قائمة الفائزات بجائزة نوبل
جزء من سلسلة مقالات عن |
المرأة في المجتمع |
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بوابة المرأة |
جائزة نوبل (سويدية: Nobelpriset) ، هي جائزة سويدية، تأسست في 1895 على يد الصناعي السويدي ومخترع الديناميت، ألفريد نوبل. كانت تمنح في الفيزياء، الكيمياء، الطب، الأدب ، السلام في عام 1901. وبدأ منج جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد عام 1969.[1] جوائز نوبل في التخصصات المختلفة (الفيزياء، الكيمياء، الفيزيولوجيا أو الطب والأدب) وجائزة الاقتصاد، التي يشيع قرنها معهم، يـُعتبروا على نطاق واسع أرقى جائزة يمكن لفرد أن يحصل عليها في تلك المجالات.[1] وتحمل جائزة نوبل للسلام هيبة اجتماعية وكثيراً ما تثير جدلاً سياسياً.
بجوائز 2009، فاز بجائزة نوبل 765 مرة من الرجال و41 مرة من السيدات (ويوجد 23 منظمة فائزة بالجائزة).[2][3][4] وكانت ماري كوري أول إمرأة تفوز بجائزة نوبل، وهي جائزة نوبل للفيزياء عام 1903 بالإشتراك مع زوجها پيير كوري وHenri Becquerel.[5][6] أيضا تعتبر ماري كوري هي المرأة الوحيدة التي فازت بجائزة نوبل أكثر من مرة، ففي عام 1911، فازت بجائزة نوبل للكيمياء (وتبعا لذلك فقد أدرجت مرتين في العدد الإجمالي للفائزات بجائزة نوبل والبالغ 41). إبنة ماري كوري، إيرين جوليت كوري، فازت بجائزة نوبل للكيمياء عام 1935، وهي المرة الوحيدة التي فازت بها سيدة وابنتها بإحدى جوائز نوبل.[3] وفازت 12 إمرأة بجائزة نوبل للسلام، و12 إمرأة بجائزة نوبل للأدب، و10 فائزات بجائزة نوبل للفسيولوجيا أو الطب، وأربع سيدات بجائزة نوبل للكيمياء، واثنتين بجائزة نوبل للفيزياء وواحدة (في 2009) بجائزة نوبل التذكارية للعلوم الاقتصادية.[7]
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الفائزات
السنة | صورة | الفائزة | البلد | المجال | السبب |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1903 | ماري كوري (بمشاركةپير كوري وHenri Becquerel) |
پولندا وفرنسا | الفيزياء | "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"[6] | |
1905 | برتا ڤون ستنر | النمسا-المجر | السلام | Honorary President of Permanent International Peace Bureau, Bern, Switzerland; Author of Lay Down Your Arms.[8] | |
1909 | Selma Lagerlöf | السويد | الأدب | "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[9] | |
1911 | ماري كوري | پولندا وفرنسا | الكيمياء | "for her discovery of radium and polonium"[10] | |
1926 | Grazia Deledda | ايطاليا | الأدب | "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[11] | |
1928 | Sigrid Undset | النرويج | الأدب | "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[12] | |
1931 | جين أدامز (بمشاركة Nicholas Murray Butler) |
الولايات المتحدة | السلام | Sociologist; International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.[13] | |
1935 | إيرين جوليت كوري (بمشاركة فردريك جوليت كوري) |
فرنسا | الكيمياء | "for their synthesis of new radioactive elements"[14] | |
1938 | پيرل بك | Uالولايات المتحدة | الأدب | "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[15] | |
1945 | گبريلا مسترال | تشيلي | الأدب | "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[16] | |
1946 | إيملي گرين بالش (بمشاركةجون موت) |
الولايات المتحدة | السلام | Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.[17] | |
1947 | گرتي كوري (بمشاركة كارل فرديناند كوري وبرناردو هوسيه) |
الولايات المتحدة | الفسيولوجيا أو الطب | "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[18] | |
1963 | ماريا جيوپرت-ماير (بمشاركة J. جانز د. دنسن وEugene Wigner) |
الولايات المتحدة | الفيزياء | "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"[19] | |
1964 | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | المملكة المتحدة | الكيمياء | "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[20] | |
1966 | نيلي ساكس (بمشاركة صمويل أگنون) | Sweden | Literature | "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[21] | |
1976 | بيتي وليامز) | المملكة المتحدة | السلام | Founder of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)[22] | |
1976 | Mairead Corrigan | المملكة المتحدة | Peace | Founder of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)[22] | |
1977 | Rosalyn Sussman Yalow(shared with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally) | الولايات المتخدة | Physiology or Medicine | "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[23] | |
1979 | الأم تريزا | الهند | السلام | Leader of Missionaries of Charity, Calcutta.[24] | |
1982 | ألڤا مايردل (بمشاركة Alfonso García Robles) |
السويد | السلام | Former Cabinet Minister; Diplomat; Writer.[25] | |
1983 | باربرا ماك كلينتوك | الولايات المتحدة | الفسيولوجيا أو الطب | "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[26] | |
1986 | ريتا ليڤي منتالسيني (بمشاركة ستانلي كوهين) |
ايطاليا، الولايات المتحدة |
Physiology or Medicine | "for their discoveries of growth factors"[27] | |
1988 | Gertrude B. Elion (بمشاركة James W. Black and George H. Hitchings) |
الولايات المتحدة | الفسيولوجيا أو الطب | "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[28] | |
1991 | Nadine Gordimer | جنوب أفريقيا | الأدب | "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"[29] | |
1991 | Aung San Suu Kyi | بورما | السلام | "for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"[30] | |
1992 | Rigoberta Menchú | گواتيمالا | السلام | "in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"[31] | |
1993 | توني موريسون | الولايات المتحدة | Literature | "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[32] | |
1995 | Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (shared with Edward B. Lewis and Eric F. Wieschaus) |
ألمانيا | الفسيولوجيا أو الطب | "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[33] | |
1996 | Wisława Szymborska | پولندا | الأدب | "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"[34] | |
1997 | Jody Williams (shared with the International Campaign to Ban Landmines) |
الولايات المتحدة | السلام | "for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"[35] | |
2003 | شيرين عبادي | إيران | السلام | "for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children"[36] | |
2004 | Elfriede Jelinek | النمسا | الأدب | "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[37] | |
2004 | Wangari Maathai | كنيا | Peace | "for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"[38] | |
2004 | ليندا بك (بمشاركة رتشارد أكسل) |
الولايات المتحدة | الفسيولوجيا أو الطب | "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[39] | |
2007 | دورس ليسنگ | الولايات المتحدة | الأدب | "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"[40] | |
2008 | فرانسواز باري سينوسي (بمشاركة Harald zur Hausen and Luc Montagnier) |
