ستپاناكرت

Coordinates: 39°48′55″N 46°45′7″E / 39.81528°N 46.75194°E / 39.81528; 46.75194
"خانكندي" redirects here. For other uses, see خانكندي (توضيح).
إستپاناكرت
Ստեփանակերտ / خان‌كندي
Stepanakert / Xankəndi
مدينة
من أعلى اليسار: صورة پانورامية لميدان النهضة دبابة طراز تي-72 كنصب تذكاري لحرب قرةباخ • جامعة آرتساخ وسط مدينة إستپاناكرت • أفق إستپاناكرت صورة پانورامية لإستپاناكرت
من أعلى اليسار:
صورة پانورامية لميدان النهضة
دبابة طراز تي-72 كنصب تذكاري لحرب قرةباخ • جامعة آرتساخ
وسط مدينة إستپاناكرت • أفق إستپاناكرت
صورة پانورامية لإستپاناكرت
درع إستپاناكرت
Coat of arms
إستپاناكرت is located in Republic of Artsakh
إستپاناكرت
إستپاناكرت
موقع إستپاناكرت في آرتساخ وفي أرمينيا.
إستپاناكرت is located in أرمينيا
إستپاناكرت
إستپاناكرت
إستپاناكرت (أرمينيا)
إستپاناكرت is located in أذربيجان
إستپاناكرت
إستپاناكرت
إستپاناكرت (أذربيجان)
الإحداثيات: 39°48′55″N 46°45′7″E / 39.81528°N 46.75194°E / 39.81528; 46.75194
البلد (بحكم الأمر الواقع) آرتساخ
 • المحافظةإستپاناكرت
وضع المدينة1923[1]
الحكومة
 • النوعالمجلس-العمدة
 • الكيانمجلس مدينة إستپاناكرت
 • عمدة إستپاناكرتسورن گريگوريان
المساحة
 • الإجمالي29٫12 كم² (11٫24 ميل²)
المنسوب
813 m (2٬667 ft)
التعداد
 (2015)[2]
 • الإجمالي55٫200
 • الكثافة1٫9/km2 (4٫9/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+4 (GMT+4)
مفتاح الهاتف+374 47
الموقع الإلكترونيstepanakert.am
المصدر: مساحة وسكان مدينة إستپاناكرت[3]

إستپاناكرت (بالأرمينية: Ստեփանակերտ Step'anakert; Eastern النُطق الأرمني: [əstɛpʰanaˈkɛɾt])، تُسمى أيضاً خان‌كندي (آذربيجاني: Xankəndi، [xɑnkænˈdi]) وكانت تُسمى في الأصل ڤراراكن (بالأرمينية: Վարարակն، [vararaˈkən])، هي عاصمة وأكبر مدن جمهورية آرتساخ. اعتباراً من 2015، كان عدد سكان إستپاناكرت 55.200 نسمة.[2]

The area that would become Stepanakert was originally an Armenian settlement named Vararakn.[4] During the Soviet period, the city was made the capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, becoming a hub for economic and industrial activity.[5] In addition, the city became a hotbed for political activity, serving as the center for Armenian demonstrations calling for the unification of Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia. Stepanakert suffered extensive damage following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the outbreak of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and passed into the hands of local Armenians with the establishment of the Republic of Artsakh. During the Soviet and Artsakh periods, the city was a regional center of education and culture, being home to Artsakh University, musical schools, and a palace of culture. The economy was based on the service industry and had varied enterprises, food processing, wine making, and silk weaving being the most important.[6] As of 2021, the population of Stepanakert was 75,000.[7]

In September 2023, Azerbaijani authorities took control of the city, with almost the entire Armenian population forced to flee to Armenia ahead of the advancing Azerbaijani forces.[8] It was an abandoned ghost city[أ] for a year; Azerbaijan began settling new permanent residents in the city in September 2024 with the opening of Karabakh University.[13]

أصل الاسم

Medieval Armenian sources attest to a settlement in the locale called Vararakn (أرمنية: Վարարակն, lit. 'rapid spring').[14][5] In 1847, the village was officially renamed from Vararakn to Khankendi by the Russian authorities;[15] however, Vararakn remained the local Armenian name for the town until 1923.[16]

Most Azerbaijani sources claim that the settlement was built in late 18th century, as a place of rest for the heads of the Karabakh Khanate. In the first years, it was known as "Khan's village" (آذربيجاني: Xanın kəndi) because only the khan's family and his relatives lived there. By the 19th century, the settlement was renamed Khankendi ("village of the khan" in Azerbaijani).[17]

في 20 سبتمبر 1923، تغير اسم البلدة إلى إستپاناكرت يعني "مدينة إستپان"، على اسم الثوري البلشڤي الأرمني ستپان شوميان.[18] يتكون الاسم من مقطعين، إستپان (أرمنية: Ստեփան) وكرت (أرمنية: կերտ, lit. 'أنشأ').[5]


التاريخ

19th century Russian postcard of Shusha with the garrison of Khankendi in the distance.

