توبوليف تو-104
توبوليف تو-104 |
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توبوليف تو-104 (تعريف الناتو: جمل) كانت طائرة تجارية توربينية ثنائية المحرك متوسطة المدي. وهي أول طائرة تجارية توربينية ناحجة عالميا. بالرغم من أنها كانت رابع طائرة تجارية يتم إطلاقها، إلا أنها كانت الثانية في دخول الخدمة العامة (مع إيروفلوت) والأولى التي تقدم خدمة ناجحة ومستمرة. بين عامي 1956 و 1958 كانت تو-104 هي طائرة الركاب النفاثة الوحيدة في الخدمة.
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Former operators
- CSA Czechoslovak Airlines – Six aircraft.
- Czechoslovakian Air Force
Accidents and incidents
According to the American Flight Safety Foundation, between 1958 and 1981, 16 Tu-104s were lost in crashes out of 37 aircraft written off (hull loss rate = 18%) with a total of 1140 fatalities.[1]
Date | Tail number | Aircraft type | Location | Casualties | Description | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
19 February 1958 | CCCP-Л5414 | Tu-104 | Savasleyka | 0/3 | Force-landed short of the runway after running out of fuel following a diversion. | [2] |
15 August 1958 | CCCP-Л5442 | Tu-104A | Chita | 64/64 | Aeroflot Flight 4 stalled, spun down and crashed after entering an updraft at 12,000 m (39,000 ft). | [3][4] |
17 October 1958 | CCCP-42362 | Tu-104A | Kanash | 80/80 | A flight carrying high-level delegations crashed when it entered a dive and crashed after entering an updraft at 12,000 m (39,000 ft). The Tu-104 was limited to 9,000 m (30,000 ft) and the tail modified in the wake of this accident. | [5] |
20 October 1960 | CCCP-42452 | Tu-104A | Ust-Orda | 3/68 | Aeroflot Flight 5 struck sloping terrain and crashed while the pilot was checking the landing lights. | [6][7] |
1 February 1961 | CCCP-42357 | Tu-104A | Vladivostok | 0 | Overran runway after landing too late. | [8] |
16 March 1961 | CCCP-42438 | Tu-104B | near Koltsovo | 7/51 | Aeroflot Flight 68 force-landed on a frozen pond following double engine failure. Two people on the ground also died when a house was struck by the aircraft. | [9][10] |
10 July 1961 | CCCP-42447 | Tu-104B | Odessa | 1/94 | Aeroflot Flight 381 crashed after entering downdrafts while landing in bad weather. | [11][12] |
17 September 1961 | CCCP-42388 | Tu-104A | Tashkent | 0 | Heavy landing; written off. | [13] |
2 November 1961 | CCCP-42504 | Tu-104B | Vladivostok | 0 | Struck a radio antenna while on approach and force-landed in a field following engine failure. | [14] |
4 June 1962 | CCCP-42491 | Tu-104B | Sofia | 5/5 | Struck a mountain following engine failure. | [15] |
30 June 1962 | CCCP-42370 | Tu-104A | Krasnoyarsk Krai | 84/84 | Aeroflot Flight 902 crashed after it was accidentally shot down by a missile. | [16] |
3 September 1962 | CCCP-42366 | Tu-104A | Khabarovsk | 86/86 | Aeroflot Flight 3 lost control at 4,500 m (14,800 ft) while climbing. Although the cause was not determined, issues with the autopilot were blamed. An accidental shoot-down by a missile was also theorized. | [17][18] |
25 October 1962 | CCCP-42495 | Tu-104B | Sheremetyevo | 11/11 | Crashed on takeoff during a test flight due to cross-connected rudder controls. | [19] |
16 March 1963 | OK-LDB | Tu-104A | Santa Cruz Airport | غير معروف | Caught fire while being refueled. | [20] |
18 May 1963 | CCCP-42483 | Tu-104B | Leningrad | 0 | Stalled on approach and crashed. | [21] |
13 July 1963 | CCCP-42492 | Tu-104B | near Irkutsk Airport | 33/35 | Aeroflot Flight 12 crashed short of the runway due to incorrect instrument readings. Water entered the instrument wiring, causing a short circuit. | [22][23] |
9 June 1964 | CCCP-42476 | Tu-104B | Novosibirsk | غير معروف | Overshot runway in heavy rain during second landing attempt. | [24] |