فرنسا | الفسيولوجيا أو الطب | "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"[41] | |
2009 | الزابث بلاكبرن (بمشاركة كارول گرايدر وجاك زوستاك) |
أستراليا والولايات المتحدة | الفسيولوجيا أو الطب | "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"[42] | |
2009 | كارول گرايدر (بمشاركة لزابث بلاكبرن وجاك زوستاك) |
الولايات المتحدة | الفسيولوجيا أو الطب | "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"[42] | |
2009 | أدا يونث (بمشاركة Venkatraman Ramakrishnan وThomas A. Steitz) |
إسرائيل | الكيمياء | "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"[43] | |
2009 | هرتا مولر | ألمانيا ورومانيا | الأدب | "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"[44] | |
2009 | إلينور اوستروم (بمشاركة اوليڤر وليامسون) |
الولايات المتحدة | الاقتصاد | "for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"[45] | |
2011 | Ellen Johnson Sirleaf | Liberia | Peace | "For their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"[46] | |
Leymah Gbowee | |||||
Tawakkol Karman | Yemen | ||||
2013 | Alice Munro | Canada | Literature | "master of the contemporary short story"[47] | |
2014 | May-Britt Moser (shared with Edvard Moser and John O'Keefe) |
Norway | Physiology or Medicine | "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"[48] | |
Malala Yousafzai (shared with Kailash Satyarthi) |
Pakistan | Peace | "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education".[49] | ||
2015 | Tu Youyou (shared with William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura) |
China | Physiology or Medicine | "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria (artemisinin)"[50] | |
Svetlana Alexievich | Belarus | Literature | "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time"[51] | ||
2018 | Donna Strickland (shared with Gérard Mourou and Arthur Ashkin) |
Canada | Physics | "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses"[52] | |
Frances Arnold (shared with Gregory Winter and George Smith) |
United States | Chemistry | "for the directed evolution of enzymes"[53] | ||
Nadia Murad (shared with Denis Mukwege) |
Iraq | Peace | "for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict"[54] | ||
Olga Tokarczuk | Poland | Literature | "for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life"[55] | ||
2019 | Esther Duflo (shared with Abhijit Banerjee and Michael Kremer) |
France and United States | Economics | "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"[56] | |
2020 | Andrea M. Ghez (shared with Reinhard Genzel and Roger Penrose) |
United States | Physics | "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"[57] | |
Emmanuelle Charpentier (shared with Jennifer Doudna) |
France | Chemistry | "for the development of a method for genome editing"[58] | ||
Jennifer Doudna (shared with Emmanuelle Charpentier) |
United States | Chemistry | "for the development of a method for genome editing"[59] | ||
Louise Glück | United States | Literature | "for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal"[60] |
المصادر
- عامة
- "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- متخصصة
- ^ أ ب "Nobel Prize" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 14 November 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9056008>.
An additional award, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969. Although not technically a Nobel Prize, it is identified with the award; its winners are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients, and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony.
- ^ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ أ ب "Nobel Laureates Facts - Women". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ "Nobel Laureates Facts - Organizations". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ أ ب "Nobel Prize in Physics 1903". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Economics 2009". Nobel Foundation. 2009-10-12. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
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(help) - ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1905". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1909". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1926". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1928". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1931". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1938". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1945". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1946". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1966". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
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- ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1979". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1982". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1991". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1991". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1993". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 2003". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2007". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ أ ب "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-5.
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(help) - ^ "Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-7.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2009". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-8.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Nobel Prize in Economics 2009". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2011". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2014" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2014-10-10.[dead link]
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2015". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Chemistry Is Awarded to 3 Scientists for Using Evolution in Design of Molecules". Retrieved 3 October 2018.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize for anti-rape activists Nadia Murad and Denis Mukwege". Retrieved 5 October 2018.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2018". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
- ^ Nobel Prize 2019 nobelprize.org
- ^ Nobel Prize 2020 nobelprize.org
- ^ name="Nobel Chemistry Prize 2020" nobelprize.org
- ^ name="Nobel Chemistry Prize 2020"nobelprize.org
- ^ "Summary of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature".