قوميسارات باكو الست وعشرون
|
The 26 Baku Commissars were Bolshevik and Left Socialist Revolutionary (SR) members of the Baku Soviet Commune. The commune was established in the city of Baku, which was then the capital of the briefly independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and is now the capital of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The commune, led by Stepan Shahumyan, existed until 26 July 1918 when the Bolsheviks were forced out of power by a coalition of Dashnaks, Right SRs, and Mensheviks.
After their overthrow, the Baku commissars attempted to leave Baku but were captured by the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and imprisoned. On 14 September 1918, during the fall of Baku to Ottoman forces, Red Army soldiers broke into their prison and freed the commissars; they then boarded a ship to Krasnovodsk, where they were promptly arrested by local authorities and, on the night of 20 September 1918, executed by a firing squad between the stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma on the Transcaspian Railway.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
الإعدامات
After the fall of the Baku Soviet in July 1918, the Bolshevik leaders and some loyal troops tried to reach Astrakhan, the only Caspian port still in Bolshevik hands. However, their ship was intercepted by the military vessels of the أسطول القزوين and after undergoing an hour's bombardment in mid-sea they surrendered and returned to Baku. Most of the Bolshevik militants were arrested and remained in prison until, after the fall of Baku to the Turks, وحدة كوماندوز بقيادة أنستاس ميكويان حررتهم من سجنهم.
الأثر
Soviet officials later blamed the executions on British agents acting in the Baku area at the time.[1][2][3] When Soviet rule was established in the whole Caspian area, Funtikov, the head of the Ashkhabad 'Directorate' responsible for the executions, was imprisoned. Funtikov put all blame for the executions onto Britain, and in particular Teague-Jones who, he claimed, had ordered him to have the commissars shot. Funtikov was tried and shot in Baku in 1926. Britain denied involvement in the incident, saying it was done by local officials without any knowledge of the British.
القوميسارات
_26_Baku_commissars.jpg)
The twenty-six "Baku Commissars" were not all commissars and were not all Bolsheviks; some of them were Left SRs and Dashnaks. There were many nationalities among them: Greek, Latvian, Jewish, Russian, Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijani.
The 26 "commissars" were:[4]
- Stepan Shahumyan- Chairman of the Baku Council of the People's Commissars, Commissar Extraordinary for the Caucasus
- Meshadi Azizbekov - Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, gubernial commissar for Baku
- Prokopius Dzhaparidze - Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Baku Soviet
- Ivan Fioletov - Chairman of the Soviet of National Economy
- Mir-Hasan Vazirov - People's Commissar for Agriculture
- Grigory Korganov - People's Commissar for Military and Navy Affairs
- Yakov Zevin - People's Commissar for Labor
- Grigory Petrov - Military Commissar of the Baku region from the Sovnarkom of the Russian SFSR
- Ivan Malygin - Deputy Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Caucasian Army
- Arsen Amiryan - Chief Editor of Baku Worker newspaper
- Meyer Velkovich Basin - member of the Military Revolutionary Committee
- Suren Osepyan - Chief Editor of Izvestia of the Baku Council newspaper
- Eizhen Berg - sailor
- Vladimir Polukhin - Collegiate Commissar for Military and Navy Affairs of the Russian SFSR
- Fyodor Solntsev - member of the military
- Armenak Boriyan - journalist
- Ivan Gabyshev - political commissar of a brigade
- Mark Koganov - member of the Military Revolutionary Committee
- Bagdasar Avakyan - Military Commandant of Baku
- Irakly Metaksa - Shahumyan's bodyguard
- Ivan Nikolayshvili - Dzhaparidze's bodyguard
- Aram Kostandyan - Deputy People's Commissar for Agriculture
- Solomon Bogdanov - member of the Military Revolutionary Committee
- Anatoly Bogdanov - clerk
- Isay Mishne - secretary of the Military Revolutionary Committee
- Tatevos Amirov - commander of a cavalry unit, member of Dashnaktsutiun[5]
إزالة نصب القوميسارات الست وعشرين وإعادة دفنهم
In January 2009, the Baku authorities began the demolition of the city's 26 Commissars Memorial.[6] This was the latest monument of several that had been built to commemorate the Commissars erected in that park during the Soviet period. This last monument itself had been fenced-off since July 2008.[6] The remains of the commissars were reburied at Hovsan Cemetery on 26 January 2009, with participation of Muslim, Jewish and Christian clergy, who conducted religious ceremonies.[7]
معلومات عامة
Russian prominent poet Sergei Yesenin wrote "Ballad of the Twenty-six" to commemorate the Baku Commissars, poem first published in The Baku Worker, 22 September 1925.[8]
Russian alternative music band WOMBA named one of its albums The 27th Baku Commissar.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Italian prominent writer Tiziano Terzani wrote about the Baku Commissars in his book 'Buonanotte, signor Lenin' (Goodnight, Mr Lenin: A Journey Through the End of the Soviet Empire, 1992).[بحاجة لمصدر]
الهامش
- ^ Reginald Teague-Jones, The Spy Who Disappeared: Diary of a Secret Mission to Russian and Central Asia in 1918 Gollancz, 1990.
- ^ J.V. Stalin. "The Shooting of the Twenty-Six Baku Comrades". marxists.org.
- ^ File Not Found at www.marxists.org
- ^ Peter Hopkirk, Like Hidden Fire Kodansha, 1995.
- ^ «Российский исторический журнал». Расстрел бакинских комиссаров: 80 лет спустя.
- ^ أ ب Фаик Меджид. В Азербайджане против демонтажа мемориала 26 Бакинских комиссаров протестуют только левые (in الروسية). kavkaz-uzel.ru. Retrieved 17 يناير 2009.
- ^ Мурсал Алиев. Продолжается демонтаж мемориала 26 Бакинских комиссаров в Баку (in الروسية). 1news.az. Archived from the original on 6 يوليو 2011. Retrieved 17 يناير 2009.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Peter Hopkirk, On Secret Service East of Constantinople: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire, Oxford University Press, 1994, ISBN 9780192802309.
للاستزادة
- Minassian, Taline Ter (2014). "Some fresh news about the 26 commissars: Reginald Teague-Jones and the Transcaspian episode". Asian Affairs. 45 (1): 65–78. doi:10.1080/03068374.2013.872360.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
وصلات خارجية
Nine Photos of past monuments dedicated to the 26 Baku Commissars, plus photo of the funeral. Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), pp. 167–169.
قالب:Azerbaijani communism قالب:Political activity in Azerbaijan until 1920