ديمغرافيا العالم

انظر أيضاً: تعداد العالم

Demographics of the world include population density, ethnicity, education level, health measures, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

The overall total population of the world is approximately 7.45 billion, to July 2016.

Its overall population density is 50 people per km² (129.28 per sq. mile), excluding Antarctica. Nearly two-thirds of the population lives in Asia and is predominantly urban and suburban, with more than 2.5 billion in the countries of China and India combined. The World's fairly low literacy rate (83.7%) is attributable to impoverished regions. Extremely low literacy rates are concentrated in three regions, the Arab states, South and West Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa.

The world's largest ethnic group is Han Chinese. Although الإنگليزية (5.52%) is spoken by many as a second language, Mandarin Chinese (14.1%) and Spanish (5.85%) are the languages with the highest number of native speakers.

Human migration has been shifting toward cities and urban centers, with the urban population jumping from 29% in 1950, to 50.5% in 2005. Working backwards from the United Nations prediction that the world will be 51.3 percent urban by 2010, Dr. Ron Wimberley, Dr. Libby Morris and Dr. Gregory Fulkerson estimated May 23, 2007 to be the first time the urban population outnumbered the rural population in history. China and India are the most populous countries, as the birth rate has consistently dropped in developed countries and until recently remained high in developing countries. Tokyo is the largest urban conglomeration in the world.

The total fertility rate of the World is estimated as 2.52 children per woman, which is above the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1. However, world population growth is unevenly distributed, going from .91 in Macau, to 7.68 in Niger. The United Nations estimated an annual population increase of 1.14% for the year of 2000.

There are approximately 3.38 billion females in the World. The number of males is about 3.41 billion. People under 14 years of age made up over a quarter of the world population (26.3%), and people age 65 and over made up less than one-tenth (7.9%) in 2011.

The world population growth is approximately 1.09%

The world population more than tripled during the 20th century from about 1.65 billion in 1900 to 5.97 billion in 1999.

It reached the 2 billion mark in 1927, the 3 billion mark in 1960, 4 billion in 1974, and 5 billion in 1987. Currently, population growth is fastest among low wealth, Third World countries.

The UN projects a world population of 9.15 billion in 2050, which is a 32.69% increase from 2010 (6.89 billion).

World Population
Year	Million
1500	458
1600	580
1700	682
1750	791
1800	978
1850	1,262
1900	1,650
1950	2,521
1999	5,978
2008	6,707
2014	7,215

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 التاريخ

Historical migration of human populations begins with the movement of Homo erectus out of Africa across Eurasia about a million years ago. Homo sapiens appear to have occupied all of Africa about 150,000 years ago, moved out of Africa 50,000 - 60,000 years ago, and had spread across Australia, Asia and Europe by 30,000 years BC. Migration to the Americas took place 20,000 to 15,000 years ago, and by 2,000 years ago, most of the Pacific Islands were colonized.colonized popcorn

Until c. 10,000 years ago, humans lived as hunter-gatherers. They generally lived in small nomadic groups known as band societies. The advent of agriculture prompted the Neolithic Revolution, when access to food surplus led to the formation of permanent human settlements. About 6,000 years ago, the first proto-states developed in Mesopotamia, Egypt's Nile Valley and the Indus Valley. Early human settlements were dependent on proximity to water and, depending on the lifestyle, other natural resources used for subsistence. But humans have a great capacity for altering their habitats by means of technology.

Since 1800, the human population has increased from one billion to over seven billion, In 2004, some 2.5 billion out of 6.3 billion people (39.7%) lived in urban areas. In February 2008, the U.N. estimated that half the world's population would live in urban areas by the end of the year. Problems for humans living in cities include various forms of pollution and crime, especially in inner city and suburban slums. Both overall population numbers and the proportion residing in cities are expected to increase significantly in the coming decades.

 المدن

The World has hundreds of major cities spread across 6 continents. Most are in coastal regions.

