حدأة حمراء

"Red Kite" redirects here. For the album, see Red Kite (Sarah Cracknell album).

Red kite
Milvus milvus R(ThKraft).jpg
أثناء التحليق فوق كمنتس، ساكسونيا، ألمانيا
التصنيف العلمي edit
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها): Milvus
Species:
Template:Taxonomy/MilvusM. milvus
Binomial name
Template:Taxonomy/MilvusMilvus milvus
Milvus milvus distr02.png
نطاق M. milvus

     resident      breeding visitor

Synonyms

Falco milvus Linnaeus, 1758
Milvus regalis (Pall., 1811)[2]

Red Kite at Bwlch Nant yr Arian, Wales, a local feeding ground.

حدأة حمراء (الاسم العلمي: Milvus milvus) إنگليزية: Red Kite، هو طائر جارح متوسط الحجم ينتمي إلى البازية (فصيلة: Accipitridae)، التي تضم أيضاً many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. The species currently breeds in the Western Palearctic region of Europe and northwest Africa, though it formerly also occurred in northern Iran.[3] It is resident in the milder parts of its range in western Europe and northwest Africa, but birds from northeastern and Central Europe winter further south and west, reaching south to Turkey. Vagrants have reached north to Finland and south to Israel, Libya and Gambia.[3][4]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

التبويب

The red kite was described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Falco milvus.[5] The word milvus was the Latin name for the bird.[6] In 1799 the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède moved the species to the genus Milvus creating the tautonym.[7]

Two subspecies are recognised:[8]

  • M. m. milvus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Europe and northwest Africa to the Middle East
  • M. m. fasciicauda Hartert, 1914 – Cape Verde Islands

The subspecies M. m. fasciicauda is almost certainly extinct.[9]

The genus Milvus contains two other species: the black kite (M. migrans) and the yellow-billed kite (M. aegyptius).[8] The red kite has been known to successfully hybridize with the black kite in captivity where both species were kept together, and in the wild on the Cape Verde Islands and infrequently in other places.[10] The red kites on the Cape Verde Islands are (or rather were) quite distinct in morphology, being somewhat intermediate with black kites. The question whether the Cape Verde kite should be considered a distinct species (Milvus fasciicauda) or a red kite subspecies has not been settled. A mitochondrial DNA study on museum specimens suggested that Cape Verde birds did not form a monophyletic lineage among or next to red kites.[11] This interpretation is problematic: mtDNA analysis is susceptible to hybridization events, the evolutionary history of the Cape Verde population is not known, and the genetic relationship of red kites is confusing, with geographical proximity being no indicator of genetic relatedness and the overall genetic similarity high,[12] perhaps indicating a relict species. Given the morphological distinctness of the Cape Verde birds and that the Cape Verde population was isolated from other populations of red kites, it cannot be conclusively resolved as to whether the Cape Verde population was not a distinct subspecies (as M. migrans fasciicauda) or even species that frequently absorbed stragglers from the migrating European populations into its gene pool. The Cape Verde population became effectively extinct since 2000, all surviving birds being hybrids with black kites.[11]

The English word "kite" is from the Old English cyta which is of unknown origin. A kite is mentioned by Geoffrey Chaucer's in his Knight's Tale. The early fifteenth century Hengwrt manuscript contains the lines: "Ther cam a kyte, whil þt they were so wrothe That bar awey the boon bitwix hem bothe." The first recorded use of the word "kite" for a toy that is attached to a length of string and flown in the air dates from the seventeenth century.[13]


الوصف

Leucistic form
A red kite skull
Red kite, falconry Adlerwarte Obernberg am Inn, Upper Austria

Red kites are 60 to 70 cm (24 to 28 in) long[14] with a 175–179 cm (69–70 in) wingspan; males weigh 800–1,200 g (28–42 oz), and females 1,000–1,300 g (35–46 oz).[3] It is an elegant bird, soaring on long wings held at a dihedral, and long forked tail, twisting as it changes direction. The body, upper tail and wing coverts are rufous. The white primary flight feathers contrast with the black wing tips and dark secondaries. Apart from the weight difference, the sexes are similar, but juveniles have a buff breast and belly. Its call is a thin piping sound, similar to but less mewling than the common buzzard. There is a rare white leucistic form accounting for approximately 1% of hatchlings in the Welsh population, but this variation confers a disadvantage in the survival stakes.[15]

الفروق بين البالغين والصغار

Adults differ from juveniles in a number of characteristics:

  • Adults are overall more deeply rufous, compared with the more washed out colour of juveniles;
  • Adults have black breast-streaks whereas on juveniles these are pale;
  • Juveniles have a less deeply forked tail, with a dark subterminal band;
  • Juveniles have pale tips to all of the greater-coverts (secondary and primary) on both the upper- and under-wings, forming a long narrow pale line; adults have pale fringes to upperwing secondary-coverts only.

