ضد قانون رولوس الزراعي

معارضة قانون رولوس الزراعي أو عن القانون الزراعي (In Toga Candida)، هي خطبة ألقاها شيشرون أثناء حملته الانتخابية عام 64 ق.م. للقنصيلة لعام 63 ق.م. كان الخطاب موجهًا إلى منافسيه، كاتيلينا وأنطونيوس، اللذين كانا يترشحان أيضًا لمنصب القنصل في نفس العام. لم تعد الخطبة موجودة، على الرغم من وجود تعليق كتبه أسكونيوس عليها.^[1]

يُطلق على الخطبة اسم Oratio in Toga Candida نظرًا لأن المرشحين يرتدون ملابس خاصة تسمى التوگا البيضاء (باللاتينية candida)، أصل كلمة مرشح بالإنگليزية candidate.^[2] استخدم شيشرون خطاب حملته الانتخابية للتنديد بمنافسيه والتلميح إلى القوى السرية وراء كاتيلين. كانت التكتيكات ناجحة وحصل على منصب القنصل.^[3]^[4]^[5]

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المصادر

^ Petersson, Torstein (1920). Cicero: A Biography. Out of Copyright reprint Kessinger Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-1417951864.
^ "Candidate". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
^ H.H. Scullard From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC to AD 68 2010 p92 "In a speech to the Senate (Oratio in Toga Candida: candidates wore specially whitened togas) Cicero denounced his rivals and hinted that there were secret powers behind Catilinia. Thus Cicero, the novus homo, secured the consulship for 63"
^ Erich S. Gruen The Last Generation of the Roman Republic 1974 270 "Catilinia's early career gained impetus from nimble maneuvering and resourceful and unscrupulous tactics. Tradition registers a catalogue of perversities, several drawn from Cicero's venomous In Toga Candida and the Commentariolum Petitionis: adulterous activities, incest, sacrilege, and domestic homicide."
^ Shotter, David Colin Arthur (2005). The Fall Of The Roman Republic (Second ed.). New York, N.Y.: Routledge. p. 55. ISBN 0-415-31940-4. In two places — in his own election speech (Oratio in Toga Candida) in 64 and in his Orations against Catiline in the following year — Cicero alleged that on 1 January 65, Catiline was in the Forum with a dagger ready to assassinate the incoming consuls...

وصلات خارجية

[1] Petersson, Torstein (1920). Cicero: A Biography. Out of Copyright reprint Kessinger Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-1417951864.

[2] "Candidate". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-11-07.

[3] H.H. Scullard From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC to AD 68 2010 p92 "In a speech to the Senate (Oratio in Toga Candida: candidates wore specially whitened togas) Cicero denounced his rivals and hinted that there were secret powers behind Catilinia. Thus Cicero, the novus homo, secured the consulship for 63"

[4] Erich S. Gruen The Last Generation of the Roman Republic 1974 270 "Catilinia's early career gained impetus from nimble maneuvering and resourceful and unscrupulous tactics. Tradition registers a catalogue of perversities, several drawn from Cicero's venomous In Toga Candida and the Commentariolum Petitionis: adulterous activities, incest, sacrilege, and domestic homicide."

[5] Shotter, David Colin Arthur (2005). The Fall Of The Roman Republic (Second ed.). New York, N.Y.: Routledge. p. 55. ISBN 0-415-31940-4. In two places — in his own election speech (Oratio in Toga Candida) in 64 and in his Orations against Catiline in the following year — Cicero alleged that on 1 January 65, Catiline was in the Forum with a dagger ready to assassinate the incoming consuls...

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