اعتبارا من 2005, the World had 62 metropolitan areas with a population of over 3,000,000 people each.

As of 2010, about 3 billion people live in or around urban areas.

The following table shows the populations of the top ten conglomerations.

Rank	City	Population	Country	Statistical concept	Area (km²)	Density (p/km²)
1	Tokyo	30,000,000	اليابان	Metropolitan area	13,500	2,716
2	Delhi	22,157,000	الهند	Urban agglomeration	33,578	659
3	Lagos	21,000,000	نيجيريا	Metropolitan area (região metropolitana)	10,050	3,400
4	Mumbai	20,041,000	الهند	Urban agglomeration	1,097	18,268
5	Mexico City	19,460,000	المكسيك	Metropolitan area (zona metropolitana)	7,815	2,490
6	New York City	18,406,000	الولايات المتحدة	Metropolitan Statistics Area	34,490	534
7	Shanghai	16,575,000	الصين	Urban agglomeration	3,920	4,228
8	Kolkata	15,552,000	الهند	Urban agglomeration	1,026	15,158
9	Dhaka	14,648,000	بنگلادش	Metropolitan area (megacity)	1,600	9,155
10	Istanbul	14,160,467	تركيا	Metropolitan Municipality	5,461	2,593

 الكثافة السكانية

انظر أيضاً: List of countries by population density

Population density (people per km²) by country, 2015

The world's population is 7 billion and Earth's total area (including land and water) is 510 million square kilometers (197 million square miles). Therefore, the worldwide human population density is 7 billion ÷ 510 million = 13.7 per km² (35.5 per sq. mile). If only the Earth's land area of 150 million km² (58 million sq. miles) is taken into account, then human population density increases to 46.7 per km² (117.2 per sq. mile). This calculation includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to 50 people per km² (129.28 per sq. mile). Considering that over half of the Earth's land mass consists of areas inhospitable to human inhabitation, such as deserts and high mountains, and that population tends to cluster around seaports and fresh water sources, this number by itself does not give any meaningful measurement of human population density.

Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates or dependencies. These territories share a relatively small area and a high urbanization level, with an economically specialized city population drawing also on rural resources outside the area, illustrating the difference between high population density and overpopulation.

 توزيع التعداد

المنطقة	العدد	النسبة
Asia	4,307,107,875	60.3%
Africa	1,037,524,058	14.5%
Europe	816,426,346	11.4%
North America	544,620,340	7.6%
South America	400,067,694	5.6%
Oceania	35,426,995	0.5%
Antarctica	1,169	0.00002%
Total	7,141,174,477	100.0%

 الأعراق

The world is made up of thousands of ethnic groups. Han Chinese represent about 18% of the global population.

 الأديان

Major denominations and religions of the world

للمزيد من المعلومات: List of religious populations

The table below lists religions classified by philosophy; however, religious philosophy is not always the determining factor in local practice. Please note that this table includes heterodox movements as adherents to their larger philosophical category, although this may be disputed by others within that category. For example, Cao Đài is listed because it claims to be a separate category from Buddhism, while Hòa Hảo is not, even though they are similar new religious movements.

The population numbers below are computed by a combination of census reports, random surveys (in countries where religion data is not collected in census, for example United States or France), and self-reported attendance numbers, but results can vary widely depending on the way questions are phrased, the definitions of religion used and the bias of the agencies or organizations conducting the survey. Informal or unorganized religions are especially difficult to count. Some organizations may wildly inflate their numbers.

