تاريخ اليهود في أرض إسرائيل

تاريخ اليهود في أرض إسرائيل يشير إلى تاريخ الشعب اليهودي في أرض إسرائيل Eretz Yisrael. أول ظهور محتمل لإسم "إسرائيل" في السجلات التاريخية هو النقش المصري من 1200 ق.م. الذي يذكر جماعة عرقية تتواجد في الجزء الشمالي من المرتفعات الوسطى بين البحر المتوسط ووادي الأردن وجنوب جبل الكرمل. The term "Land of Israel" is found in the التوراة. وأثناء العهد التوراتي، قامن مملكتان في منطقة المرتفعات، مملكة إسرائيل في الشمال وظهرت بعدها بوقت مملكة يهودا في الجنوب: إسرائيل قـُضي عليها حوالي 722 ق.م.، ويهودا، حوالي 586 ق.م.. لاحقاً في 165 ق.م.، تأسست المملكة الهشمونية اليهودية. وقد استمرت 99 عاماً وقد دُمـِّرت بعد أن استولى الرومان على القدس في عام 66 ق.م.

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 إسرائيل ويهودا القديمتان (1200–586 ق.م.)

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ إسرائيل ويهودا القديمتين

انظر أيضاً: مملكة إسرائيل (المملكة المتحدة), مملكة إسرائيل (السامرة), and مملكة يهودا

نصب مرنپتاح (JE 31408), bearing the first record of the name "Israel", (Cairo Museum)

The Iron Age kingdom of Israel (blue) and kingdom of Judah (tan), with their neighbours (8th century BCE), based on Biblical accounts

The name Israel first appears in the stele of the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BC, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not." This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony, but an ethnic group rather than an organized state. Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites who occupied Canaan and the Sea Peoples. According to modern archaeologists, sometime during Iron Age I a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite', differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion.

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  Tel Dan Stele, bearing the first record of the name "David", (Israel Museum)

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  Artist's rendering of the First Temple

 السبي البابلي، الحكم الفارسي والعودة إلى صهيون (538–332 ق.م.)

المقالة الرئيسية: Babylonian exile, The Return to Zion, and Yehud Medinata

An artist's depiction of the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to Babylon and the destruction of Jerusalem and Solomon's temple

The Assyrian Empire was overthrown in 612 BCE by the Medes and the Neo-Babylonian Empire. In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah.

One of the 21 LMLK seals found near the ancient city of Lachish, which has an inscription written in Paleo-Hebrew alphabet and is dated from the reign of Hezekiah

 الفترة الهشمونية (332–64 ق.م.)

المقالة الرئيسية: Seleucid Kingdom, Hellenistic Judaism, and Hasmonean kingdom

The extent of the Hasmonean kingdom

In 332 BCE the Persians were defeated by Alexander the Great. After his death in 322 BCE, his generals divided the empire between them and Judea became the frontier between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt, but in 198 Judea was incorporated into the Seleucid Kingdom.

 العصر الروماني (64 ق.م. – 324 م)

انظر أيضاً: تاريخ اليهود في الامبراطورية الرومانية and الحروب اليهودية الرومانية

1st-century BCE - 2nd-century CE

64 BCE Rome conquers Judea and Jerusalem 40–37 Antigonus the Hasmonean rules as King of Judea 37 Herod the Great made ruler of Judea 19 Herod's Temple completed 4 BCE Tetrarchy of Judea formed 6 CE Iudaea province formed 20 Tiberias founded 66–73 First Jewish–Roman War 67 Gamla and Jotapata fall 70 Second Temple destroyed, Council of Jamnia founded 73 Massada falls 115–117 Kitos War 130 Temple of Jupiter built upon Temple Mount 132 Judea merged into Syria Palaestina 132–136 Bar-Kochba revolt, Ten Martyrs executed c. 200 Mishnah completed