These differences hold throughout most of the first year of a bird's life.

السلوك

التكاثر

Eggs in the natural history collection of the Museum Wiesbaden, Germany
Juveniles at nest, Berlin

Usually red kites first breed when they are two years old, although exceptionally they can successfully breed when they are only one year old.[16][17][18] They are monogamous and the pair-bond in قالب:Birdgloss populations is probably maintained during the winter, particularly when the pair remain on their breeding territory. For migrant populations the fidelity to a particular nesting site means that the pair-bond is likely to be renewed each breeding season.[19] The nest is normally placed in a fork of a large hardwood tree at a height of between 12 and 15 m (39 and 49 ft) above the ground. A pair will sometimes use a nest from the previous year and can occasionally occupy an old nest of the common buzzard.[20] The nest is built by both sexes. The male brings dead twigs 30–50 cm (12–20 in) in length which are placed by the female. The nest is lined with grass and sometimes also with sheep's wool. Unlike the black kite, no greenery is added to the nest. Both sexes continue to add material to the nest during the incubation and nestling periods. Nests vary greatly in size and can become large when the same nest is occupied for several seasons.[16]

The eggs are laid at three-day intervals. The clutch is usually between one and three eggs but four and even five eggs have occasionally been recorded. The eggs are non-glossy with a white ground and red-brown spots. The average size is 57 mm × 45 mm (2.2 in × 1.8 in) with a calculated weight of 63 g (2.2 oz).[16] In Britain and central Europe, laying begins at the end of March but in the Mediterranean area laying begins in early March.[20] The eggs are mainly incubated by the female, but the male will relieve her for short periods while she feeds. The male will also bring food for the female. Incubation starts as soon as the first egg is laid. Each egg hatches after 31 to 32 days but as they hatch asynchronously a clutch of three eggs requires 38 days of incubation. The chicks are cared for by both parents. The female قالب:Birdgloss them for the first 14 days while the male brings food to the nest which the female feeds to the chicks. Later both parents bring items of food which are placed in the nest to allow the chicks to feed themselves. The nestlings begin climbing onto branches around their nest from 45 days but they rarely قالب:Birdgloss before 48–50 days and sometimes not until they are 60–70 days of age. The young spend a further 15–20 days in the neighbourhood of the nest being fed by their parents. Only a single brood is raised each year but if the eggs are lost the female will relay.[16]

The maximum age recorded is 25 years and 8 months for a ringed bird in Germany.[21] The longevity record for Britain and Ireland is 23 years and 10 months for a bird found dead in Wales in 2012.[22]

الغذاء

Side view of adult, Wales

The red kite's diet consists mainly of small mammals such as mice, voles, shrews, young hares and rabbits. It feeds on a wide variety of carrion including sheep carcasses and dead game birds. Live birds are also taken and occasionally reptiles and amphibians. Earthworms form an important part of the diet, especially in spring.[23] In some parts of the United Kingdom, red kites are also deliberately fed in domestic gardens, explaining the presence of red kites in urban areas.[24] Here, up to 5% of householders have provided supplementary food for red kites, with chicken the predominant meat provided.[24][25]

As scavengers, red kites are particularly susceptible to poisoning. Illegal poison baits set for foxes or crows are indiscriminate and kill protected birds and other animals.[26] There have also been a number of incidents of red kites and other raptors being targeted by wildlife criminals.[27][28]

In the United Kingdom, there have been several unusual instances of red kites stealing food from people in a similar manner to gulls.[بحاجة لمصدر] One such occurrence took place in Marlow, Buckinghamshire (a town near a major reintroduction site for the species in the UK in the nearby village of Stokenchurch), in which Red Kites swooped down to steal sandwiches from people in one of the town's parks.[29]

التوزع والوضع

Red kite in flight in Gredos Mountains, Avila, Spain

Red kites inhabit broadleaf woodlands, valleys and wetland edges, to 800 metres (2,600 ft). They are native to the western Palearctic, with the European population of 19,000–25,000 pairs encompassing 95% of its global breeding range. It breeds from Spain and Portugal east into central Europe and Ukraine, north to southern Sweden, Latvia and the UK, and south to southern Italy. There is a population in northern Morocco. Northern birds move south in winter, mostly staying in the west of the breeding range, but also to eastern Turkey, northern Tunisia and Algeria. The three largest populations (in Germany, France and Spain, which together hold more than 75% of the global population) declined between 1990 and 2000, and overall the species declined by almost 20% over the ten years. The main threats to red kites are poisoning, through illegal direct poisoning and indirect poisoning from pesticides, particularly in the wintering ranges in France and Spain, and changes in agricultural practices causing a reduction in food resources. Other threats include electrocution, hunting and trapping, deforestation, egg-collection (on a local scale) and possibly competition with the generally more successful black kite M. migrans.[1]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

أوروبا القارية

Nestling red kites, Barnim, Germany

German populations declined by 25%–30% between 1991 and 1997, but have remained stable since. The populations of the northern foothills of the Harz Mountains (the most densely populated part of its range) suffered an estimated 50% decline from 1991 to 2001. In Spain, the species showed an overall decline in breeding population of up to 43% for the period 1994 to 2001–02, and surveys of wintering birds in 2003–04 suggest a similarly large decline in core wintering areas. The Balearic Islands population has declined from 41 to 47 breeding pairs in 1993 to just 10 in 2003. In France, breeding populations have decreased in the northeast, but seem to be stable in southwest and central France and Corsica. Populations elsewhere are stable or undergoing increases. In Sweden, the species has increased from 30 to 50 pairs in the 1970s to 1,200 breeding pairs in 2003. In Switzerland, populations increased during the 1990s, and have stabilised.[1] Red kites are decreasing in their strongholds of Spain, France and Germany, but are increasing in parts of northern Europe, such as Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom.[30][31]

المملكة المتحدة

Red kite, Gigrin Farm, Wales
Red kites at the feeding station, Laurieston, Scotland.

In the United Kingdom, red kites were ubiquitous scavengers that lived on carrion and rubbish.[بحاجة لمصدر] Shakespeare's King Lear describes his daughter Goneril as a detested kite, and he wrote "when the kite builds, look to your lesser linen" in reference to them stealing washing hung out to dry in the nesting season.[32] In the mid-15th century, King James II of Scotland decreed that they should be "killed wherever possible", but they remained protected in England and Wales for the next 100 years as they kept the streets free of carrion and rotting food.[33] Under Tudor "vermin laws" many creatures were seen as competitors for the produce of the countryside and bounties were paid by the parish for their carcasses.[34]

By the 20th century, the breeding population was restricted to a handful of pairs in South Wales, but recently the Welsh population has been supplemented by re-introductions in England and Scotland. In 2004, from 375 occupied territories identified, at least 216 pairs were thought to have hatched eggs and 200 pairs reared at least 286 young.[1] In 1989, six Swedish birds were released at a site in north Scotland and four Swedish and one Welsh bird in Buckinghamshire.[35] Altogether, 93 birds of Swedish and Spanish origin were released at each of the sites. In the second stage of reintroduction in 1995 and 1996, further birds were brought from Germany to populate areas of Dumfries and Galloway. Between 2004 and 2006, 94 birds were brought from the Chilterns and introduced into the Derwent Valley in north East England.[35] In Northern Ireland, 80 birds from wild stock in Wales were released between 2008 and 2010, and the first successful breeding was recorded in 2010. The reintroductions in the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty have been a success. Between 1989 and 1993, 90 birds were released there and by 2002, 139 pairs were breeding.[36] They can commonly be seen taking advantage of thermals from the M40 motorway.[37] Another successful reintroduction has been in Northamptonshire, which has become a stronghold for the red kite.[38] Thirty Spanish birds were introduced into Rockingham Forest near Corby in 2000,[39] and by 2010, the RSPB estimated that over 200 chicks had been reared from the initial release. So successful has the reintroduction been that 30 chicks have been transported from Rockingham Forest for release in Cumbria.[40] From the Chilterns they have spread as far east as Essex and can be seen over Harlow. To the west they have recently (2021) spread along the M4 as far as the Cotswold Edge overlooking the Severn near Bristol.