According to medieval Armenian sources, the settlement was originally an Armenian village named Vararakn (أرمنية: Վարարակն).[4] From the 10th–16th centuries, the settlement was a part of the Armenian Principality of Khachen. Over the centuries, it would successively pass into the hands of the meliks of Karabakh and the Karabakh khans before coming under the control of the Russian Empire in 1822.[6]

In the Russian Empire, the town was a part of the Shusha uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate.[6] According to the 19th-century author Raffi, in 1826, the local Armenian meliks met with the Persian crown prince Abbas Mirza, who had invaded Karabakh with his army,[19] in the village to reconcile with the Persians and ensure the safety of the Karabakh Armenian population.[20] In 1847, Vararakn was a village of about 132 houses, consisting of 80 Armenian households, 52 Russian households, an Armenian church, and a cemetery.[21] That same year, the village was renamed from Vararakn to Khankendi.[15] By 1886, there were 52 houses in the settlement. The population of Khankendi consisted of retired soldiers and their descendants, who belonged to the Russian Orthodox Church. The population was engaged in agriculture, as well as various crafts, carriage, the renting of apartments (mainly to military personnel), and so on.[22] After 1898, the tsarist government turned Khankendi into a Russian military garrison.[17] The garrison consisted of barracks, hospitals, and a church, as well as several houses where officers' families and a small local population, who supplied the military units with food, lived. The local population consisted of Armenians and Azerbaijanis.[23]

The Presidential Palace, formerly the building of the Supreme Soviet of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.

In February 1920, after a body thought to be of an Azerbaijani soldier was found, an anti-Armenian riot took place in the village that claimed several hundred lives.[24][25] Following the massacre of the Armenian population of Shusha in March 1920, the city received an influx of Armenians; as a result, Armenians formed the majority of the population from that time onwards.[26] In the summer of 1920, the city was occupied by part of the Red Army.[6] In 1923, Khankendi was renamed Stepanakert by the Soviet government in honor of Stepan Shahumian, a fallen Bolshevik party member and leader of the 26 Baku Commissars. The former regional capital was Shusha. However, following the depopulation of Armenians in Shusha, the capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) was sited in Stepanakert.[5] At the time of the formation of the NKAO, Stepanakert was a dilapidated settlement, where the number of surviving buildings barely reached 10 to 15. Some of the buildings were completely destroyed, others lacked doors and windows, while only walls remained from a number of buildings. During the first years of the oblast, some of the buildings were restored and many were rebuilt, roads were improved, and electricity and telephone communications were installed in the city.[27] In time, Stepanakert grew to become the region's most important city (a status it received in 1940). Its population rose from 10,459 in 1939 to 33,000 in 1978.[5]

In 1926, municipal authorities adopted a new city layout designed by Aleksandr Tamanian; two additional designs for expansion were approved in the 1930s and 1960s, both of which retained Tamanian's initial plan.[14] Several schools and two polyclinics were established, and an Armenian drama theater was founded in 1932 and named after Maxim Gorky.[5] In 1960, the ensemble of the central square of Stepanakert was built with the building of the regional committee (now the NKR government).[28] This square, then named after Lenin, became the arena of many rallies demanding the transfer of the NKAO to the Armenian SSR. By 1968, the first outbreak of ethnic violence occurred in Stepanakert. In the city, a trial was held over an Azerbaijani director of the city school who was accused of murdering an Armenian girl. The Armenians, who considered the verdict of the Azerbaijani judge too lenient, gathered outside the court building and burned the car which the criminal and judge were in.[29]

Stepanakert served as Nagorno-Karabakh's main economic hub, and by the mid-1980s there were nineteen factories in operation in the city, including an electrical and asphalt plant.[14] By the end of the Soviet era, Stepanakert had an agricultural technical school, a pedagogical institute, a medical and music school, a local history museum, and a drama theater.[28]

حرب ناجورنو قرة باخ الأولى والسيطرة الأرمنية

المقالة الرئيسية: Stepanakert in the Republic of Artsakh
Renaissance Square.
Freedom Fighters' Boulevard in central Stepanakert.