In 63 BCE the Roman general Pompey sacked Jerusalem and made the Jewish kingdom a client of Rome. The situation was not to last, as the deaths of Pompey in 48 BCE and Caesar in 44 BCE, together with the related Roman civil wars, relaxed Rome's grip on Judea. This resulted in the Parthian Empire and their Jewish ally Antigonus the Hasmonean defeating the pro-Roman Jewish forces (high priest Hyrcanus II, Phasael and Herod the Great) in 40 BCE. They invaded the Roman eastern provinces and managed to expel the Romans. Antigonus was made King of Judea. Herod fled to Rome where he was elected "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate and was given the task of retaking Judea. In 37 BCE, with Roman support, Herod reclaimed Judea and the short lived reemergence of the Hasmonean dynasty came to an end. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Herodian dynasty, Jewish-Roman client kings, ruled Judea. In 20 BCE, Herod began a refurbishment and expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. His son, Herod Antipas, founded the Jewish city of Tiberias in the Galilee.

Model of Herod's Temple, (Israel Museum)

Judea under Roman rule was at first a client kingdom, but gradually the rule over Judea became less and less Jewish, until it became under the direct rule of Roman administration from Caesarea Maritima, which was often callous and brutal in its treatment of its Judean, Galilean, and Samaritan subjects. It was in this period that Rabbinical Judaism, led by Hillel the Elder, began to assume popular prominence over the Temple priesthood.

The sack of Jerusalem depicted on the Arch of Titus, Rome

 الفترة البيزنطية (324–638)

انظر أيضاً: History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire

Byzantine period

351–352 Jewish revolt against Gallus, Jewish communities and academies in disarray 358 Hillel II institutes Hebrew calendar 361–363 Rebuilding of Temple attempted under Julian 425 Gamliel VI, last Prince of the Sanhedrin, dies 429 Jewish Patriarchate abolished by Theodosius II 438 Eudocia allows Jewish prayer on Temple Mount 450 Redaction of Palestinian Talmud 614–617 Jews gain autonomy in Jerusalem under Persian rule 625 Liturgical poet Yanai flourishes

Eshtemoa synagogue menorah, carved during the 3rd or 4th century.

The ancient synagogue at Nabratein was destroyed in the Galilee earthquake of 363

"Mother of the Arches" synagogue, Golan Heights, dated to the 6th-8th century

Early in the 4th century, Roman Empire split and Constantinople became the capital of the East Roman Empire known as the Byzantine Empire. Under the Byzantines, Christianity, dominated by the (Greek) Orthodox Church, was adopted as the official religion. Jerusalem became a Christian city and Jews were still banned from living there.

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 التسامح في ظل الإسلام (638–1099)

انظر أيضاً: الحروب البيزنطية العربية and الفتوحات الإسلامية

العصر الإسلامي

638 Umar allows Jews back into Jerusalem 691-705 Islamization of the Temple Mount 720 Jews permanently excluded from ascending Temple Mount c. 750 Palestinian Gaonate based in Tiberias c. 850 Seat of the Gaonate transferred to Jerusalem 875 Mourners of Zion reside in Jerusalem 921 Controversy erupts regarding calandarical calculations of Aaron ben Meïr 960 Masorete Aaron ben Asher dies in Tiberias 1071 Gaonate exiled to Tyre

In 638 CE, the Byzantine Empire lost the Levant to the Arab Islamic Empire. According to Moshe Gil, at the time of the Arab conquest in 7th century, the majority of the population was Jewish or Samaritan. According to one estimate, the Jews of Palestine numbered between 300,000 and 400,000 at the time. After the conquest, the majority of the population became Arabized in culture and language, many also adopting the new faith of Islam. Until the Crusades took Palestine in 1099, various Muslim dynasties controlled Palestine. It was first ruled by the Medinah-based Rashidun Caliphs, then by the Damascus-based Umayyad Caliphate and after by the Baghdad-based Abbasid Caliphs.

