قوائم الزلازل
القووائم التالية للزلازل، وأقوى الزلازل من حيث مقياس العزم والضحايا.
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القوائم الرئيسية
- زلازل تاريخية (قبل 1901)
- قائمة زلازل القرن 20 (1901–2000)
- قائمة زلازل القرن 21 (2001–الآن)
قوائم الزلال حسب البلد
أقوى الزلازل حسب العزم الزلزالي
التاريخ | المكان | الاسم | العزم الزلزالي |
---|---|---|---|
May 22, 1960 | ڤالديڤيا، تشيلي | زلزال ڤالديڤيا 1960 | 9.5 |
March 27, 1964 | پرينس وليام ساوند، آلاسكا، الولايات المتحدة | زلزال آلاسكا 1964 | 9.2 |
December 26, 2004 | المحيط الهندي، سومطرة، إندونسيا | زلزال المحيط الهندي 2004 | 9.1–9.3 |
November 4, 1952 | كامتشاتكا، روسيا | زلزال كامتشاتكا 1952 | 9.0[2] |
March 11, 2011 | المحيط الهادي، منطقة توهكو، اليابان | زلزال توهكو 2011 | 9.0[3][4][5] |
September 16, 1615 | أريكا، تشيلي | زلزال أريكا 1615 | 8.8 (تقديري) |
November 25, 1833 | سومطرة، إندونسيا | زلزال سومطرة 1833 | 8.8–9.2 (تقديري) |
January 31, 1906 | الإكوادور – كولومبيا | زلزال الإكوادور-كولومبيا 1906 | 8.8 |
February 27, 2010 | موله، تشيلي | زلزال تشيلي 2010 | 8.8 |
January 26, 1700 | المحيط الهادي، كندا، الولايات المتحدة | زلزال كاسكاديا 1700 | 8.7–9.2 (est.)[6] |
July 8, 1730 | ڤالپاريازو، تشيلي | زلزال ڤالپاريازو 1730 | 8.7 (تقدير)[7] |
November 1, 1755 | المحيط الأطلسي، لشبونة، الپرتغال | زلزال لشبونة 1755 | 8.7 (est.)[8] |
February 4, 1965 | رات آيلاندز، آلاسكا، الولايات المتحدة | زلزال رات آيلاندز 1965 | 8.7 |
July 9, 869 | المحيط الهادي، منطقة توهكو، اليابان | زلزال جوگان سانريكو 869 | 8.6 (تقديري) |
September 20, 1498 | المحيط الهادي، منطقة نانكاي، اليابان | زلزال ميو نانكايدو 1498 | 8.6 (est.) |
October 28, 1707 | المحيط الهادي، منطقة شيكوكو، اليابان | زلزال هوي 1707 | 8.6 (تقديري) |
August 15, 1950 | أسام، الهند – التبت، الصين | زلزال أسام-التبت 1950 | 8.6 |
March 9, 1957 | جزر أندرينوف، آلاسكا، الولايات المتحدة | زلزال جزر أندرينوف 1957 | 8.6 |
March 28, 2005 | سومطرة، إندونسيا | زلزال سومطرة 2005 | 8.6 |
April 11, 2012 | المحيط الهادي، سومطرة، إندونسيا | زلزال آتشه 2012 | 8.6 |
December 16, 1575 | ڤالڤديا، تشيلي | زلزال ڤالڤديا 1575 | 8.5 (est.) |
November 24, 1604 | أريكا، تشيلي | زلزال أريكا 1604 | 8.5 (تقديري) |
May 13, 1647 | سانتياگو تشيلي | زلزال سانتياگو 1647 | 8.5 (تقديري) |
October 20, 1687 | ليما، پيرو | زلزال پيرو 1687 | 8.5 (تقديري) |
May 24, 1751 | كونسيپسيون، تشيلي | زلزال كونسيپسيون 1751 | 8.5 (تقديري) |
November 19, 1822 | ڤالپاريزو، تشيلي | زلزال ڤالپاريزو 1822 | 8.5 (تقديري) |
February 20, 1835 | كونسيپسيون، تشيلي | زلزال كونسيپسيون 1835 | 8.5 (تقديري) |
August 13, 1868 | أريكا,،تشيلي | زلزال أريكا 1868 | 8.5–9.0 (est.)[9] |
May 9, 1877 | إنكيك، تشيلي | زلزال إنكيك 1877 | 8.5-9.0 (تقديري) |
November 10, 1922 | إقليم أتاكاما، تشيلي | زلزال ڤالنار 1922 | 8.5[10] |
February 3, 1923 | كامتشاتكا، روسيا | زلزال كامشاتكا 1923 | 8.5[11] |
February 1, 1938 | بحر باندا، إندونسيا | زلزال بحر باندا 1938 | 8.5 |
October 13, 1963 | جزر كوريل، روسيا | زلزال جزر كوريل 1963 | 8.5[11] |