The political and economic reforms that General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev undertook in 1985 saw a marked decentralization of Soviet authority. Armenians, in both the Armenian SSR and Nagorno-Karabakh, viewed Gorbachev's reform program as an opportunity to unite the two together. On 20 February 1988, tens of thousands of Armenians gathered to demonstrate in Stepanakert's Lenin Square (now Renaissance Square) to demand that the region be joined to Armenia. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of Nagorno-Karabakh voted to join the Armenian SSR, a move strongly opposed by the Soviet Azerbaijani authorities.[30]

Relations between Stepanakert's Armenians and Azerbaijanis, who supported the Azerbaijani government's position, deteriorated in the following years. Inter-ethnic strife in the city in September 1988, encompassing physical attacks and burning of property, forced nearly all Azerbaijanis to flee the city. The Soviet Army took up positions in the city and announced a curfew three days later.[31][32] In 1990 the army dispatched special forces units and various other elements to Stepanakert in order to prevent its takeover by Azerbaijani forces.[33]

After Azerbaijan declared its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Stepanakert was renamed Khankendi by the Azerbaijani government. Fighting broke out over control of Nagorno-Karabakh, which, after three years of war, resulted in Armenian control of the region and a connecting corridor to Armenia to the west. Prior to the conflict, Stepanakert was the largest city of the NKAO, with a population of 70,000 out of a total 189,000 (Armenians at the time comprised 75% of the region's total population).[34] By early 1992, that figure had dropped to 50,000.[35]

A T-72 tank memorial from the First Karabakh War.

During the war, the city suffered immense damage from Azerbaijani bombardment, especially in early 1992 when the Azerbaijanis positioned BM-21 Grad rocket artillery in Shusha and rained down missiles over Stepanakert. A journalist for Time noted in an April 1992 article that "scarcely a single building [had] escaped damage in Stepanakert."[35] It was not until 9 May 1992, with the capture of Shusha, that the ground bombardment ceased. The city, nevertheless, continued to suffer aerial bombardment until the end of the war. As a result, the majority of the city was in a severely damaged state.[36] As of 2016, the city had not been completely restored from the war.[6]

The city came under intense bombardment once again during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020. Residential areas were continuously hit by the Azerbaijani Army with cluster munitions throughout the war, starting on the first day of fighting, and residents were urged to use the city's bomb shelters.[37][38][39] As Azerbaijani forces advanced on the city of Shusha, the Lachin corridor was shut down by Artsakh authorities.[40]

With Azerbaijani forces 15 km (9.3 mi) from the capital, a ceasefire agreement was signed on 10 November. As part of the agreement, Russian peacekeepers were deployed to the region.[41] Following the war, the population of Stepanakert swelled to 75,000 residents as a result of some 10,000 to 15,000 displaced people who lost their homes elsewhere in the Republic of Artsakh during the war.[7]

Control by Azerbaijan

President Ilham Aliyev raised the Flag of Azerbaijan over the city on 15 October 2023

On 19–20 September 2023 Azerbaijan launched a new offensive in the region, which ended in a ceasefire and led to a mass exodus of ethnic Armenians a few days later. By 29 September 2023, police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Artsakh left all their weapons in Stepanakert and completely abandoned the region.[42] Azerbaijani police vehicles began patrolling the area on 29 September and the Azerbaijani flag was placed on the city's We Are Our Mountains monument.[43][44][8] From 1 October, Azerbaijani officials began working from the former Artsakh police headquarters,[45] Azerbaijan took over responsibility for medical services in the city[46] and its area was covered by the Azerbaijani mobile networks.[47][48] An Al Jazeera news crew reported from the city later that day, showing deserted streets in what the reporter described as "A ghost town with no soul left".[49]

After the offensive and Armenian exodus, sources reported that Azerbaijani authorities issued a map of Stepanakert renaming one of the streets after Enver Pasha, one of the main perpetrators of the Armenian genocide.[50][51] An Azerbaijani official disputed this during a case at the International Court of Justice, saying that "No streets in Khankandi have been renamed".[52]