A sighting of the first red kite in London for 150 years was reported in The Independent newspaper in January 2006[41] and in June of that year, the UK-based Northern Kites Project reported that kites had bred in the Derwent Valley in and around Rowlands Gill, Tyne and Wear for the first time since the re-introduction.[42]

In 1999, the red kite was named 'Bird of the Century' by the British Trust for Ornithology.[32] According to the Welsh Kite Trust, it has been voted "Wales's favourite bird".[43]

In June 2010, the Forestry Commission North West England announced a three-year project to release 90 red kites in Grizedale Forest, Cumbria under a special licence issued by Natural England. The Grizedale programme was the ninth reintroduction of red kites into different regions of the UK and the final re-introduction phase in England.[44]

The stated aims of the Grizedale project were:

  • To establish a viable population of red kites in Grizedale, South Cumbria by 2015.
  • To increase the rate of red kite expansion into North West England and link up with existing populations in Wales, Yorkshire, North East England and South West Scotland and so increase the chances of a continuous geographical range.
  • To develop community involvement and create educational opportunities arising from the project.[45]

As of July 2011, non-breeding birds are regularly seen in all parts of Britain, and the number of breeding pairs is too large for the RSPB to continue to survey them on an annual basis.[46]

أيرلندا

Red kites were extinct in Ireland by the middle nineteenth century, due to persecution, poisoning and woodland clearance. In May 2007, Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government Dick Roche announced an agreement to bring at least 100 birds from Wales to restock the population as part of a 5-year programme in the Wicklow Mountains, similar to the earlier golden eagle reintroduction programme.[47] On 19 July 2007, the first thirty red kites were released in County Wicklow.[48][49] On 22 May 2010, 2 newly hatched red kite chicks were discovered in the Wicklow mountains,[50] bringing the number of chicks hatched since reintroduction to 7.[51]

السويد

Sweden is one location where the red kite seems to be increasing, with around 2,000 pairs in 2009, some of which are overwintering and some flying south to the Mediterranean for the winter. They return around March–April. The red kite is the landscape bird of Scania, and the coat of arms of the municipality of Tomelilla. The kite is often seen along the roadsides and roaming the open colourful wheat and rapeseed fields of Scania.

الأعداد والمناحي حسب البلد

A young red kite in Cookham, Berkshire.

The following figures (mostly estimates) have been collated from various sources.[3][52][53][54][55][56][57] They cover most of the countries in which red kites are believed to have bred.

