حليب الشوفان

(تم التحويل من Oat milk)
حليب الشوفان
Oat milk glass and bottles.jpg
حليب شوفان.
مكان الأصلالسويد
اختـُرِعح. 1990
طاقة الطعام
(per 240مل serving)
120 ألف سـُعر (502 kJ)
القيمة الغذائية
(per 240مل serving)
پروتين3 گ
دهون5 گ
نشويات16 g
المؤشر السكري 69 (medium)
Cookbook: حليب الشوفان 

حليب الشوفان (إنگليزية: Oat milk)،is a plant milk derived from whole oat (Avena spp.) grains[1] by extracting the plant material with water.[2] Oat milk has a creamy texture and oatmeal-like flavor,[3] and is manufactured in various flavors, such as sweetened, unsweetened, vanilla or chocolate.

Unlike other plant milks having origins as early as the 13th century,[4] oat milk was developed in the 1990s by the Swedish scientist Rickard Öste.[5][6] Over 2017–2019, oat milk sales in the United States increased 10 fold,[3] and one major manufacturer, Oatly, reported a three-fold increase in worldwide sales.[7] As of late 2020, the oat milk market became second-largest among plant milks in the United States, following the leader, almond milk, but exceeding the sales of soy milk.[8][9]

By 2020, oat milk products included coffee creamer, yogurt, ice cream, and chocolate.[7][9][10] Oat milk may be consumed to replace dairy milk in vegan diets, or in cases of medical conditions where dairy is incompatible, such as lactose intolerance or an allergy to cow milk.[5][11] Compared to dairy milk and other vegan milk products, oat milk has relatively low environmental impact due to its comparatively low land and water needs for production.[11][12]

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التاريخ

الاختراع

Soy milk predates all other alternative milks, including oat milk, both as a cultural and commercial product.[4] Since the early 20th century, soy milk made its way from Asia to European and American grocery stores, initially as a dairy substitute due to lactose intolerance.[2] The increase in consumption of soy milk since its global distribution created a large market for plant-based, non-dairy milks like oat milk.[1] The first recorded instance of an oat-based plant beverage was in the early 1990s, when Rickard Öste developed oat milk.[5][6] Öste was working as a food scientist at Lund University in Lund, Sweden, researching lactose intolerance and sustainable food systems, when he invented the drink.[5][6] Soon after, Öste founded Oatly, the first commercial manufacturer of oat milk.[5]

التوسع في التسويق

The pioneer in commercial oat milk, Oatly, had its products in 7,000 coffee shops and grocery stores, as of 2019,[7] but was not the only prominent oat milk producer.[5][13] Oat milk can be found under brand names Oatly (Sweden), Pureharvest (Australia), Alpro (UK), Bioavena (Italy), Simpli (Finland), Vitasoy (Hong Kong), and Pacific (USA), among others.[14] In 2018, global sales of plant milks, including oat milk, were US$1.6 billion, with a forecast of $41 billion by 2025.[3]

In 2018, there were numerous oat milk shortages from unprecedented demand in Europe and North America, highlighting the strong consumer demand for this product.[3][15] To meet the American demand, Oatly opened a new factory in New Jersey in April 2019, producing 750,000 US gallons (2,800,000 L; 620,000 imp gal) per month of oat milk base, and announced plans for a Utah-based factory three times larger to open in early 2020.[7] In 2019, retail sales of oat milk in the United States were $29 million, up from $4.4 million in 2017.[7] During 2020, oat milk sales in the United States increased to $213 million, becoming the second most consumed plant milk after almond milk ($1.5 billion in 2020 sales).[8]

Oat milk desserts, such as ice cream, yogurts, and coffee creamers, were common in 2019,[7] with expanded uses in coffee shops, such as Starbucks,[3][10] and growth into new markets, such as China.[16] Growth in the oat milk market is partly attributed to its relatively low environmental impact, low land and water needs, and rising vegan dietary practices in developed countries.[3][7][11]