After the conquest, Jewish communities began to grow and flourish. Umar allowed and encouraged Jews to settle in Jerusalem. It was first time, after almost 500 years of oppressive Christian rule, that Jews were allowed to enter and worship freely in their holy city. Seventy Jewish families from Tiberias moved to Jerusalem in order to help strengthen the Jewish community there. But with the construction of the Dome of the Rock in 691 and the Al-Aqsa Mosque in 705, the Muslims established the Temple Mount as an Islamic holy site. The dome enshrined the Foundation Stone, the holiest site for Jews. Before Omar Abd al-Aziz died in 720, he banned the Jews from worshipping on the Temple Mount, a policy which remained in place for over the next 1,000 years of Islamic rule. In around 875, Karaite leader Daniel al-Kumisi arrived in Jerusalem and established an ascetic community of Mourners of Zion. Michael the Syrian notes thirty synagogues which were destroyed in Tiberias by the earthquake of 749.

In the mid-8th-century, taking advantage of the warring Islamic factions in Palestine, a false messiah named Abu Isa Obadiah of Isfahan inspired and organised a group of 10,000 armed Jews who hoped to restore the Holy Land to the Jewish nation. Soon after, when Al-Mansur came to power, Abu Isa joined forces with a Persain chieftain who was also conducting a rebellion against the caliph. The rebellion was subdued by the caliph and Abu Isa fell in battle in 755.

In 1039, part of the synagogue in Ramla was still in ruins, probably resulting from the earthquake of 1033. Jews also returned to Rafah and documents from 1015 and 1080 attest to a significant community there.

A large Jewish community existed in Ramle and smaller communities inhabited Hebron and the coastal cities of Acre, Caesarea, Jaffa, Ashkelon and Gaza. Al-Muqaddasi (985) wrote that "for the most part the assayers of corn, dyers, bankers, and tanners are Jews." Under the Islamic rule, the rights of Jews and Christians were curtailed and residence was permitted upon payment of the special tax.

Between the 7th and 11th centuries, Masoretes (Jewish scribes) in the Galilee and Jerusalem were active in compiling a system of pronunciation and grammatical guides of the Hebrew language. They authorised the division of the Jewish Tanakh, known as the Masoretic Text, which is regarded as authoritative till today.

 الاضطهاد والانحدار في عهد الصليبيين (1099–1291)

انظر أيضاً: تاريخ اليهود والحملات الصليبية

الاستيلاء على القدس، 1099

According to Gilbert, from 1099 to 1291 the Christian Crusaders "mercilessly persecuted and slaughtered the Jews of Palestine."

 الإحياء التدريجي مع زيادة الهجرة (1211–1517)

القرون 12 إلى 14 1191 Jews of Ascalon arrive in Jerusalem 1198 Maghreb Jews arrive in Jerusalem 1204 Maimonides buried in Tiberias 1209-1211 Immigration of 300 French and English rabbis 1217 Judah al-Harizi bemoans state of the Temple Mount 1260 Yechiel of Paris establishes talmudical academy in Acre 1266 Jews banned from entering the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron 1267 Nachmanides arrives in Jerusalem, Ramban synagogue established 1286 Meir of Rothenburg incarcerated after attempting to emigrate to Palestine 1355 Physician and geographer Ishtori Haparchi dies in Bet She'an

15th-century 1428 Jews attempt to purchase Tomb of David, Pope prevents ships carrying Jews to Palestine 1434 Elijah of Ferrara settles in Jerusalem 1441 Famine forces Jerusalem Jews to send emissary to Europe 1455 Failed large scale immigration attempt from Sicily 1474 Great Synagogue of Jerusalem demolished by Arab mob 1488 Obadiah ben Abraham begins revival of Jerusalem 1507 Joseph Saragossi dies in Safed

 النمو والاستقرار تحت الحكم العثماني (1517–1917)

The كنيس آري في صفد. Founded in the 1570s, it was rebuilt in 1857 following an earthquake.

One of the earliest photographs of Jews praying at the Western Wall of Herod's Temple, 1870s. The Scroll of Ahimaaz (1050 CE) mentions the location as a Jewish prayer site. In around 1560, Suleiman the Magnificent gave official recognition of the right of Jews to pray there.