President Ilham Aliyev visited the city on 15 October and officially raised the flag of Azerbaijan at the building that was previously used as the Artsakh Presidential Palace.[53]

In December 2023, the first football match since the resumption of Azerbaijani control was played between MOIK Baku and Qarabağ FK from Aghdam in the Azerbaijan Cup.[54][55]

In the following months, Azerbaijani authorities dismantled monuments symbolizing Artsakh, including the Giant Cross and the Eagle Monument,[56][57] and statues of prominent Armenians in the city, among them, Stepan Shahumyan (after whom Stepanakert is named),[58] Charles Aznavour[59] and Alexander Myasnikyan.[60]

In early March 2024, Azerbaijani authorities demolished the National Assembly of Artsakh Building and the Artsakh Freedom Fighters Union Building.[61][62] In November 2024, reports emerged that Azerbaijan demolished the historical Armenian center of the city.[63][64]

ميدان النهضة.
نهج المقاتلين من أجل الحرية (Azatamartikneri) في وسط إستپاكرت
وسط مدينة إستپاناكرت.


الأضرار الواقعة نتيجة سقوط صاروخ أرميني في بلدة بيلاجان، أكتوبر 2020.

في 4 أكتوبر 2020، أعلنت وزارة الدفاع الأذربيجانية، عن تعرض غنجة، ثاني أكبر مدن أذربيجان للقصف من قبل القوات الأرمينية. يأتي ذلك بعدما أعلنت القوات الأرمينية تدمير مطار عسكري في غنجة. وأضافت أن المواقع العسكرية في مدن كبيرة داخل أذربيجان أصبحت الآن أهدافاً، وحثّت السكان على مغادرتها تفادياً للخسائر.[65]

من جانبه نفى مساعد رئيس أذربيجان تدمير منشآت عسكرية في غنجه، لكنهّ أكد تعرّض المدينة لقصف صاروخيّ، أدّى إلى مقتل شخص وإصابة 4 مدنيين على الأقل. وقال المساعد للرئيس الأذربيجاني إلهام علييڤ إن بلاده ستدمر أهدافاً عسكرية في أرمينيا تطلق يريڤان منها النار على مدن أذربيجانية.

ونددت تركيا بما وصفته بهجوم أرمينيا على مدينة غنجة الأذربيجانية، وأكدت مجدداً دعمها لحق أذربيجان في الدفاع عن نفسها داخل حدودها المعترف بها دولياً. وقالت وزارة الخارجية التركية "هجمات أرمينيا التي استهدفت مدنيين في غنجه... إظهار جديد لسلوك أرمينيا المخالف للقانون. نحن نستنكر هذه الهجمات".

وفيما تتواصل المعارك العنيفة بين آذربيجان وأرمينيا على معظم خط الجبهة في ناگورنو قرةباخ، أعلن الرئيس الأذربيجاني إلهام علييف أن قواته سيطرت على 7 قرى على خط التماس مع الإقليم.

من جانب آخر، قال رئيس الوزراء الأرميني نيكول باشينيان، إنّ بلاده تواجه " لحظات مصيرية"، داعياً الأرمينيّين إلى توحيد الصفوف.

وفي اليوم نفسه استهدفت ضربات جديدة أعقبتها انفجارات، إستپاناكرت، كبرى مدن منطقة ناگورنو قرةباخ. ودوّت صفارات الإنذار في المدينة قبل أن تتعاقب الانفجارات. وأشارت السلطات الأذربيجانية، من جانبها، إلى أنها اتخذت إجراءات انتقامية بعد إطلاق الانفصاليين الأرمينيين قذائف انطلاقاً من إستپاناكرت.

وشهدت إستپاناكرت في الأيام الأخيرة عدة ضربات من هذا النوع، مما أجبر السكان على الاحتماء في أقبية وملاجئ. وقُطعت الكهرباء من ليلة السبت إلى الأحد في المدينة. وذكرت وزارة الخارجية المحلية أن القوات الأذربيجانية استهدفت مبنى الشبكة الكهربائية الليلة الماضية.

وظل الدمار محدوداً في وسط المدينة، وأشارت وزارة الدفاع الأذربيجانية، من جانبها، إلى أن "القوات الأرمينية تطلق قذائف على بلدتي ترتر وهوراديز في منطقة فيزولي انطلاقاً من خانكندي"، وهي التسمية الأذربيجانية لإستپاناكرت. وأضافت "الجيش الأذربيجاني اتخذ إجراءات انتقامية مناسبة ضد العدو".