From 2019 to 2020 in the United States, oat milk sales increased 303% to US$213 million, with refrigerated oat milk having nearly ten times the sales of shelf-stable oat milk.[8] Consumer analysis of the growth in oat milk consumption indicates its market growth derives from the dairy-like taste, health perception, and environmental sustainability, which contrasts with the high water demand of growing almonds.[9][11][12] Oat milk foams and mixes in other beverages, like coffee, in ways similar to dairy milk.[9] Over 2020-21, oat milk sales increased 151%, with it becoming the second-most consumed plant milk after almond milk.[17] On 20 May 2021, Oatly  – the world's largest oat milk manufacturer  – became a publicly traded company on the NASDAQ exchange, having a market value of US$13 billion on that day.[18]

التحضير

المعالجة

The production of oat milk is similar to that of most other plant milks.[2] Unprocessed cereal grains, like oats, are indigestible due to their hard, outer hull; processing is also necessary to change the dry grains into a liquid.[7][19][أ]

The procedure starts by measuring and milling the oat grains to break apart their outer hull. Then the grains are stirred in warm water and ground into a slurry.[5][7] The slurry is treated with enzymes and heat to create a thick liquid oat base.[7]

Soaking and subsequently extracting nutrients from the oats have the most direct implications on the final milk product. Increasing the yield in this step may be assisted by chemical catalysts, enzymes, or an increase in temperature, all in order to remove nutrient molecules from the solid byproduct and incorporate them into the liquid.[2] Chemical catalysts increase the pH of the mixture, enzymatic catalysts induce partial hydrolysis of proteins and polysaccharides, and higher temperatures increase reaction rates.[2] Separating the liquid from the solid byproduct is a simple step achieved through decanting, filtration, and spinning in a centrifuge.[2]

Once the liquid product is separated, adding other ingredients, such as fortifying vitamins and minerals, or sweeteners, flavorings, salts, oils, and similar ingredients, forms the final product.[2][ب] Since unfortified oat milk is lower in calcium, iron, and vitamin A than dairy milk, these nutrients must be added in order for the end product to be a nutritional substitute of dairy milk.[2] Homogenization and heat-treatments such as pasteurization or ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatments are used to extend the product's shelf life.[2]

Mean water footprint for one glass (200 g) of different milks[11]
Milk types Water use (L per 200 g)
Cow's milk
131
Almond milk
74
Rice milk
56
Oat milk
9
Soy milk
2
Mean greenhouse gas emissions for one glass (200 g) of different milks[11]
Milk types Greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2-Ceqv per 200 g)
Cow's milk
0٫62
Rice milk
0٫23
Soy milk
0٫21
Oat milk
0٫19
Almond milk
0٫16

تحديات في المعالجة

Because oat milk is produced by the disintegration of plant materials, the resulting particle sizes are not as uniform as bovine milk.[20] This variation in particle size is due to the vastly different lipid and protein molecules.[2] Decreasing particle size, improving particle solubility, and using hydrocolloids and emulsifiers are common ways to improve product quality via homogenization.[2][20]

Another problem posed by the natural composition of oats is their high starch content. The starch content (50–60%) is challenging during UHT treatments because of starch's relatively low gelatinization temperature.[1][14] To overcome this, producers use an enzymatic hydrolysis of starch by alpha- and beta-amylase, producing maltodextrins which gelatinize at higher, more suitable temperatures.[1][14]

Fortifying oat milk with essential nutrients may include vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin B12, riboflavin, calcium, and protein.[21]

الأثر النباتي والبيئي

Since around 2015, interest for plant-based foods, in combination with concerns for animal welfare and low environmental impact, propelled consumption of oat milk.[3][7][10][11] Compared to dairy milk and other plant-based milks, the oat milk manufacturing process produces small amounts of carbon dioxide and no methane (low greenhouse gas emissions), and requires relatively low use of water and land.[11] Oat milk production requires 1/15th the amount of water of dairy milk and 1/8th the water of almond milk.[11]

  1. ^ As of 2019, Oatly obtained oats exclusively from Canada to supply its factory in New Jersey.[7]
  2. ^ In the United States, Oatly ships the treated oat base liquid to a subcontractor for processing into the final oat milk product.[7]