September 12, 2007 | سومطرة، إندونسيا | زلازل سومطرة 2007 | 8.5 |
أكثر الزلازل المسجلة فتكاً
الترتيب | الاسم | التاريخ | المكان | الضحايا | القوة | هوامش |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | "شانشي" | January 23, 1556 | شانشي، الصين | 820,000–830,000 (est.)[13] | 8.0 (est.) | Estimated death toll in Shaanxi, China. |
2 | "هايتي" | January 12, 2010 | هايتي | 316,000 (مصادر هايتية) 50,000–92,000 (non-Haitian sources) |
7.0 | Estimate June 2010.[14] |
3 | "تانگشان" | July 28, 1976 | الصين | 242,769[15] | 7.0 | |
4 | "أنطاكية" | May 21, 526 | أنطاكية، تركيا ( الإمبراطورية البيزنطية) | 240,000[16] | 7.0 (est.)[17] | Procopius (II.14.6), sources based on John of Ephesus. |
5 | "گانسو" | December 16, 1920 | نينگشيا–گانسو، الصين | 235,502[18] | 7.8 | Major fractures, landslides. |
6 | "المحيط الهندي" | December 26, 2004 | المحيط الهندي، سومطرة، إندونسيا | 230,210+[19][20] | 9.1–9.3 | وفيات عن الزلزال والتسونامي. |
7 | "حلب" | October 11, 1138 | حلب، سوريا | 230,000 | غير معروف | The figure of 230,000 dead is based on a historical conflation of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and the large seismic event of September 30, 1139 in the Azerbaijani city of Ganja. The first mention of a 230,000 death toll was by Ibn Taghribirdi in the fifteenth century.[21] |
8 | "دامغان" | December 22, 856 | دامغان، إيران | 200,000 (تقديري) | 7.9 (est.) | |
9 | "أردبيل" | March 22, 893 | أردبيل، إيران | 150,000 (تقديري) | غير معروف | Reports probably relate to the 893 Dvin earthquake, due to misreading of the Arabic word for Dvin, 'Dabil' as 'Ardabil'.[22] This is regarded as a 'fake earthquake'.[23] |
10 | "كانتو الكبرى" | September 1, 1923 | منطقة كانتو، اليابان | 142,800[24] | 7.9 | An earthquake which struck the كانتو plain on the Japanese main island of هونشو at 11:58 on the morning of September 1, 1923. Varied accounts hold that the duration of the earthquake was between 4 and 10 minutes. The quake had an epicenter deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay. It devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region.[25] The power and intensity of the earthquake is easy to underestimate, but the 1923 earthquake managed to move the 93-ton Great Buddha statue at Kamakura. The statue slid forward almost two feet.[26] Casualty estimates range from about 100,000 to 142,800 deaths, the latter figure including approximately 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. |
