منقار

For other uses, see منقار (توضيح).

مقارنة مناقير الطيور، صورة توظضع الأشكال المختلفة من المناقير المتكيفة حسب طريقة التغذية.

المنقار beak أو bill، أو rostrum، هو هيكل تشريحي خارجي في الطيور والذي يستخدم للأكل وتنظيف الجسم، تحريك الأجسام، قتل الطرائد، جمع الطعام وإطعام الصغار. ويطلق المنقار أيضاً على أجزاء الفم لبعض الحيوانات مثل الرأسقدميات، الحيتانيات، السلاحف والضفادع. ويكون غالباً غضروف بارز ما بين مليمترات لعدة سنتيمترات للأمام.

 التشريح

The bony core of the beak is a lightweight framework, like that seen on this barn owl's skull.

 الفك السفلي

A gull's upper mandible can flex upwards because it is supported by small bones which can move slightly backwards and forwards.

Position of vomer (shaded red) in neognathae (left) and paleognathae (right)

 Tomia

The sawtooth serrations on a common merganser's bill help it to hold tight to its fish prey.

 القمة

A thrush's culmen is measured in a straight line from the tip of the beak to a set point — here, where the feathering starts on the bird's forehead.

 الفجوة

A young starling with a bright yellow gape

The gape flange on this juvenile house sparrow is the yellowish region at the base of the beak.

 المنخار

Falcons have a small tubercule within each nare.

 الغطاء

The rock dove's operculum is a soft swollen mass at the base of the bill.

 الظفر

The nail is the black tip of this mute swan's beak.

 أسنان البيض

This Arctic tern chick still has its egg tooth, the small white projection near the tip of its upper mandible.

المقالة الرئيسية: أسنان البيض

 المثنوية

The beaks of the now-extinct Huia (female upper, male lower) show marked sexual dimorphism

 الوظائف

0:37

Three barn owls threatening an intruder. Barn owl threat displays usually include hissing and bill-snapping, as here

 Billing

When billing, northern gannets raise their beaks high and clatter them against each other.

 انظر أيضاً

• تشريح الطيور

 المصادر

 المراجع

• Armstrong, Edward Allworthy (1965). Bird Display and Behaviour: An Introduction to the Study of Bird Psychology. New York, NY, US: Dover Publications. LCCN 64013457.
• Campbell, Bruce; Lack, Elizabeth, eds. (1985). A Dictionary of Birds. Carlton, England: T and A D Poyser. ISBN 0-85661-039-9.
• Coues, Elliott (1890). Handbook of Field and General Ornithology. London: Macmillan and Co. OCLC 263166207.
• Gilbertson, Lance (1999). Zoology Lab Manual (4 ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Companies. ISBN 0-07-237716-X.
• Gill, Frank B. (1995). Ornithology (2 ed.). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-2415-4.
• Girling, Simon (2003). Veterinary Nursing of Exotic Pets. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-0747-2.
• Hill, Geoffrey E. (2010). National Geographic Bird Coloration. Washington, DC: National Geographic. ISBN 1-4262-0571-6.
• Howell, Steve N. G. (2007). Gulls of the Americas. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-72641-1.
• King, Anthony Stuart; McLelland, John, eds. (1985). Form and Function in Birds, volume 3. London, UK: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-407503-7.
• Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterström, Dan; Grant, Peter J. (1999). Collins Bird Guide: The Most Complete Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-711332-3.
• Proctor, Noble S.; Lynch, Patrick J. (1998). Manual of Ornithology: Avian Structure and Function. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07619-3.
• Rogers, Lesley J.; Kaplan, Gisela T. (2000). Songs, Roars and Rituals: Communication in Birds, Mammals and Other Animals. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00827-8.
• Samour, Jaime, ed. (2000). Avian Medicine. London, UK: Mosby. ISBN 0-7234-2960-X.