Religious category	Number of followers (in millions)		Cultural tradition	Main regions covered
Christianity	2,000–2,200		Abrahamic religions	Predominant in the Western world (Western Europe, the Americas, Oceania), Eastern Europe, Russia, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Philippines, and East Timor in Southeast Asia. Minorities worldwide, see Christianity by country.
Islam	1,300–1,650		Abrahamic religions	Middle East, Northern Africa, Central Asia, South Asia, Western Africa, Maritime Southeast Asia with large population centers existing in Eastern Africa, Balkan Peninsula, Russia and China.
No religion	1,100		Secularism, half of those are theistic (but do not fit in with the major religions)	Predominant in the Western world, Israel and East Asia. Minorities worldwide, see Irreligion by country.
Hinduism	828–1,000		Indian religions	South Asia, Bali, Mauritius, Fiji, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, and among the overseas Indian communities.
Buddhism	400–1,500		Indian religions	South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia and some regions of Russia.
Folk religions	600-3,000		Folk religions	Africa, Asia, Americas
Chinese folk religions (including Taoism and Confucianism)	400-1,000		Chinese Religions	East Asia, Vietnam, Singapore and Malaysia.
Shinto	27–65		Japanese Religions	Japan
Sikhism	24–28		Indian religions	Indian subcontinent, Australasia, Northern America, Southeast Asia, the United Kingdom and Western Europe.
Judaism	14–18		Abrahamic religions	Israel and the worldwide Jewish diaspora (mostly North America, South America, Europe, and Asia).
Jainism	8–12		Indian religions	India, and East Africa.
Bahá'í Faith	7.6–7.9		Abrahamic religions	Noted for being dispersed worldwide but the top ten populations (amounting to about 60% of the Bahá'í World Faith adherents) are (in order of size of community) India, United States, Vietnam, Kenya, DR of the Congo, Philippines, Zambia, South Africa, Iran, Bolivia
Cao Đài	1–3		Vietnamese Religions	Vietnam.
Cheondoism	3		Korean religions	North Korea and South Korea
Tenrikyo	2		Japanese religions	Japan, Brazil.
Wicca	1		New religious movements	United States, Australia, Europe, Canada.
Church of World Messianity	1		Japanese Religions	Japan, Brazil
Seicho-no-Ie	0.8		Japanese religions	Japan, Brazil.
Rastafari movement	0.7		New religious movements, Abrahamic religions	Jamaica, Caribbean, Africa.
Unitarian Universalism	0.63		New religious movements	United States, Canada, Europe.

Since the late 19th century, the demographics of religion have changed a great deal. Some countries with a historically large Christian population have experienced a significant decline in the numbers of professed active Christians: see demographics of atheism. Symptoms of the decline in active participation in Christian religious life include declining recruitment for the priesthood and monastic life, as well as diminishing attendance at church. On the other hand, since the 19th century, large areas of sub-Saharan Africa have been converted to Christianity, and this area of the world has the highest population growth rate. In the realm of Western civilization, there has been an increase in the number of people who identify themselves as secular humanists. In many countries, such as the People's Republic of China, communist governments have discouraged religion, making it difficult to count the actual number of believers. However, after the collapse of communism in numerous countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, religious life has been experiencing resurgence there, both in the form of traditional Eastern Christianity and in the forms of Neopaganism and Far Eastern religions.

Following is some available data based on the work of the World Christian Encyclopedia:

Trends in annual growth of adherence

1970–1985	1990–2000	2000–2005
2.74%: Islam	2.13%: Islam	1.84%: Islam
3.65%: Bahá'í Faith	2.28%: Bahá'í Faith	1.70%: Bahá'í Faith
2.34%: Hinduism	1.69%: Hinduism	1.57%: Hinduism
1.64%: Christianity	1.36%: Christianity	1.32%: Christianity
1.09%: Judaism	1.87%:	1.62%:
1.67%: Buddhism	1.09%: Buddhism
	2.65%: الزرادشتية
	The annual growth in the world population over the same period is 1.41%.

Studies conducted by the Pew Research Center have found that, generally, poorer nations had a larger proportion of citizens who found religion to be very important than richer nations, with the exceptions of the United States and Kuwait.