11 | "مسينا" | December 28, 1908 | مسينا، إيطاليا | 123,000[27] | 7.1 | On December 28, 1908 from about 5:20 to 5:21 am an earthquake of 7.1 on the moment magnitude scale occurred centered on Messina, a city in Sicily. Reggio Calabria on the Italian mainland also suffered heavy damage. The ground shook for some 30 to 40 seconds, and the destruction was felt within a 300 km radius. Moments after the earthquake, a 40 feet (12 m) tsunami struck nearby coasts causing even more devastation. 93% of structures in Messina were destroyed and some 70,000 residents were killed. Rescuers searched through the rubble for weeks, and whole families were still being pulled out alive days later, but thousands remained buried there. Buildings in the area had not been constructed for earthquake resistance, having heavy roofs and vulnerable foundations. |
12 | "عشق أباد" | October 6, 1948 | عشق أباد، تركمنستان | 110,000 | 7.3 | |
13 | "گنروكو " | December 31, 1703 | إدو، اليابان | 108,800 | غير معروف | This earthquake shook Edo and killed an estimated 2,300 people. The earthquake is thought to have been an interplate earthquake whose focal region extended from Sagami Bay to the tip of the Bōsō Peninsula as well as the area along the Sagami Trough in the open sea southeast of the Boso Peninsula. This earthquake then resulted in a tsunami which hit the coastal areas of the Boso Peninsula and Sagami Bay. This caused more than 6,500 deaths, particularly on the Boso Peninsula. The Habu Pond on Izu Ōshima collapsed and it rushed into the sea. The tsunami was reported to have caused more than 100,000 fatalities. |
14 | "لشبونة" | November 1, 1755 | لشبونة، الپرتغال | 10,000–100,000 | 8.5–9.0 (تقديري) | Includes several thousands of deaths in Morocco and Spain |
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خسائر محتملة سببتها الزلازل
الترتيب | الاسم | العزم الزلزالي | الخسائر المحتملة |
---|---|---|---|
1 | زلزال توهوكو 2011، اليابان | 9.0[5] | 122 بليون دولار[28]قالب:Notinsource |
2 | 1995 زلزال هانشين الكبرى، اليابان | 6.9 | 100 بليون دولار |
3 | زلزال سيشوان 2008، الصين | 8.0 | 75 بليون دولار [29] |
4 | زلزال شيلي 2010، شيلي | 8.8[30] | 15–30 بليون دولار[30] |
5 | زلزال نورثريدج 1994، الولايات المتحدة | 6.7 | 20 بليون دولار |
6 | زلزال كرايستچرچ 2011، نيوزيلندا | 6.3[31] | 12 بليون دولار |
7 | زلزال لوما پريتا 1989، الولايات المتحدة | ~7.0; 6.9-7.1 [32] | 11 بليون دولار |
8 | زلزال 921، تايوان | 7.6 | 10 بليون دولار |
9 | زلزال سان فرانسيسكو 1906، الولايات المتدة | 7.7 - 7.9 (تقديري)[33] | $9.5 billion ($400 million 1906 value[33]) |
10 | زلزال ڤالڤديا 1960، تشيلي | 9.5[34] | 2.9–5.8 بليون دولار |
انظر أيضاً
المصادر
- ^ USGS: Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes Since 1900
- ^ "Historic Earthquakes – Kamchatka." U.S. Geological Survey, October 26, 2009.
- ^ "New USGS number puts Japan quake at 4th largest". CBS News. 14 مارس 2011. Retrieved 15 مارس 2011.
- ^ Reilly, Michael (March 11, 2011). "Japan's quake updated to magnitude 9.0". New Scientist. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
- ^ أ ب USGS analysis as of March 12, 2011
- ^ Atwater, B.F. (2005). "The Orphan Tsunami of 1700" (PDF). Professional Paper 1707. USGS. p. 98. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Historic World Earthquakes." U.S. Geological Survey, November 23, 2009.