Country Year Pairs Trend Notes
Flag of ألبانيا ألبانيا غير معروف Bred 1906
Flag of الجزائر الجزائر 0 غير معروف Bred in the 19th century, now extinct
Flag of النمسا النمسا 2000 0–2 Decrease Extinct 1950, recolonised 1970s; 10 pairs 1990
Flag of بلاروس بلاروس 1997 1 غير معروف Extinct 1950s, recolonised 1985; 10 pairs 1990
Flag of بلجيكا بلجيكا c.1995 50–60 ▲ Declined to 1–3 pairs early 1970s, then recovery
Flag of البوسنة والهرسك البوسنة والهرسك 0 غير معروف  
Flag of بلغاريا بلغاريا 0 غير معروف May breed but no proof
Flag of جزر الكناري جزر الكناري 0 مستقر Extinct 1970s
Flag of الرأس الأخضر الرأس الأخضر 2000 1? Decrease 50–75 pairs late 1980s; effectively extinct
Flag of كرواتيا كرواتيا 0 غير معروف 2–5 pairs 1980s
Flag of التشيك التشيك 2013 165-185 ▲ Extinct late 19th century, recolonised 1975
Flag of الدنمارك الدنمارك 2021 300-350[58] ▲ Extinct c.1920, then recolonised (from Sweden) 1970s
Flag of إنگلترة إنگلترة 2011 c.2000 ▲ Extinct 1870s, reintroduced 1989–1992, recovering
Flag of إستونيا إستونيا 1989 <1 غير معروف  
Flag of فرنسا فرنسا late 2000s c.3000 Decrease 2300–2900 pairs 1980s
Flag of ألمانيا ألمانيا late 2000s c.12000 Decrease 15000–25000 pairs 1980s
Flag of اليونان اليونان 0 غير معروف  
Flag of المجر المجر c.1998 1+ Decrease 30 pairs 1950s
Flag of Ireland.svg أيرلندا 2010 7 ▲ First successful breeding reported in 2010 following reintroduction in 2007
Flag of إيطاليا إيطاليا c.2002 300–400 غير معروف 70–150 pairs late 1980s
Flag of لاتڤيا لاتڤيا 1992 0–50 ▲ Extinct 1964, then recolonised
Flag of لتوانيا لتوانيا 1988 1–2 ▲ Extinct, then recolonised 1981
Flag of لوكسمبورگ لوكسمبورگ 2015 90 ▲  
Flag of مولدوڤا مولدوڤا 1990 1 غير معروف  
Flag of الجبل الأسود الجبل الأسود 1995 0 غير معروف  
Flag of المغرب المغرب c.1992 10–100 Decrease In danger of extinction
Flag of هولندا هولندا c.1998 <5 ▲ Extinct 1852, recolonised 1976
Flag of أيرلندا الشمالية أيرلندا الشمالية 2010 5 ▲ First successful breeding reported in 2010 following reintroduction in 2008
Flag of شمال مقدونيا شمال مقدونيا 0 غير معروف  
Flag of النرويج النرويج 1980 0 مستقر Bred occasionally in the 19th century
Flag of پولندا پولندا c.1998 650–700 ▲ 400–450 pairs 1980s
Flag of الپرتغال الپرتغال c.1995 100–200 غير معروف  
Flag of رومانيا رومانيا 1995 15–20 غير معروف  
Flag of روسيا روسيا 1992 0–50 غير معروف  
Flag of اسكتلندا اسكتلندا 2009 135 ▲ Extinct 1886, reintroduced 1989–1992
Flag of صربيا صربيا غير معروف  
Flag of سلوڤاكيا سلوڤاكيا 1992 10–20 غير معروف  
Flag of إسپانيا إسپانيا late 2000s c.2200 Decrease 10,000 pairs 1977
Flag of السويد السويد 2020 1900-2200[59] ▲ Increase from 400 pairs in 1993
Flag of سويسرا سويسرا 2013-2016 2800-3500 ▲ Declined 19th century, later recovery; 235–300 pairs in the late 1980s, 800-1000 pairs in 1995.
Flag of تونس تونس 0 غير معروف Bred in the 19th century, now extinct
Flag of تركيا تركيا 0 غير معروف May have bred in past but no proof
Flag of أوكرانيا أوكرانيا 1990 5–8 Decrease  
Flag of ويلز ويلز 2009 c.1000 ▲ Declined to 2 pairs in the 1930s, then recovery


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Observation

A short video on Red Kite feeding at Bwlch Nant yr Arian visitor centre in Ceredigion, Wales

One of the best places to see the red kite in Scandinavia is Scania in southern Sweden. It may be observed in one of its breeding locations such as the Kullaberg Nature Preserve near Mölle.[60] In Switzerland, they are a common sight in all rural areas, excluding the Alps and its foothills.

Some of the best places to see them in the United Kingdom are Gigrin Farm near Rhayader, mid Wales, where hundreds are fed by the local farmer as a tourist attraction,[61] a Red Kite Feeding Station at Llanddeusant in the Brecon Beacons, visited daily by over 50 birds,[62] and the Bwlch Nant yr Arian forest visitor centre in Ceredigion[63] where the rare leucistic variant can be seen.[64] In the UK, the Oxfordshire part of the Chilterns has many red kites, especially near Henley-on-Thames and Watlington, where they were introduced on John Paul Getty's estate.[36] Red Kites are also becoming common in Buckinghamshire, often being seen near Stokenchurch, where a population was released in the 1990s, and Flackwell Heath near High Wycombe. They can also be seen around Harewood near Leeds where they were re-introduced in 1999.[65] In Ireland they can be best observed at Redcross, near Avoca, County Wicklow.