وكانت وزارة الدفاع الأرمينية أعلنت في اليوم السابق أن أذربيجان شنت هجوماً واسعاً، حيث تدور معارك عنيفة بين الجانبين على جبهات عدة، كذلك أعلنت أرمينيا استعدادها لوقف إطلاق النار مع أذربيجان ضمن وسطاء.


الجغرافيا

تقع إستپاناكرت على هضبة قرةباخ في وسط آرتساخ، جمهورية الأمر الواقع، (ناگورنو قرةباخ)، على ارتفع 813 م فوق مستوى سطح البحر.

المناخ

The city has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) according to the Köppen climate classification system[66] and an oceanic climate (Do) according to the Trewartha climate classification system.[67] In the month of January, the average temperature drops to 1 °C (34 °F). In July, it averages around 23 °C (73 °F). Extreme temperatures ranged from −15.0 °C (5 °F) on January 8, 1974, to 37.0 °C (99 °F) on July 11, 1978.[68]

Climate data for إستپاناكرت
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		16.1
(61.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		24.5
(76.1) 		28.1
(82.6) 		27.1
(80.8) 		23.2
(73.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		11.4
(52.5) 		7.3
(45.1) 		16.0
(60.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0) 		1.4
(34.5) 		5.1
(41.2) 		11.6
(52.9) 		15.3
(59.5) 		19.8
(67.6) 		23.3
(73.9) 		22.3
(72.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		12.6
(54.7) 		7.7
(45.9) 		3.7
(38.7) 		11.9
(53.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.6
(27.3) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		1.1
(34.0) 		7.0
(44.6) 		11.0
(51.8) 		15.1
(59.2) 		18.4
(65.1) 		17.4
(63.3) 		14.2
(57.6) 		8.7
(47.7) 		4.0
(39.2) 		0.1
(32.2) 		7.7
(45.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 19
(0.7) 		25
(1.0) 		42
(1.7) 		49
(1.9) 		102
(4.0) 		79
(3.1) 		41
(1.6) 		27
(1.1) 		34
(1.3) 		39
(1.5) 		35
(1.4) 		13
(0.5) 		505
(19.9)
Average precipitation days 6 6 10 10 14 10 4 4 6 6 5 4 85
Source: NOAA[69]

السياسة والحكومة

القصر الرئاسي.
المجلس الوطني.


الديموغرافيا

كنيسة القديس جيمس.
السنة الأرمن الأذربيجانيون أخرى الإجمالي
1926[70] 2,724 85.4% 343 10.8% 122 3.8% 3,189
1939[70] 9,079 86.8% 672 6.4% 708 6.8% 10,459
1959[70] 17,640 89.5% 1,143 5.8% 920 4.7% 19,703
1970[70] 26,684 88.1% 2,762 9.1% 847 2.8% 30,293
1979[70] 33,898 87.0% 4,303 11.0% 747 2.0% 38,948
1989[70] 48,200 85.0% 7,900 14.0% 600 1.0% 56,705
2005[71] 49,848 99.7% 2 0.0% 136 0.3% 49,986
2010[72] 52,900 52,900
2015[73] 55,309 55,309



الثقافة والاقتصاد

المقالة الرئيسية: Stepanakert in the Republic of Artsakh
We Are Our Mountains
Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God

The Vahram Papazyan Drama Theater of Stepanakert was founded in 1932. In 1967, the monumental complex of Stepanakert known as We Are Our Mountains was erected to the north of Stepanakert,[74] It is widely regarded as a symbol of the Armenian heritage of the historic Artsakh.[75] After the independence of Armenia, many cultural and youth centres were reopened. The cultural palace of the city was named after Charles Aznavour.[76]

Stepanakert was home to the Mesrop Mashtots Republican Library opened in 1924, Artsakh History Museum opened in 1939, Hovhannes Tumanyan Children's Library opened in 1947, Stepanakert National Gallery opened in 1982, and the Memorial Museum of the Martyred Liberators opened in 2002. A new cultural complex of the Armenian heritage of Artsakh was under construction.[77]

The Artsakh State Museum, based in Stepanakert, had an important collection of ancient artifacts and Christian manuscripts.[78]