- ^ "Historic Earthquakes – Lisbon, Portugal." U.S. Geological Survey, October 26, 2009.
- ^ "Historic Earthquakes – Arica." U.S. Geological Survey, October 21, 2009.
- ^ "Historic Earthquakes – Chile-Argentina Border." U.S. Geological Survey, October 26, 2009.
- ^ أ ب "Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes Since 1900." U.S. Geological Survey, March 7, 2010
- ^ "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". Earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
- ^ International Association of Engineering Geology International Congress. Proceedings. [1990] (1990). ISBN 90-6191-664-X.
- ^ "Magnitude 7.0 - HAITI REGION". USGS. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
- ^ "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". USGS. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
- ^ "Annals 48, 3, 2005+app1" (PDF). Retrieved February 12, 2011.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved September 22, 2011.
- ^ Utsu, T. "Search Page". Catalog of Damaging Earthquakes in the World (Through 2008). Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ^ If the death toll in Myanmar was 400–600 as claimed by dissident groups there, rather than just 61 or 90, more than 230,000 people would have perished in total from the tsunami.
- ^
"Myanmar is withholding true casualties figures, says Thai priest". AsiaNews.it. January 4, 2005. Archived from the original on October 9, 2006. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
A missioner in Ranong, a town on the border between Thailand and Myanmar, says locals talk about 600 victims. Burmese political dissidents say the same.
- ^ Ambraseys, Nicholas N., "The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective" (PDF), Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, April/June 2004, p. 743.
- ^ Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
- ^ Gupta, H. (2011). Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences (2 ed.). Springer. p. 566. ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.
- ^ http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=9&day=1&submit=View+Date
- ^ Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: the Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II, p. 278, citing Francis Hawks, (1856). Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson by order of Congress, 1856; originally published in Senate Executive Documents, No. 34 of 33rd Congress, 2nd Session.
- ^ Great Buddha: blog
- ^ The world's worst natural disasters Calamities of the 20th and 21st centuries CBC News'.' Retrieved October 29, 2010.
- ^ Pagano, Margareta (March 13, 2011). "Japan looks for market stability after quake". The Independent. London.
- ^ "Experts Estimate Over $75 Billion Economic Loss from Sichuan Earthquake". The Epoch Times. May 26, 2008.
- ^ أ ب "Events and Developments (P. 3, "Calendar of events 2010: February 27")" (PDF). Yearbook. UNEP. 2011.
- ^ "New Zealand Earthquake Report". GeoNet. Earthquake Commission
and GNS Science. February 22, 2011.
{{cite news}}
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at position 22 (help) - ^ Stoffer, Philip W., "The San Andreas Fault In The San Francisco Bay Area, California: A Geology Fieldtrip Guidebook To Selected Stops On Public Lands" (Introduction, p. 5), USGS, 2005.
- ^ أ ب "Where can I learn more about the 1906 Earthquake?". Berkeley Seismological Lab. Last modified: December 11, 2011.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "The Largest Earthquake in the World". USGS. Last Modified: March 29, 2010.
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(help)
وصلات خارجية
- Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)
- Earthquakes Canada
- Earthquakes in India
- IRIS Seismic Monitor, Recent earthquakes around the world
- Recent New Zealand earthquakes
- SeismoArchives, Seismogram Archives of Significant Earthquakes of the World
- USGS list of current earthquakes
- USGS list of current earthquakes above M5.0
- USGS list of earthquakes magnitude 6.0 and greater sorted by magnitude
- List of Deadliest Earthquakes
- Earthquake Panic Grips Kenya and Tanzania
- NOAA Significant Earthquakes Global Database, over 6500 events
- Santiago de Cuba earthquake of June 11, 1766
- Database for the damage of world earthquake, ancient period (3000 BC) to year of 2006– Building Research Institute (Japan) (建築研究所)
- Visualization of most powerful and deadliest earthquakes since 1900 Treemap by “The Hive Group”
- Largest Earthquakes in the World Since 1900