملاحظات
Ḫuzziya (I) (omits) 1670ح. 1670 Father or father-in-law of Labarna;[12] existence disputed.[1]
Labarna 1680ح. 1680 [13] 1650ح. 1650 Traditional founder of the royal line; son or son-in-law of Ḫuzziya;[14] existence disputed.[1]
حاتوشيلي الأول[أ] 1650ح. 1650 1625ح. 1625 Nephew of the wife of Labarna I[15]
مورشيلي الأول 1620ح. 1620 1600ح. 1600 Grandson of Ḫattušili I.[15] Sacked Babylon 1595 BCح. 1595 BC.[1][16]
حانتيلي الأول 1590ح. 1590 1585ح. 1585 Brother-in-law of Muršili I[15]
زيدانتا الأول 1560ح. 1560 1570ح. 1570 Son-in-law of Ḫantili I[15]
أمّونا 1550ح. 1550 1570ح. 1570 Son of Zidanta I[15]
Ḫuzziya I (II) 1530ح. 1530 1550ح. 1550 Son of Ammuna (?)[15]
Telipinu 1560ح. 1560 1550ح. 1550 Brother-in-law of Ḫuzziya I[15]

المملكة الوسيطة (كثيراً ما لا تُميَّز عن المملكة القديمة)

الحاكم Reign (MC, Kuhrt, Bryce)[1] [17] Reign (MC, Freu)[18] Lineage and notes
Alluwamna 1500ح. 1500 1530ح. 1530 Son-in-law of Telipinu[15]
حانتيلي الثاني ?ح. ? 1515ح. 1515 Son of Alluwamna[15]
Taḫurwaili ?ح. ? 1505ح. 1505 Cousin of Telipinu;[19] placement uncertain[20]
زيدانتا الثاني[ب] ?ح. ? 1500ح. 1500 Son of Ḫaššuili, a possible brother of Ḫantili II;[21] [15]
Ḫuzziya II (III) ?ح. ? 1485ح. 1485 Son or son-in-law of Zidanta II (?);[22]
Muwatalli I ?ح. ? 1470ح. 1470 Unclear lineage[15]

المملكة الحديثة

الحاكم العهد (MC, Kuhrt)[1] [23] العهد (MC, Bryce)[24] Reign (MC, Freu)[25] النسب وملاحظات
Tudḫaliya I 1430/1420ح. 1430/1420 1400ح. 1400 1465ح. 1465 Son of Kantuzzili, descendant of Zidanta II (?) [26] Identity disputed (= Tudḫaliya II ?) [27]
حاتوشيلي الثاني 1410/1400ح. 1410/1400 ?ح. ? 1440ح. 1440 Son of Tudḫaliya I (?) [28] Existence disputed [29]
Tudḫaliya II 1400/1390ح. 1400/1390 ?ح. ? 1425ح. 1425 Son of Ḫattušili II (?) [30] Identity disputed (= Tudḫaliya I ?) [31]
Arnuwanda I 1390/1370ح. 1390/1370 ?ح. ? 1390ح. 1390 Adopted son and son-in-law of Tudḫaliya II[15]
Tudḫaliya III[ت] 1380/1355ح. 1380/1355 ?ح. ? 1370ح. 1370 Son of Arnuwanda I[15]
Tudḫaliya the Younger (?) (omits) (omits) (omits) ابن Tudḫaliya III. Rule disputed.
Šuppiluliuma I 1370/1344ح. 1370/1344 1350ح. 1350 1350ح. 1350 Adopted son and son-in-law of Tudḫaliya III[32][15] Expanded the empire. Mentioned in the Amarna letters.[33]
Arnuwanda II 1330/1322ح. 1330/1322 1322ح. 1322 1319ح. 1319 Son of Šuppiluliuma I[15]
مورشيلي الثاني 1330/1321ح. 1330/1321 1321ح. 1321 1318ح. 1318 Son of Šuppiluliuma I[15]
Muwatalli II[ث] 1295ح. 1295 1295ح. 1295 1295ح. 1295 Son of Muršili II[15] Fought at the Battle of Kadesh.
مورشيلي الثالث[ج] 1282/1272ح. 1282/1272 1272ح. 1272 1272ح. 1272 Son of Muwatalli II[15]
حاتوشيلي الثالث 1275/1264ح. 1275/1264 1267ح. 1267 1265ح. 1265 Son of Muršili II[15] Signatory of the Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty.
Tudḫaliya IV[ح] 1245/1239ح. 1245/1239 1237ح. 1237 1240ح. 1240 Son of Ḫattušili III[15] Fought at the Battle of Nihriya.
Arnuwanda III 1215/1209ح. 1215/1209 1209ح. 1209 1215ح. 1215 Son of Tudḫaliya IV[15]
Šuppiluliuma II[خ] 1215/1205ح. 1215/1205 1207ح. 1207 1209ح. 1209 [34] Son of Tudḫaliya IV[15] Last known king before the Late Bronze Age collapse and end of the kingdom.