28 April 1969 | CCCP-42436 | Tu-104B | Irkutsk | غير معروف | Landed 600 m (2,000 ft) short of runway; written off. | [25] |
1 June 1970 | OK-NDD | Tu-104A | Tripoli | 13/13 | Crashed short of the runway after the pilot attempted an approach to runway 36. | [26] |
25 July 1971 | CCCP-42405 | Tu-104B | Irkutsk | 97/126 | Aeroflot Flight 1912 landed 150 m (490 ft) short of the runway; breaking off the left wing. The aircraft rolled to the left and caught fire. | [27][28] |
10 October 1971 | CCCP-42490 | Tu-104B | Vnukovo | 25/25 | Aeroflot Flight 773 crashed shortly after takeoff after an explosion occurred while climbing through 1,200 m (3,900 ft). The explosion damaged the fuselage and destroyed flight controls. Control was lost and the aircraft rolled right and entered a descent until it struck the ground. The explosion was caused by a bomb placed between the cabin wall and a passenger seat in the rear of the cabin near frame 45. | [29][30] |
19 March 1972 | CCCP-42408 | Tu-104B | Omsk | 0 | Struck a snow wall short of the runway during the fifth landing attempt. | [31] |
24 April 1973 | CCCP-42505 | Tu-104B | Leningrad | 2/57 | Hijacked by a passenger who demanded to be taken to Sweden. The crew returned to Leningrad. While the landing gear was lowered, the hijacker set off a bomb, killing himself and the flight engineer. The bomb blew a hole in the fuselage, but the aircraft was able to land safely. | [32][33] |
18 May 1973 | СССР-42379 | Tu-104B | Buryat ASSR | 82/82 | Aeroflot Flight 109 was hijacked by a passenger who demanded to be taken to China. A bomb that the hijacker had put on board the aircraft detonated at 30,000 ft (9,100 m) and the aircraft lost control and crashed east of Lake Baikal. | [34][35] |
29 August 1973 | OK-MDE | Tu-104A | Nicosia | 0/70 | CSA Flight 531 veered off the runway after landing after the pilot failed to stop the aircraft in time. The wreckage remains at the airport site to this day. | [36] |
30 September 1973 | CCCP-42506 | Tu-104B | Sverdlovsk | 108/108 | Aeroflot Flight 3932 crashed shortly after takeoff due to a power failure of the artificial horizons. | [37] |
13 October 1973 | CCCP-42486 | Tu-104B | Domodedovo | 122/122 | Aeroflot Flight 964 crashed while on approach following a power failure to the compass system and main gyros and resulting loss of control. The crash is the worst involving the Tu-104. | [38] |
7 December 1973 | CCCP-42503 | Tu-104B | near Moscow | 16/75 | Aeroflot Flight 964 crashed after a wing struck the ground after coming in too fast. | [39][40] |
5 November 1974 | CCCP-42501 | Tu-104B | Chita | 0 | Overran the runway on landing and came to rest against a railway embankment. | [41] |
30 August 1975 | CCCP-42472 | Tu-104B | Tolmachevo Airport | 0 | Right landing gear collapsed following a heavy landing. | [42] |
9 February 1976 | CCCP-42327 | Tu-104A | Irkutsk | 24/115 | Aeroflot Flight 3739 crashed after banking to the right while climbing for takeoff and entering a descent. Debris from the aircraft struck a North Korean Tu-154 that had just landed. Although the official cause of the accident was loss of control caused by crosswinds, improper fueling (too much fuel on one side) and pilot error were also theorized. | [43][44] |
17 July 1976 | CCCP-42335 | Tu-104A | Chita Airport | 0 | Failed to take off and crashed due to overloading. | [45] |
28 November 1976 | CCCP-42471 | Tu-104B | near Sheremetyevo | 72/72 | Aeroflot Flight 2415 lost control and crashed following artificial horizon failure and resulting crew disorientation. | [46][47] |
1976 | CCCP-42371 | Tu-104A | Borispol Airport | غير معروف | Crashed short of the runway after the engines were shut down in flight. | [48] |
13 January 1977 | CCCP-42369 | Tu-104A | Alma-Ata | 96/96 | Aeroflot Flight 3843 exploded in mid-air due to an engine fire. | [49][50] |