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 الزواج

The average age of marriage varies greatly from country to country, and has varied through time. Women tend to marry at the same age as men and currently varies from 17.6 for women in Niger, to 32.4 for women in Denmark while men range from 22.6 in Mozambique to 35.1 in Sweden.

 الصحة

Life expectancy varies greatly from country to country. It is lowest in certain countries in Africa and higher in Japan, Australia and Spain.

+80   +77.5   +75   +72.5   +70   +67.5   +65

+60   +55   +50   +45   +40   - 40

The average number of hospital beds per 1,000 population is 2.94. Compare to Switzerland (18.3) and Mexico (1.1)

96% of the urban population has access to improved drinking water, while only 78% of rural inhabitants have improved drinking water. A total average of 87% of urban and rural have access to improved drinking water.

4% of the urban population does not have access to improved drinking water, leaving 22% of rural people without improved drinking water with a total world population of 13% not having access to drinking water.

76% of the urban population has access to sanitation facilities, while only 45% of the rural population has access. A total world average of 39% do not have access to sanitation facilities.

As of 2009, there are an estimated 33.3 million people living with HIV/AIDS, which is approximately 0.8% of the world population, and there have been an estimated 1.8 million deaths attributed to HIV/AIDS.

As of 2010, 925 million people are undernourished.

العمر المتوقع لدى الميلاد:

• total population: 67.07 years
• male: 65.21 years
• female: 69.05 years (2011 est.)

وفيات الرضع

• total: 41.61 deaths/1,000 live births
• male: 43.52 deaths/1,000 live births
• female: 39.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

 إحصائيات ديمغرافية

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

 البنية العمرية

Median age by country. A youth bulge is evident for Africa, and to a lesser extent for South and Southeast Asia and Central America.

According to the 2006 CIA World Factbook, around 27% of the world's population is below 15 years of age.

• 0–14 years: 26.3% (male 944,987,919/female 884,268,378)
• 15–64 years: 65.9% (male 2,234,860,865/female 2,187,838,153)
• 65 years and over: 7.9% (male 227,164,176/female 289,048,221) (2011 est.)
• Median Age - 28.4 years (male: 27.7 years, female: 29 years, 2009 est.)

According to a report by the Global Social Change Research Project, worldwide, the percent of the population age 0-14 declined from 34% in 1950 to 27% in 2010. On the other hand, the percent elderly (60+) increased during the same period from 8% to 11%.

 معدل نمو السكان

Growth rate of world population (1950–2000)
The sharp decline in world population growth in the early 1960s caused primarily by the Great Chinese Famine

Globally, the growth rate of the human population has been declining since peaking in 1962 and 1963 at 2.20% per annum. In 2009, the estimated annual growth rate was 1.1%. The CIA World Factbook gives the world annual birthrate, mortality rate, and growth rate as 1.915%, 0.812%, and 1.092% respectively The last one hundred years have seen a rapid increase in population due to medical advances and massive increase in agricultural productivity made possible by the Green Revolution.

The actual annual growth in the number of humans fell from its peak of 88.0 million in 1989, to a low of 73.9 million in 2003, after which it rose again to 75.2 million in 2006. Since then, annual growth has declined. In 2009, the human population increased by 74.6 million, which is projected to fall steadily to about 41 million per annum in 2050, at which time the population will have increased to about 9.2 billion. Each region of the globe has seen great reductions in growth rate in recent decades, though growth rates remain above 2% in some countries of the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, and also in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.

Some countries experienced negative population growth, especially in Eastern Europe mainly due to low fertility rates, high death rates and emigration. In Southern Africa, growth is slowing due to the high number of HIV-related deaths. Some Western Europe countries might also encounter negative population growth. Japan's population began decreasing in 2005.

Population in the world increased from 1990 to 2008 with 1,423 million and 27% growth. Measured by persons, the increase was highest in India (290 million) and China (192 million). Population growth was highest in Qatar (174%) and United Arab Emirates (140%).