انظر أيضا

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث BirdLife International (2020). "Milvus milvus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22695072A181651010. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695072A181651010.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Powys, 4th Baron Lilford, Thomas Littleton; Salvin, Osbert; Newton, Alfred; Keulemans, John Gerrard (1885). Coloured figures of the birds of the British Islands. Vol. 1. London: R.H. Porter. pp. 25f. OCLC 1029665771. Retrieved 2020-05-19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) See also: Gould, John (1873). The Birds of Great Britain. Vol. I. pp. Plate 22 (and accompanying text).
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic (Concise ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854099-1.
  4. ^ Barlow, C.; Wacher, T.; Disley, T. (1997). A Field Guide to Birds of the Gambia and Senegal. Mountfield, UK: Pica Press. ISBN 978-1-873403-32-7.
  5. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in اللاتينية). Vol. 1. Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. p. 89. F. cera flava, cauda forsicata, corpore ferrugineo, capite albidiore.
  6. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. ^ Lacépède, Bernard Germain de (1799). "Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux". Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle (in الفرنسية). Paris: Plassan. p. 4. Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.
  8. ^ أ ب Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "New World vultures, Secretarybird, kites, hawks, eagles". World Bird List Version 8.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  9. ^ Hille, Sabine M.; Collar, Nigel J. (2009). "The taxonomic and conservation status of Milvus kites in the Cape Verde archipelago: further (and final?) reflections". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 129 (4): 217–221.
  10. ^ Hille, Sabine; Thiollay, Jean-Marc (2000). "The imminent extinction of the kites Milvus milvus fasciicauda and Milvus m. migrans on the Cape Verde Islands". Bird Conservation International. 10 (4): 361–369. doi:10.1017/s0959270900000319.
  11. ^ أ ب Johnson, Jeff A.; Watson, Richard T.; Mindell, David P. (2005). "Prioritizing species conservation: does the Cape Verde kite exist?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (7): 1365–1371. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3098. PMC 1560339. PMID 16006325.
  12. ^ Schreiber, Arnd; Stubbe, Michael; Stubbe, Annegret (2000). "Red kite (Milvus milvus) and black kite (M. migrans): minute genetic interspecies distance of two raptors breeding in a mixed community (Falconiformes: Accipitridae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 69 (3): 351–365. doi:10.1006/bijl.1999.0365.
  13. ^ "kite". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. قالب:OEDsub
  14. ^ Campbell, David (2000). "Red Kite". The Encyclopedia of British Birds. Bath: Parragon. p. 118. ISBN 978-0752541594.
  15. ^ "The White Kite". Gigrin Farm - The Red Kite feeding station. Gigrin Farm. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  16. ^ أ ب ت ث Cramp 1980, p. 43.
  17. ^ Newton, I.; Davis, P.E.; Davis, J.E. (1989). "Age of first breeding, dispersal and survival of Red Kites Milvus milvus in Wales". Ibis. 131 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb02738.x.
  18. ^ Evans, I.M.; Cordero, P.J.; Parkin, D.T. (1998). "Successful breeding at one year of age by Red Kites Milvus milvus in southern England". Ibis. 140 (1): 53–57. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1998.tb04540.x.
  19. ^ Cramp 1980, p. 40.
  20. ^ أ ب Cramp 1980, p. 42.
  21. ^ "European Longevity Records". Euring. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  22. ^ "Longevity records for Britain & Ireland in 2017". British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  23. ^ Pugh, Elfyn. "The Red Kite". Birds of Britain. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  24. ^ أ ب Orros, Melanie E.; Fellowes, Mark D.E. (2015). "Widespread supplementary feeding in domestic gardens explains the return of reintroduced Red Kites Milvus milvus to an urban area". Ibis (in الإنجليزية). 157 (2): 230–238. doi:10.1111/ibi.12237. PMC 4409027. PMID 25937644.
  25. ^ Orros, Melanie E.; Fellowes, Mark D.E. (2014). "Supplementary feeding of the reintroduced Red Kite Milvus milvus in UK gardens". Bird Study. 61 (2): 260–263. doi:10.1080/00063657.2014.885491.
  26. ^ "Red Kites and poisons". Yorkshire Red Kites. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  27. ^ Carrell, Severin (3 April 2014). "Scottish bird of prey colony hit by mass poisonings". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  28. ^ "Wildlife crime soars". The Herald Series. 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2009. In Didcot, poisoned rabbits were laid out as bait disguised as road-kill, targeting red kites
  29. ^ Trivedi, Shruti. "Fresh warning over red kite 'attacks' in Higginson Park, Marlow". Bucks Free Press Online. Bucks Free Press. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  30. ^ "Red Kites decline in Europe". Welsh Kite Trust. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