ببليوجرافيا

  • Bilgin, Tayfun (2018), Official and Administration in the Hittite World, Berlin.
  • Beckman, Gary (2000), "Hittite Chronology," Akkadica 119-120 (2000) 19-32.
  • Bryce, Trevor (2005), The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford.
  • Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2007), Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris.
  • Gautschy, Rita (2017), "Remarks Concerning the Alleged Solar Eclipse of Muršili II," Altorientalische Forschungen 44 (2017) 23-29.
  • Höglmayer, Felix, and Sturt W. Manning, "A Synchronized Early Middle Bronze Age Chronology for Egypt, the Levant, and Mesopotamia," Journal of Near Eastern Studies 81 (2022) 1-24.
  • Huber, Peter J. (2001), "The Solar Omen of Muršili II," Journal of the American Oriental Society 121 (2001): 640-644.
  • De Jong, Teije, and Victoria Foertmeyer (2010), "A New Look at the Venus Observations of Ammisaduqa," Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux 42 (2010) 141-157.
  • Kuhrt, Amélie (1995, reprinted 2020), The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One, Routledge.
  • Wilhelm, Gernot (2004), "Generation Count in Hittite Chronology," in Hermann Hunger and Regine Pruzsinszky (eds.), Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited, Vienna: 71-79.


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انظر أيضاً

  • List of Neo-Hittite kings, for the rulers of the Neo-Hittite states, some of whom were direct descendants of the Hittite kings
    • The rulers of Carchemish in particular presented themselves as successors of the Hittite kings and ruled in northern Syria until defeated by the Assyrians in 717 BC.
  • History of the Hittites
  • Tawananna, for Hittite queens

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Also known as Labarna II.[15]
  2. ^ Also known as Zidanza.[15]
  3. ^ Also known as Tašmišarri.[15]
  4. ^ Also known as Šarri-Teššub.[15]
  5. ^ Also known as Urhi-Teššub.[15]
  6. ^ Also known as Tašmi-Šarruma.[15]
  7. ^ Also known as Šuppiluliama.[15]

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.
  2. ^ Kuhrt 1995: 229-231; Bryce 2005: 376-382.
  3. ^ Bryce 2005: 378.
  4. ^ De Jong & Foertmeyer 2010; for an overview vis-à-vis recent scientific dating, see Höglmayer & Manning 2022.
  5. ^ Kuhrt 1995: 205.
  6. ^ Bryce 2005: 234, 277, 282.
  7. ^ Bryce 2005: 261.
  8. ^ Beckman 2000: 22 in favor of 1312 BC; Huber 2001: 640-644 prefers an earlier eclipse in 1340 BC on purely astronomical grounds; Wilhelm 2004: 74, 76 considers both 1312 BC and 1308 BC; Gautschy 2017 considers the eclipse in 1308 BC both possible and preferable.
  9. ^ Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia (in الإنجليزية). Oxford University Press. p. 598. ISBN 978-0-19-970447-7.
  10. ^ Bryce 2005: xv uses the same dates.
  11. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 25.
  12. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 52-55.
  13. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2020). "The Authorship of the Old Hittite Palace Chronicle (CTH 8): A Case for Anitta", in Journal of Cuneiform Studies 72 (2020): "...Recently, Forlanini proposed that the text's author was not Muršili I but rather Ḫattušili I, who tells about the times of his predecessor Labarna I (ca. 1680(?)–1650 BCE)..."
  14. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 52-55.
  15. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن هـ و ي أأ Bilgin, Tayfun (2018). Officials and Administration in the Hittite World (in الإنجليزية). Walter de Gruyter. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-5015-0977-3.
  16. ^ Kuhrt, A. (1997). Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC. London: Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-415-16763-5.
  17. ^ Bryce 2005: xv.
  18. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 25.
  19. ^ Birgit Brandau, Hartmut Schickert: Hethiter Die unbekannte Weltmacht
  20. ^ Kuhrt 1995: 230 and Bryce 2005: xv tentatively place Taḫurwaili after Telipinu; Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 25 place Taḫurwaili after Ḫantili II.
  21. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 166.
  22. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 172.
  23. ^ Kuhrt 1995's variant dates for Hittite New Kingdom reigns correspond to the Egyptian Middle and Low Chronology dates for Ramesses II, with his accession in 1290 BC or 1279 BC, respectively.
  24. ^ Bryce 2005: xv; this author tentatively treats Tudḫaliya I and Tudḫaliya II as a single king, whom he designates Tudḫaliya I/II.
  25. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 25.
  26. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 311; Kuhrt 1995: 230.
  27. ^ Bryce 2005: 122-123.
  28. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 311; Kuhrt 1995: 230.
  29. ^ Bryce, Trevor; Bryce, Trevor Robert (2012-03-15). "Appendix III: The Kings of Late Bronze Age Hatti". The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History (in الإنجليزية). OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-921872-1.
  30. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 311; Kuhrt 1995: 230.
  31. ^ Bryce 2005: 122-123.
  32. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 200-201.
  33. ^ Cohen, Raymond; Westbrook, Raymond (2002). Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations (in الإنجليزية). JHU Press. pp. xv. ISBN 978-0-8018-7103-0.
  34. ^ Drews, Robert (1994). The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East (in الإنجليزية). Princeton University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-691-02951-1.
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