الترتيب	البلد	Population (thousands) 1990	Population (thousands) 2010	Growth (%) 1990-2010
	World	5,306,425	6,895,889	30.0%
1	الصين	1,145,195	1,341,335	17.1%
2	الهند	873,785	1,224,614	40.2%
3	الولايات المتحدة	253,339	310,384	22.5%
4	إندونيسيا	184,346	239,871	30.1%
5	البرازيل	149,650	194,946	30.3%
6	پاكستان	111,845	173,593	55.2%
7	نيجريا	97,552	158,423	62.4%
8	بنگلادش	105,256	148,692	41.3%
9	روسيا	148,244	142,958	-3.6%
10	اليابان	126,536	122,251	-3.5%

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 عدد المواليد

Data required on total number of births per year, and distribution by country.

 معدل المواليد

Countries by birth rate in 2008

As of 2009, the average birth rate (unclear whether this is the weighted average rate per country [with each country getting a weight of 1], or the unweighted average of the entire world population) for the whole world is 19.95 per year per 1000 total population, a 0.48% decline from 2003's world birth rate of 20.43 per 1000 total population.

World historical and predicted crude birth rates (1950–2050)
UN, medium variant, 2008 rev.

Years	CBR	Years	CBR
1950–1955	37.2	2000–2005	21.2
1955–1960	35.3	2005–2010	20.3
1960–1965	34.9	2010–2015	19.4
1965–1970	33.4	2015–2020	18.2
1970–1975	30.8	2020–2025	16.9
1975–1980	28.4	2025–2030	15.8
1980–1985	27.9	2030–2035	15.0
1985–1990	27.3	2035–2040	14.5
1990–1995	24.7	2040–2045	14.0
1995–2000	22.5	2045–2050	13.4

According to the CIA - The World Factbook, the country with the highest birth rate currently is Niger at 51.26 births per 1000 people. The country with the lowest birth rate is Japan at 7.64 births per 1000 people. Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region of China, is at 7.42 births per 1000 people. As compared to the 1950s, birth rate was at 36 births per 1000 in the 1950s, birth rate has declined by 16 births per 1000 people. In July, 2011, the U.S. National Institutes of Health announced that the adolescent birth rate continues to decline. Birth rates vary even within the same geographic areas. In Europe, as of July 2011, Ireland's birth rate is 16.5 per cent, which is 3.5 per cent higher than the next-ranked country, the UK. France has a birth rate of 12.8 per cent while Sweden is at 12.3 per cent. In July, 2011, the UK's Office for National Statistics (ONS) announced a 2.4% increase in live births in the UK in 2010 alone. This is the highest birth rate in the UK in 40 years. By contrast, the birth rate in Germany is only 8.3 per 1,000, which is so low that both the UK and France, which have significantly smaller populations, produced more births in the last year. Birth rates also vary within the same geographic area, based on different demographic groups. For example, in April 2011, the U.S. CDC announced that the birth rate for women over the age of 40 in the U.S. rose between 2007 and 2009, while it fell among every other age group during the same time span. In August 2011, Taiwan's government announced that its birth rate declined in the previous year, despite the fact that it implemented a host of approaches to encourage its citizens to have babies.

Birth rates ranging from 10-20 births per 1000 are considered low, while rates from 40-50 births per 1000 are considered high. There are problems associated with both an extremely high birth rate and an extremely low birth rate. High birth rates can cause stress on the government welfare and family programs to support a youthful population. Additional problems faced by a country with a high birth rate include educating a growing number of children, creating jobs for these children when they enter the workforce, and dealing with the environmental effects that a large population can produce. Low birth rates can put stress on the government to provide adequate senior welfare systems and also the stress on families to support the elders themselves. There will be less children or working age population to support the constantly growing aging population.

 معدل الوفيات

World historical and predicted crude death rates (1950–2050)
UN, medium variant, 2008 rev.