Palestine was conquered by Turkish Sultan سليم الأول in 1516–17, and became part of the province of Syria for the next four centuries.

Installation of the Chacham Bashi at the Ben Zakai Synagogue, 1893. According to legend, the synagogue stands on the site of the study hall of 1st-century sage, Rabban Yochanan ben Zakai. The current building was constructed in 1610.

In the 1648–1654 Khmelnytsky Uprising in the Ukraine over 100,000 Jews were massacred, leading to some migration to Israel. In 1660 (or 1662), the majorly Jewish towns of Safed and Tiberias are destroyed by the Druze, following a power struggle in Galilee. In 1665, the events surrounding the arrival of the self-proclaimed Messiah Sabbatai Zevi to Jerusalem, causes a massacre of the Jews in Jerusalem.

The Near East earthquake of 1759 destroys much of Safed killing 2000 people with 190 Jews among the dead, and also destroys طبرية.

The disciples of the Vilna Gaon settled in the land of Israel almost a decade after the arrival of two of his pupils, R. Hayim of Vilna and R. Israel ben Samuel of Shklov. In all there were three groups of the Gaon's students which emigrated to the land of Israel. They formed the basis of the Ashkenazi communities of Jerusalem and Safed, setting up what was known as the Kollel Perushim. Their arrival encouraged an Ashkenazi revival in Jerusalem, whose Jewish community until this time was mostly Sephardi. Many of the descendents of the disciples became leading figures in modern Israeli society. The Gaon himself also set forth with his pupils to the Land, but for an unknown reason he turned back and returned to Vilna where he died soon after.

During the siege of Acre in 1799, Napoleon issued a proclamation to the Jews of Asia and Africa to help him conquer Jerusalem. The siege was lost to the British, however, and the plan was never carried out. In 1821 the brothers of murdered Jewish adviser and finance minister to the rulers of the Galilee, Haim Farkhi formed an army with Ottoman permission, marched south and conquered the Galilee. They were held up at Akko which they besieged for 14 months after which they gave up and retreated to Damascus.

During Muhammad Ali of Egypt's occupation in 1834, Jews were targeted in pogroms in Hebron, Safed and Jerusalem. In 1844, Jews constituted the largest population group in Jerusalem and by 1890 an absolute majority in the city, but as a whole the Jewish population made up far less than 10% of the region.

In 1888, Professor Sir John William Dawson wrote: Immigration took place from Europe, from North Africa (mainly to Jaffa) and from the Yemen.

"Until today (1888), no people has succeeded in establishing national dominion in the Land of Israel. No national unity, in the spirit of nationalism, has acquired any hold there. The mixed multitude of itinerant tribes that managed to settle there did so on lease, as temporary residents. It seems that they await the return of the permanent residents of the land."

 في العصر الحديث

المقالة الرئيسية: Chronology of the Jewish settlement in the land of Israel in modern times

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 الانتداب البريطاني (1917–1948)

المقالة الرئيسية: British Mandate of Palestine and 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine

The borders of the British Mandate

Between 1882 and 1948, a series of Jewish migrations to what is the modern nation of Israel, known as Aliyahs commenced. These migrations preceded the Zionist period.

David Ben-Gurion proclaiming independence beneath a large portrait of Theodor Herzl, founder of modern Zionism

On 14 May 1948, one day before the end of the British Mandate, the leaders of the Jewish community in Palestine led by the future prime minister David Ben-Gurion, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.

 دولة إسرائيل (1948–الآن)

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ إسرائيل and يهود إسرائيل

حائط المبكى في القدس

 انظر أيضاً

• List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel
• Time periods in the Palestine region
• Muslim history in the region of Palestine
• يهود إسرائيل

 الهامش

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 وصلات خارجية

• Yearning for Zion
• The conquests of Jerusalem in 614CE and 638CE within the context of attempts at Jewish restoration
• Timeline of the History of the Jews and the Land of Israel Based on "A Historical Survey of the Jewish Population in Palestine Presented to the United Nations in 1947