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المكونات الغذائية

المحتوى الغذائي لألبان الأبقار المقواة والصويا واللوز والشوفان
قيمة المغذي
لكل كوب 250 م‌ل 		حليب بقري
(كامل الدسم)[22] 		حليب الصويا
(غير محلى)[23] 		حليب اللوز
(غير محلى)[24] 		حليب الشوفان
(غير محلى)[25]
الطاقة، kJ (سُعر) 620 (149) 330 (80) 160 (39) 500 (120)
پروتين (گ) 7.69 6.95 1.55 3
دهن (گ) 7.93 3.91 2.88 5
دهن مشبع (گ) 4.55 0.5 0.21 0.5
الكربوهيدرات (گ) 11.71 4.23 1.52 16
ألياف (گ) 0 1.2 0 2
سكر (گ) 12.32 1 0 7
كالسيوم (م‌گ)[أ] 276 301 516 350
پوتاسيوم (م‌گ) 322 292 176 390
صوديوم (م‌گ) 105 90 186 140
ڤيتامين ب12 (µگ) 1.10 2.70 0 1.2
ڤيتامين أ (ود)[أ][ب] 395 503 372 267
ڤيتامين د (ود)[أ][ت] 124 119 110 144
كولسترول (م‌گ) 24 0 0 0
  1. ^ أ ب ت يشيع اضافته لأنواع الحليب النباتي، التي لا تحتوي طبيعياً على مستويات معتبرة من المغذي. يضاف إلى كل الحلائب النباتية الثلاث المقدمة في هذا الجدول.
  2. ^ التقوية بڤيتامين أ هو مطلوب فقط في الحليب المكشوط في الولايات المتحدة.
  3. ^ التقوية بڤيتامين د للحليب البقري هو إلزامي في الولايات المتحدة.

In comparison to cow's milk, oat milk is similar in total calories per liquid volume (per cup serving, 120 vs 149 calories for cow's milk), has half the protein content, somewhat less total fat, but only about 10% of the saturated fat content, and about 1.5 times the total carbohydrate (although simple sugars are half that of cow's milk). Cow's milk has no fiber, but oat milk has 2 g dietary fiber per serving. Calcium and potassium contents are comparable, although oat milk – as for all plant-based milks – may be fortified with specific nutrients during manufacturing.[21] See the article Plant milk for details. It has a glycemic index of 69.[26]

الاستخدامات

Oat milk is used as a substitute for dairy milk in custom coffee preparation[3][7][10] and in fermented dairy products, such as yogurt and kefir.[10][27][28] Baristas claim that oat milk needs less steam than cow milk, froths favorably, is tasteful, rich, and creamy like cow milk, and effectively balances the acidity of espresso coffee.[3][5][10][21][29] It has growing applications in coffee preparation at major coffee shops.[10] Like other non-dairy milks, oat milk may be used as a substitute for dairy milks when cooking or baking.[21]