Years	CDR	Years	CDR
1950–1955	19.5	2000–2005	8.6
1955–1960	17.3	2005–2010	8.5
1960–1965	15.5	2010–2015	8.3
1965–1970	13.2	2015–2020	8.3
1970–1975	11.4	2020–2025	8.3
1975–1980	10.7	2025–2030	8.5
1980–1985	10.3	2030–2035	8.8
1985–1990	9.7	2035–2040	9.2
1990–1995	9.4	2040–2045	9.6
1995–2000	8.9	2045–2050	10

The ten countries with the highest crude death rate, according to the 2015 CIA World Factbook estimates, are:

Rank	Country	Death rate (annual deaths/1000 persons)
1	لسوتو	14.89
2	أوكرانيا	14.46
3	بلغاريا	14.44
4	غينيا-بيساو	14.33
5	لاتڤيا	14.31
6	تشاد	14.28
7	لتوانيا	14.27
8	ناميبيا	13.91
9	أفغانستان	13.89
10	جمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى	13.80

See list of countries by death rate for worldwide statistics.

According to the World Health Organization, the 10 leading causes of death in 2002 were:

1. 12.6% Ischaemic heart disease
2. 9.7% Cerebrovascular disease
3. 6.8% Lower respiratory infections
4. 4.9% HIV/AIDS
5. 4.8% Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
6. 3.2% Diarrhoeal diseases
7. 2.7% Tuberculosis
8. 2.2% Trachea/bronchus/lung cancers
9. 2.2% Malaria
10. 2.1% Road traffic accidents

Causes of death vary greatly between first and third world countries.

According to Jean Ziegler (the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food for 2000 to March 2008), mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality in 2006: "In the world, approximately 62 millions people, all causes of death combined, die each year. In 2006, more than 36 millions died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients".

Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes. In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, reaching 90%.

 نسبة الجنسين

Map indicating the human sex ratio by country.

Countries with more females than males.   Countries with the same number of males and females.   Countries with more males than females.   No data

The Northern Mariana Islands have the highest female ratio with 0.77 males per female. Qatar has the highest male ratio, with 2.87 males/female. For the group aged below 15, Sierra Leone has the highest female ratio with 0.96 males/female, and the Republic of Georgia and the People's Republic of China are tied for the highest male ratio with 1.13 males/female (according to the 2006 CIA World Factbook).

The value for the entire world population is 1.01 males/female, with 1.07 at birth, 1.06 for those under 15, 1.02 for those between 15 and 64, and 0.78 for those over 65.

The "First World" G7 members all have a sex ratio in the range of 0.95–0.98 for the total population, of 1.05–1.07 at birth, of 1.05–1.06 for the group below 15, of 1.00–1.04 for the group aged 15–64, and of 0.70–0.75 for those over 65.

Countries on the Arabian Peninsula tend to have a 'natural' ratio of about 1.05 at birth but a very high ratio of males for those over 65 (Saudi Arabia 1.13, United Arab Emirates 2.73, Qatar 2.84), indicating either an above-average mortality rate for females or a below-average mortality for males, or, more likely in this case, a large population of aging male guest workers. Conversely, countries of Eastern Europe (the Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia) tend to have a 'normal' ratio at birth but a very low ratio of males among those over 65 (Russia 0.46, Latvia 0.48, Ukraine 0.52); similarly, Armenia has a far above average male ratio at birth (1.17), and a below-average male ratio above 65 (0.67). This effect may be caused by emigration and higher male mortality as result of higher Soviet era deaths; it may also be related to the enormous (by western standards) rate of alcoholism in the former Soviet states. Another possible contributory factor is an aging population, with a higher than normal proportion of relatively elderly people: we recall that due to higher differential mortality rates the ratio of males to females reduces for each year of age.

 معدل الخصوبة الشامل

World historical and predicted total fertility rates (1950–2100)
UN, medium variant, 2012 rev.