  31. ^ "Fugleart sætter rekord i Danmark: - Det er helt fantastisk". TV2. 11 January 2022.
  32. ^ أ ب "BBC Radio 4, Debating Animals, Series 2, The Kestrel and Red Kite by Rod Liddle".
  33. ^ Atrill, Rod. "The Red Kite in West Wales". New Quay on Cardigan Bay in West Wales. Rod Attrill. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  34. ^ McCarthy, Michael (23 March 2007). "Book Review:Silent Field, By Roger Lovegrove: songbirds versus shotguns". The Independent. London: Independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  35. ^ أ ب "Red Kite". RSPB Conservation. RSPB. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  36. ^ أ ب Schurmer, Michael (November 2002). "Breeding Bird Survey of the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty 2002" (PDF). RSPB. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  37. ^ McCarthy, Michael. "Red kite makes triumphant return in England and Scotland but numbers decline elsewhere". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  38. ^ "RSPB Red Kite numbers are soaring across the UK". Birdguides. 15 September 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  39. ^ "Red Kite project a soaring success". Evening Telegraph. 9 November 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  40. ^ "Red kite chicks from Northamptonshire released to wild". BBC. 17 August 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  41. ^ McCarthy, Michael (13 يناير 2006). "Shakespeare's red kite returns to London after an absence of 150 years". The Independent on Sunday. Independent News and Media Limited. Archived from the original on 3 نوفمبر 2012. Retrieved 5 يوليو 2009.
  42. ^ "Delight as red kite chicks hatch". BBC News. 16 June 2006. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
  43. ^ "The Welsh Kite Trust". Archived from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  44. ^ "Red kites to make a Lake District return". The Westmorland Gazette. Newsquest media group. 17 June 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
  45. ^ "Grizedale Red Kite Project" (PDF). Forestry Commission information posters. Forestry commission. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
  46. ^ "Red kite: Distribution and population size". The RSPB. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  47. ^ "Golden Eagle Trust, Glenveagh National Park". National Development plan. NDP. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  48. ^ "Red Kite Reintroduction Project in Wicklow". 21 May 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.
  49. ^ "Red Kites fly again in Ireland". Wildlife Extra: News. Wildlife Extra. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  50. ^ Melia, Paul (22 May 2010). "Two chicks about the size of a fist". Irish Independent.
  51. ^ "Golden Eagle Trust | Red Kite | Project Updates". Goldeneagle.ie. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  52. ^ Carter, Ian (2001). The Red Kite. Chelmsford, UK: Arlequin Press.
  53. ^ Cramp 1980, p. 38.
  54. ^ Holloway, S. (1996). The Historical Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1875–1900. T & A D Poyser. ISBN 978-0-85661-094-3.
  55. ^ RSPB Scotland, cited in The Scotsman, Monday 15 September 2008
  56. ^ Carter, Ian (2009): The Red Kite. presentation to the Cambridgeshire Bird Club, Cambridge, UK, 13 November 2009.
  57. ^ Bstian, M., 2016. Soaring kites in Luxembourg... for how much longer? In: 33e réunion annuelle des collaborateurs scientifiques du Musée national d'histoire naturelle, Luxembourg March 19, 2016. Programm and Abstracts.
  58. ^ "Fokus på røde rovfugle: Rød glente fortsætter sin fremgang i Danmark". Dansk Ornitologisk Forening (Danish Ornithological Society). 3 January 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  59. ^ "Röd glada". Artdatabanken (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences). Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  60. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2005): Kullaberg Nature Reserve, Sweden. Lumina technologies.
  61. ^ "Red Kite Feeding Station — Gigrin Farm". Retrieved 27 October 2006.
  62. ^ Red Kites Wales
  63. ^ "Bwlch Nant-yr-Arian". Bwlch Nant Yr Arian Visitor Centre. 2008. Archived from the original on 2 August 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  64. ^ Melton, Tom (13 August 2008). "Leucistic Red Kite". ephotozone. ephotozone. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  65. ^ "Birder watchers' paradise". BBC Hands on Nature. BBC. pp. Parks: Harewood Estate. Retrieved 26 October 2009.

المصادر

  • Cramp, Stanley; et al., eds. (1980). "Milvus milvus Red Kite". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume II: Hawks to Bustards. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 36–44. ISBN 978-0-19-857505-4.

للاستزادة

وصلات خارجية

Wikispecies-logo.png
توجد في معرفةالفصائل معلومات أكثر حول:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=حدأة_حمراء&oldid=4037042"