قرقف

For other uses, see Tit.

Tit
European crested tit in Scotland
التصنيف العلمي
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها):	Paridae
Genera
5–10, see text.
Global range (In green)
Synonyms
See text

The tits, chickadees, and titmice constitute the Paridae, a large family of small passerine birds which occur mainly in the Northern Hemisphere and Africa. Most were formerly classified in the genus Parus.

Members of this family are commonly referred to as "tits" throughout much of the English speaking world, but North American species are called either "chickadees" (onomatopoeic, derived from their distinctive "chick-a dee dee dee" alarm call) or "titmice". The name titmouse is recorded from the 14th century, composed of the Old English name for the bird, mase (Proto-Germanic *maison, Dutch mezen, German Meise), and tit, denoting something small. The former spelling, "titmose", was influenced by mouse in the 16th century. Emigrants to New Zealand presumably identified some of the superficially similar birds of the genus Petroica of the family Petroicidae, the Australian robins, as members of the tit family, giving them the title tomtit, although, in fact, they are not related.

These birds are mainly small, stocky, woodland species with short, stout bills. Some have crests. They range in length from 10 to 22 cm (3.9 to 8.7 in). They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. Many species live around human habitation and come readily to bird feeders for nuts or seed, and learn to take other foods.

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 الوصف

With the exception of the three monotypic genera Sylviparus, Melanochlora, and Pseudopodoces, the tits are extremely similar in appearance, and have been described as "one of the most conservative avian families in terms of general morphology". The typical body length of adult members of the family is between 10 and 16 cm (3.9 and 6.3 in) in length; when the monotypic genera are added, this range is from 9 to 21 cm (3.5 to 8.3 in). In weight, the family ranges from 5 to 49 g (0.18 to 1.73 oz); this contracts to 7 to 29 g (0.25 to 1.02 oz) when the three atypical genera are removed. The majority of the variation within the family is in plumage, and particularly colour.

The bills of the tits are generally short, varying between stout and fine, depending on diet. The more insectivorous species have finer bills, whereas those that consume more seeds have stouter bills. It is said that tits are evolving longer beaks to reach into bird feeders. The most aberrant bill of the family is possessed by Hume's ground tit of Tibet and the Himalayas, which is long and decurved.

 التوزيع والموئل

The tufted titmouse is restricted to North America.

 السلوك

 الأصوات

A great tit calling in Finland.

 النظام الغذائي والتغذية

Hold-hammering is a common way for the family to deal with food items.

Blue tit with prey item

 النظاميات

The marsh tit was once placed in the genus Parus, but has now been moved to the genus Poecile.

 الأنواع في الترتيب التصنيفي

Remizidae       Cephalopyrus flammiceps       Sylviparus modestus       Melanochlora sultanea           Pardaliparus     Periparus           Baeolophus         Lophophanes       Sittiparus     Poecile               Cyanistes           Pseudopodoces       Parus monticolus     Parus major         Machlolophus       Melaniparus

Phylogeny of the Paridae based on Johansson et al. 2013

Tit in a winter tree

Four different tits, although the top-right bird, the long-tailed tit, is not a member of the Paridae

Family: PARIDAE

Image	Genus	Living species
	Cephalopyrus Bonaparte, 1854	Fire-capped tit Cephalopyrus flammiceps
	Sylviparus Burton, 1836	Yellow-browed tit, Sylviparus modestus
	Melanochlora Lesson, 1839	Sultan tit, Melanochlora sultanea
	Periparus Sélys Longchamps, 1884	Rufous-naped tit, Periparus rufonuchalis Rufous-vented tit, Periparus rubidiventris Coal tit, Periparus ater
	Pardaliparus Sélys Longchamps, 1884	Yellow-bellied tit, Pardaliparus venustulus Elegant tit, Pardaliparus elegans Palawan tit, Pardaliparus amabilis
	Lophophanes Kaup, 1829	European crested tit, Lophophanes cristatus Grey crested tit, Lophophanes dichrous
	Baeolophus Cabanis, 1850	Bridled titmouse, Baeolophus wollweberi Oak titmouse, Baeolophus inornatus Juniper titmouse, Baeolophus ridgwayi Tufted titmouse, Baeolophus bicolor Black-crested titmouse, Baeolophus atricristatus
	Sittiparus Selys-Longchamps, 1884	Varied tit, Sittiparus varia Owston's tit, Sittiparus owstoni Iriomote tit, Sittiparus olivaceus Chestnut-bellied tit, Sittiparus castaneoventris White-fronted tit, Sittiparus semilarvatus
	Poecile Kaup, 1829	White-browed tit, Poecile superciliosus Sombre tit, Poecile lugubris Père David's tit, Poecile davidi Marsh tit, Poecile palustris Caspian tit, Poecile hyrcanus Black-bibbed tit, Poecile hypermelaenus Willow tit, Poecile montanus Sichuan tit Poecile weigoldicus Carolina chickadee, Poecile carolinensis Black-capped chickadee, Poecile atricapillus Mountain chickadee, Poecile gambeli Mexican chickadee, Poecile sclateri Grey-headed chickadee, Poecile cinctus Boreal chickadee, Poecile hudsonicus Chestnut-backed chickadee, Poecile rufescens
	Cyanistes Kaup, 1829	African blue tit, Cyanistes teneriffae (formerly included in C. caeruleus) Eurasian blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus Azure tit, Cyanistes cyanus
	Pseudopodoces Zarudny & Loudon, 1902	Ground tit, Pseudopodoces humilis (previously "Hume's ground jay" in crow family Corvidae).
	Parus Linnaeus, 1758	Great tit, Parus major Japanese tit, Parus minor (often included in P. major) Cinereous tit, Parus cinereus (split from P. major) Green-backed tit, Parus monticolus
	Machlolophus Cabanis, 1850	White-naped tit, Machlolophus nuchalis Yellow tit, Machlolophus holsti Himalayan black-lored tit, Machlolophus xanthogenys Indian black-lored tit, Machlolophus aplonotus Yellow-cheeked tit, Machlolophus spilonotus
	Melaniparus Bonaparte, 1850	White-shouldered black tit, Melaniparus guineensis White-winged black tit, Melaniparus leucomelas Southern black tit, Melaniparus niger Carp's tit, Melaniparus carpi White-bellied tit, Melaniparus albiventris White-backed black tit, Melaniparus leuconotus Dusky tit, Melaniparus funereus Rufous-bellied tit, Melaniparus rufiventris Cinnamon-breasted tit, Melaniparus pallidiventris Red-throated tit, Melaniparus fringillinus Stripe-breasted tit, Melaniparus fasciiventer Acacia tit or Somali Tit, Melaniparus thruppi Miombo tit, Melaniparus griseiventris Ashy tit, Melaniparus cinerascens Grey tit, Melaniparus afer

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 روابط خارجية

• Titmouse photos & videos on the Internet Bird Collection