السنوات	TFR	السنوات	TFR	السنوات	TFR
1950–1955	4.95	2000–2005	2.60	2050–2055	2.21
1955–1960	4.89	2005–2010	2.53	2055–2060	2.18
1960–1965	4.91	2010–2015	2.50	2060–2065	2.15
1965–1970	4.85	2015–2020	2.45	2065–2070	2.13
1970–1975	4.45	2020–2025	2.41	2070–2075	2.10
1975–1980	3.84	2025–2030	2.37	2075–2080	2.07
1980–1985	3.59	2030–2035	2.34	2080–2085	2.05
1985–1990	3.39	2035–2040	2.31	2085–2090	2.03
1990–1995	3.04	2040–2045	2.27	2090–2095	2.01
1995–2000	2.73	2045–2050	2.24	2095–2100	1.99

There is an inverse correlation between income and fertility, wherein developed countries usually have a much lower fertility rate. Various fertility factors may be involved, such as education and urbanization. Mortality rates are low, birth control is understood and easily accessible, and costs are often deemed very high because of education, clothing, feeding, and social amenities. With wealth, contraception becomes affordable. However, in countries like Iran where contraception was made artificially affordable before the economy accelerated, birth rate also rapidly declined. Further, longer periods of time spent getting higher education often mean women have children later in life. Female labor participation rate also has substantial negative impact on fertility. However, this effect is neutralized among Nordic or liberalist countries.قالب:Elucidate

In undeveloped countries on the other hand, families desire children for their labour and as caregivers for their parents in old age. Fertility rates are also higher due to the lack of access to contraceptives, generally lower levels of female education, and lower rates of female employment in industry.

 معدل البطالة

8.7% (2010 est.) 8.2% (2009 est.) note: 30% combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%-12% unemployment (2007 est.)

 صفة المواطن

• noun: Terran(s)
• adjective: Terran

 اللغات

A color-coded map of Europe showing the geographic distribution of languages.

Worldwide, الإنگليزية is used widely as a lingua franca and can be seen to be the dominant language at this time. The world's largest language by native speakers is Mandarin Chinese which is a first language of around 960 million people, or 12.44% of the population, predominantly in the Greater China. Spanish is spoken by around 330 to 400 million people, predominantly in the Americas and Spain. Arabic is spoken by around 280 million people. Hindi is spoken by about 200 million speakers, mostly in India. Bengali is spoken by around 230 million people, predominantly in India and Bangladesh. Portuguese is spoken by about 230 million speakers in Portugal, Brazil, East Timor, and Southern Africa.

There are numerous other languages, grouped into nine major families:

1. Indo-European languages 46% (Europe, Western Asia, South Asia, North Asia, North America, South America, and Oceania)
2. Sino-Tibetan languages 21% (East Asia)
3. Niger–Congo languages 6.4% (Sub-Saharan Africa)
4. Afro-Asiatic languages 6.0% (North Africa to Horn of Africa, and Western Asia)
5. Austronesian languages 5.9% (Oceania, Madagascar, and Maritime Southeast Asia)
6. Dravidian languages 3.7% (South Asia)
7. Altaic languages (controversial combination of Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic families) 2.3% (Central Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and Anatolia)
8. Austroasiatic languages 1.7% (Mainland Southeast Asia)
9. Tai–Kadai languages 1.3% (Southeast Asia)

There are also hundreds of non-verbal sign languages.

 التعليم

Total population: 83.7% over the age of 15 can read and write, 88.3% male and 79.2% female note: over two-thirds of the world's 793 million illiterate adults are found in only eight countries (Bangladesh, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Pakistan); of all the illiterate adults in the world, two-thirds are women; extremely low literacy rates are concentrated in three regions, the Arab states, South and West Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa, where around one-third of the men and half of all women are illiterate (2005-09 est.)

As of 2008, the school life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) for a man or woman is 11 years.

 انظر أيضاً

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