التعليم

The Union of Artsakh Freedom Fighters (demolished in 2024)

Stepanakert was the center of higher education in Artsakh.[6] Five higher educational institutions operated in the city:

  • Artsakh State University, founded in 1969 as a branch of the Baku Pedagogical Institute. In 1973, it was renamed Stepanakert Pedagogical Institute and following the independence of Nagorno-Karabakh, in 1992, it received its current status. The university offered courses spread across seven departments and has 4,500 students.[79]
  • Stepanakert campus of the Armenian National Agrarian University.[80]
  • Grigor Narekatsi University (private).[81]
  • Mesrop Mashtots University (private).[81]
  • Gyurjyan Institute for Applied Arts (private).[81]

Many new schools in Stepanakert were opened from the late 1990s to 2010 with the help of the Armenian diaspora.[82] Existing schools were also renovated with donations from the diaspora.[83]

The Stepanakert branch of Tumo Center for Creative Technologies was opened in September 2015, as a result of continued cooperation between the Tumo Centre and the Armenian General Benevolent Union, with the support of mobile operator Karabakh Telecom.[84][85]

الرياضة

استاد إستپاناكرت الجمهوري.
استاد خانكندي

Football was a popular sport in Nagorno-Karabakh and the city has a renovated football stadium. Since the mid-1990s, football teams from Karabakh started taking part in some domestic competitions in Armenia. Lernayin Artsakh is the football club that represents the city of Stepanakert. The Artsakh national football league was launched in 2009.[86]

The non-FIFA affiliated Artsakh national football team was formed in 2012 and played their first competitive match against the unrecognized Abkhazia national football team in Sukhumi on 17 September 2012. The match ended with a 1–1 draw.[87][88] The following month, on 21 October 2012, Artsakh played the return match at the Stepanakert Republican Stadium against Abkhazia, winning it with a result of 3–0.[89]

There was also interest in other sports, including basketball and volleyball.

Artsakh athletes also took part with the representing teams and athletes in the Pan-Armenian Games, organized in Armenia.[90]

As an unrecognized entity, the athletes of Artsakh competed in international sports competitions under the flag of Armenia.[86]

البلدات التوأم – المدن الشقيقة

المقالة الرئيسية: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Artsakh

Stepanakert was twinned with:

  • Montebello, United States: On 25 September 2005, Montebello, California and Stepanakert became sister cities. This prompted a complaint by the ambassador of Azerbaijan to the United States, Hafiz Pashayev, who sent a letter to California leaders, stating that the decision jeopardized peace talks between his country and Armenia.[91] The letter was sent to then-California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, who deferred the letter to Montebello mayor Bill Molinari since it concerned a local, not a state, issue. Molinari responded to Pashayev that the city would go ahead with its plans to inaugurate Stepanakert under the sister city program.[91] Stepanakert's relationship with Montebello is aimed at revitalizing the capital's economic infrastructure and building cultural and educational ties, as well as developing trade and health care between the two cities. Azerbaijan has described this as a contradictory foreign policy of the United States that supports the NKR government and Armenian aggression against Azerbaijan.[92]
  • Mairiporã, Brazil: Since June 18, 2018, Law 3767/18 has made Eternal Armenia the name that declares Sister Cities the Municipalities of Mairiporã, State of São Paulo, and Stepanakert, capital of the self-declared Nagorno-Karabakh Republic which triggered an alert from Itamaraty, Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on the attitude of the Municipality as Brazil does not recognize the independence of Nagorno-Karabakh.[93]

إعلانات الصداقة

  • On 22 May 1998, Stepanakert and the commune of Villeurbanne in France signed a Friendship Declaration.[94]
  • On 28 September 2012, Stepanakert and Yerevan, Armenia, the capitals of the two Armenian republics, became friends after signing a partnership agreement.[95]
  • On 15 September 2014, San Sebastián, Spain, and Stepanakert signed a cooperation agreement.[96]
  • On 17 May 2015, Stepanakert and the commune of Valence in France signed a Friendship Declaration.[94]
  • On 3 February 2016, Stepanakert signed a Friendship Declaration with the municipality of Franco da Rocha, Brazil.[94]
  • On 23 July 2019, Stepanakert signed a Friendship Declaration with the City of Ryde, Australia.[97]