17 March 1979 | CCCP-42444 | Tu-104B | near Moscow | 58/119 | While operating as Aeroflot Flight 1691, the crew encountered a false fire alarm from engine during takeoff and turned back to Vnukovo. The plane crashed while attempting to return to the airport. Aeroflot removed the Tu-104 from service following this accident. | [51] |
7 February 1981 | CCCP-42332 | Tu-104A | Pushkin | 51/51 | Soviet Navy flight; failed to take off due to shifting cargo. All military Tu-104's were grounded following this accident. | [52] |
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Specifications (Tu-104B)
البيانات من Gordon and Rigmant[53][54]
السمات العامة
- الطاقم: seven
- الحمولة: 50–115 passengers
- الطول: 40.05 m (131 ft 5 in)
- بحر الجناحين: 34.54 m (113 ft 4 in)
- الارتفاع: 11.90 m (39 ft 0 in)
- الباع مساحة: 184 m² (1,975 ft²)
- الوزن الفارغ: 43,800 kg (96,560 lb)
- الوزن القائم: 78,100 kg (172,180 lb)
- المحرك: 2 × Mikulin AM-3M-500 turbojets, 95.1 kN (21,400 lbf) each
الأداء
- أقصى سرعة: 950 km/h (513 knots, 590 mph)
- سرعة التحليق: 800 km/h (432 knots, 497 mph)
- النطاق: 2,750 km (1,485 nm, 1,709 mi)
- سقف الخدمة: 12,000 m (39,370 ft)
- معدل التسلق: 10 m/s (1,969 ft/min)
See also
تطورات ذات صلة
طائرات شبيهة
قوائم ذات صلة
المراجع
- ^ Tu 104 statistics
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ "Катастрофа Ту-104А МУТА ГВФ в 215 км от а/п Хабаровск" [Accident Tu-104 215 km from Khabarovsk Airport] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ "Катастрофа Ту-104А Дальневосточного управления ГВФ близ аэр. Усть-Орда" [Accident Tu-104 near Ust-Orda] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ "Катастрофа Ту-104Б ЗС УГВФ в Свердловске" [Accident Tu-104 Sverdlovsk] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ "Катастрофа Ту-104Б Северного управления ГВФ в а/п Одессы" [Accident Tu-104 Odessa Airport] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ "Катастрофа Ту-104А Дальневосточного управления ГВФ близ Хабаровска" [Accident Tu-104 near Khabarovsk] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ "Катастрофа Ту-104Б Восточно-Сибирского управления ГВФ в районе Иркутска" [Accident Tu-104 near Irkutsk] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ "Катастрофа Ту-104Б Толмачевского ОАО в а/п Иркутс" [Accident Tu-104 Irkutsk Airport] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ "Взрыв на борту Ту-104Б Украинского УГА близ аэропорта Внуково" [Explosion on Tu-104 near Vnukovo] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ "Бортовой №: CCCP-42505". Retrieved 11 November 2011.
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ "Взрыв на борту и катастрофа Ту-104А Восточно-Сибирского УГА в районе Читы" [Explosion on Tu-104 Chita region] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ "Катастрофа Ту-104Б Грузинского УГА в а/п Домодедово" [Accident Tu-104 Domodedovo Airport] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ "Катастрофа Ту-104А ВС УГА в Иркутске" [Accident Tu-104 Irkutsk] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ "Катастрофа Ту-104Б Ленинградского ОАО в районе а/п Шереметьево" [Accident Tu-104 Sheremetyevo/Leningrad area] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ "Катастрофа Ту-104А Дальневосточного УГА в районе а/п Алма-Ата" [Accident Tu-104 near Alma-Ata Airport] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ قالب:ASN accident
- ^ Yefim Gordon and Vladimir Rigmant Tupolev Tu-104: Aeroflot's first jet; 2007 ; translated by Dimitriy Komissarov; ISBN 978-1-85780-265-8; Midland Publishing / Ian Allen Publishing Ltd, UK
- ^ http://www.flugzeuginfo.net/acdata_php/acdata_tu104_en.php
http://www.airforce.ru/content/english-pages/2344-interview-civil-aviation-pilot-hsu-v-m-yanchenko/