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث Deswal, Aastha; Deora, Navneet Singh; Mishra, Hari Niwas (2014). "Optimization of enzymatic production process of oat milk using response surface methodology". Food and Bioprocess Technology. 7 (2): 610–618. doi:10.1007/s11947-013-1144-2. S2CID 98000053.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز Mäkinen, Outi Elina; Wanhalinna, Viivi; Zannini, Emanuele; Arendt, Elke Karin (2016). "Foods for Special Dietary Needs: Non-dairy Plant-based Milk Substitutes and Fermented Dairy-type Products". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 56 (3): 339–349. doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.761950. PMID 25575046. S2CID 205691505.
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ Zara Stone (3 June 2019). "How oat milk conquered America". Elemental. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  4. ^ أ ب "History of soymilk and other non-dairy milks (1226 to 2013): Extensively annotated bibliography and sourcebook" (PDF). Soy InfoCenter. 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  5. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د "How oat milk could change the way you drink coffee". Time. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  6. ^ أ ب ت Hitchens, A (6 August 2018). "Hey, Where's my oat milk?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  7. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص Shanker, Deena; Rolander, Niclas (31 July 2019). "Oatly's path to alt‑milk world domination starts in New Jersey". Bloomberg. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  8. ^ أ ب ت Elaine Watson (25 September 2020). "Oatmilk edges past soymilk for #2 slot in US plant-based milk retail market". FoodNavigator-USA.com, William Reed Business Media, Ltd. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  9. ^ أ ب ت ث Megan Poinski (30 September 2020). "Oat milk surges to second most popular in plant-based dairy". FoodDive. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  10. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Maynard, Micheline (1 December 2019). "Food trends for 2020: It's going to be oat milk's biggest year yet". Forbes. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  11. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ Guibourg, Clara; Briggs, Helen (22 فبراير 2019). "Which vegan milks are best for the planet?". Science and Environment (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). BBC News. Retrieved 4 سبتمبر 2019.
  12. ^ أ ب McGivney, Annette (2020-01-29). "Almonds are out. Dairy is a disaster. So what milk should we drink?". The Guardian (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
  13. ^ Mallenbaum, Carly (10 August 2018). "Why oat milk is the new 'it' milk alternative (sorry, soy and almond)". USA Today. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  14. ^ أ ب ت Sethi, Swati; Tyagi, S.K.; Anurag, Rahul K. (2016). "Plant-based milk alternatives an emerging segment of functional beverages: A review". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 53 (9): 3408–3423. doi:10.1007/s13197-016-2328-3. PMC 5069255. PMID 27777447.
  15. ^ Staton, Bethan (21 November 2018). "Non-dairy surge leads to oat milk shortage in UK". Sky News. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  16. ^ Pham, Sherisse (12 April 2019). "This Swedish company made oat milk cool in the US. Now it's eyeing China". Business. CNN. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  17. ^ Rebecca Cattlan (14 May 2021). "Everything you need to know about the Oatly IPO". Forex.com. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  18. ^ Amelia Lucas (20 May 2021). "Oatly shares soar 18% in company's public market debut on Nasdaq". CNBC. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  19. ^ Decker, Eric A.; Rose, Devin J.; Stewart, Derek (2014). "Processing of oats and the impact of processing operations on nutrition and health benefits". British Journal of Nutrition. 112: S58–S64. doi:10.1017/s000711451400227x. PMID 25267246.
  20. ^ أ ب Mäkinen, Outi E.; Uniacke-Lowe, Thérèse; O'Mahony, James A.; Arendt, Elke K. (2015). "Physicochemical and acid gelation properties of commercial UHT-treated plant-based milk substitutes and lactose free bovine milk". Food Chemistry. 168: 630–638. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.036. PMID 25172757.
  21. ^ أ ب ت ث London, Jaclyn (11 April 2019). "Is oat milk healthy? Here's what you need to know, according to a nutritionist". Good Housekeeping Institute. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  22. ^ "Milk, whole, 3.25% milkfat, with added vitamin D (FDC #171265)". Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture.
  23. ^ "Soymilk (all flavors), unsweetened, with added calcium, vitamins A and D (FDC #175215)". Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture.
  24. ^ "Beverages, almond milk, unsweetened, shelf stable (FDC #174832)". Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture.
  25. ^ 'Oat Milk Nutrition Facts'. Batavia, IL: Aldi. [استشهاد ناقص]
  26. ^ Sandall, Philippa. "Food of the Month" (PDF). GI News. University of Sydney. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  27. ^ Mårtensson, O.; Andersson, C.; Andersson, K.; Öste, R.; Holst, O. (2001). "Formulation of an oat-based fermented product and its comparison with yoghurt". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 81 (14): 1314–1321. doi:10.1002/jsfa.947.
  28. ^ Mårtensson, Olof; Öste, Rickard; Holst, Olle (2000). "Lactic Acid Bacteria in an Oat-based Non-dairy Milk Substitute: Fermentation Characteristics and Exopolysaccharide Formation". LWT - Food Science and Technology. 33 (8): 525–530. doi:10.1006/fstl.2000.0718.
  29. ^ "Plant-based milk alternatives disrupt dairy". The Economist. 2 August 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2019.

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