الدين

The late-19th-century church of Vararakn was destroyed in the 1930s to build the Stepanakert Drama Theatre. Throughout the rest of the Soviet era, there were no traditional churches in Stepanakert, although most of the population of the city were members of the Armenian Apostolic Church.[98]

The church of Surp Hakob (or Saint James) was opened in 2007; it remained the only open church in the city until 2019. The church was financed by Nerses Yepremian from Los Angeles. The church was consecrated on 9 May 2007, in honor of the 15th anniversary of the capture of Shusha by Armenian forces.[99]

The construction of the Holy Mother of God Cathedral was launched on 19 July 2006. The cost of the project was expected to be around US$2 million and the architect of the church is Gagik Yeranosyan.[100] However, the construction process was slow due to a lack of financial resources. The inauguration of the church was expected to take place in September 2016.[101] Construction finished and the church was opened in 2019.[102]

There was small community of Armenian Evangelicals with around 500 members. The only Armenian evangelical church in Artsakh was located in Stepanakert. The Evangelical community supported many schools, hospitals and other institutions through the help of the Armenian Diaspora.[103]

الاقتصاد

Stepanakert Bazaar (Shuka)

The city was a regional center of education and culture, being home to Artsakh University, musical schools, and a palace of culture. The economy was based on the service industry and has varied enterprises, food processing, wine making, and silk weaving being the most important.[6] In 2021, the population of Stepanakert was 75,000.[7]

Stepanakert was the center of the economy of Artsakh. Prior to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, the economy of Stepanakert was mainly based on food-processing industries, silk weaving and winemaking.[14] Inhabitants also engaged in producing furniture and footwear.[6] The economy was severely damaged due to the 1988 earthquake in Armenia and the First Nagorno Karabakh war.[104] In the years following, the economy was developed further, mainly due to investments from the Armenian diaspora. However, following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, the economy once again experienced severe damage, particularly in the tourism sector.[105]

The most developed sectors of Stepanakert and the rest of the Republic of Artsakh are tourism and services. Several hotels were opened by diasporan Armenians from Russia, the United States and Australia.[106] Artsakhbank was the largest banking services provider in Artsakh, while Karabakh Telecom was the leading provider of mobile telecommunications and other communication services.

Stepanakert was also home to many large industrial firms, including Stepanakert Brandy Factory, Artsakh Berry food products and Artsakh Footwear Factory.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Construction was also one of the leading sectors in the city. Artsakh Hek is the leading construction firm, while Base Metals was the leader in mining and production of building materials.[بحاجة لمصدر]

النقل

حافلات أجرة صغيرة في إستپاناكرت.
مطار إستپاناكرت

الحافلات

Stepanakert was served by a number of regular minibus lines. Old Soviet-era buses have been replaced with new modern buses. Regular trips to other provinces of Nagorno-Karabakh were also operated from the city.[107]

الطيران

Stepanakert was served by the nearby Stepanakert Airport, north of the city near the town of Khojaly. In 2009, facilities reconstruction and repair work began.[108] Though originally scheduled to launch the first commercial flights on 9 May 2011, Karabakh officials postponed a new reopening date throughout the whole of 2011.[109] In May 2012, the director of the NKR's Civil Aviation Administration, Tigran Gabrielyan, announced that the airport would begin operations in summer 2012.[110] However, the airport still remains closed due to political reasons. The OSCE Minsk Group, which mediates the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, stated that "operation of [Stepanakert Airport] cannot be used to support any claim of a change in the status of Nagorno-Karabakh" and "urged the sides to act in accordance with international law and consistent with current practice for flights over their territory."[111]

السكك الحديدية

Stepanakert used to be connected through a railway line via Aghdam and Barda to the Yevlakh station on the Baku-Tbilisi railway.[112] However, trips were discontinued due to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.[113] As of 2024, the railway is undergoing reconstruction, with the section between Aghdam and Barda expected to reopen in 2025.[114]

العلاقات الدولية

وزارة الشئون الخارجية

مدن شقيقة

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة البلدات والمدن الشقيقة في جمهورية آرتساخ

إستپاناكرت على توأمة مع:

مشاهير المدينة

سرج سارگسيان، ثالث رؤساء أرمينيا.

ملاحظات

  1. ^ The city was described as a "ghost town" by several sources following the Azerbaijani takeover.[9][10][11][12]

المصادر

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وصلات خارجية

شعار قاموس المعرفة.png
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Stepanakert.
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=ستپاناكرت&oldid=4101812"