قرقف

Tit
Lophophanes cristatus -Aviemore, Scotland-8 (2).jpg
European crested tit in Scotland
التصنيف العلمي e
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها): Paridae
Genera

5–10, see text.

Paridae Distribution.PNG
Global range (In green)
Synonyms

See text

The tits, chickadees, and titmice constitute the Paridae, a large family of small passerine birds which occur mainly in the Northern Hemisphere and Africa. Most were formerly classified in the genus Parus.

Members of this family are commonly referred to as "tits" throughout much of the English speaking world, but North American species are called either "chickadees" (onomatopoeic, derived from their distinctive "chick-a dee dee dee" alarm call)[1] or "titmice". The name titmouse is recorded from the 14th century, composed of the Old English name for the bird, mase (Proto-Germanic *maison, Dutch mezen, German Meise), and tit, denoting something small. The former spelling, "titmose", was influenced by mouse in the 16th century.[2] Emigrants to New Zealand presumably identified some of the superficially similar birds of the genus Petroica of the family Petroicidae, the Australian robins, as members of the tit family, giving them the title tomtit, although, in fact, they are not related.

These birds are mainly small, stocky, woodland species with short, stout bills. Some have crests. They range in length from 10 to 22 cm (3.9 to 8.7 in). They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.[3] Many species live around human habitation and come readily to bird feeders for nuts or seed, and learn to take other foods.

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الوصف

With the exception of the three monotypic genera Sylviparus, Melanochlora, and Pseudopodoces, the tits are extremely similar in appearance, and have been described as "one of the most conservative avian families in terms of general morphology".[4] The typical body length of adult members of the family is between 10 and 16 cm (3.9 and 6.3 in) in length; when the monotypic genera are added, this range is from 9 to 21 cm (3.5 to 8.3 in). In weight, the family ranges from 5 to 49 g (0.18 to 1.73 oz); this contracts to 7 to 29 g (0.25 to 1.02 oz) when the three atypical genera are removed. The majority of the variation within the family is in plumage, and particularly colour.[5]

The bills of the tits are generally short, varying between stout and fine, depending on diet. The more insectivorous species have finer bills, whereas those that consume more seeds have stouter bills. It is said that tits are evolving longer beaks to reach into bird feeders.[6] The most aberrant bill of the family is possessed by Hume's ground tit of Tibet and the Himalayas, which is long and decurved.[5]


التوزيع والموئل

The tufted titmouse is restricted to North America.

السلوك

مجتمع الانشطار والاندماج

الأصوات

A great tit calling in Finland.

النظام الغذائي والتغذية

Hold-hammering is a common way for the family to deal with food items.
Blue tit with prey item

التربية

النظاميات

The marsh tit was once placed in the genus Parus, but has now been moved to the genus Poecile.

الأنواع في الترتيب التصنيفي

 

Remizidae

 

Cephalopyrus flammiceps

 

Sylviparus modestus

 

Melanochlora sultanea

 

 

 

Pardaliparus

Periparus

 

 

Baeolophus

 

Lophophanes

 

Sittiparus

Poecile

 

Cyanistes

 

 

 

Pseudopodoces

 

Parus monticolus

Parus major

Machlolophus

Melaniparus

Phylogeny of the Paridae based on Johansson et al. 2013[7]
Tit in a winter tree
Four different tits, although the top-right bird, the long-tailed tit, is not a member of the Paridae

Family: PARIDAE[8]

Image Genus Living species
Cephalopyrus flammiceps, Bhutan 1.jpg Cephalopyrus Bonaparte, 1854
Yellow-browed Tit Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary Sikkim 30.03.2014.jpg Sylviparus Burton, 1836
Sultan Tit Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary Darjeeling, West Bengal, India (cropped).jpg Melanochlora Lesson, 1839
2017.01.27.-18-Paradiski-La Plagne-Champagny-en-Vanoise--Tannenmeise.jpg Periparus Sélys Longchamps, 1884
Elegant Tit.jpg Pardaliparus Sélys Longchamps, 1884
Messange huppée 02.jpg Lophophanes Kaup, 1829
Bridled Titmouse (Baeolophus wollweberi) (16875140301).jpg Baeolophus Cabanis, 1850
Poecile varius on plate.JPG Sittiparus Selys-Longchamps, 1884
Poecile montanus kleinschmidti.jpg Poecile Kaup, 1829
Eurasian blue tit Lancashire.jpg Cyanistes Kaup, 1829
Ground Tit north Sikkim India 16.10.2019.jpg Pseudopodoces Zarudny & Loudon, 1902
Great tit (Parus major), Parc du Rouge-Cloitre, Forêt de Soignes, Brussels (26194636951).jpg Parus Linnaeus, 1758
Taiwan tit.jpg Machlolophus Cabanis, 1850
Parus afer -Namaqua National Park, Northern Cape, South Africa -adult-6.jpg Melaniparus Bonaparte, 1850


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المصادر

  1. ^ The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories. Springfield, MA, USA: Merriam-Webster. 1991. p. 362. ISBN 0-87779-603-3.
  2. ^ Douglas Harper (© 2001-2015). "titmouse (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2015-04-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Perrins, C. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 202–203. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
  4. ^ Gosler & Clement (2007) P.669
  5. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة HBW
  6. ^ https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/10/great-tits-birds-feeders-evolution-beaks/
  7. ^ Johansson, Ulf S; Ekman, Jan; Bowie, Rauri C.K; Halvarsson, Peter; Ohlson, Jan I; Price, Trevor D; Ericson, Per G.P (2013). "A complete multilocus species phylogeny of the tits and chickadees (Aves: Paridae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 852–860. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.019. PMID 23831453.
  8. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Waxwings and their allies, tits & penduline tits". World Bird List Version 6.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  9. ^ James, H. F. et al. (2003). Pseudopodoces humilis, a misclassified terrestrial tit (Paridae) of the Tibetan Plateau: evolutionary consequences of shifting adaptive zones. Ibis 145: 185–202.pdf file Archived 2006-09-21 at the Wayback Machine

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