التمرد في المغرب العربي (2002-الحاضر)

Insurgency in the Maghreb
جزء من the Global War on Terrorism
Mapa GSPC.svg
Map showing GSPC area of operations (pink), member states of the Pan Sahel Initiative (dark blue), and members of the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (dark and light blue).
التاريخ11 April 2002 – present
(22 years, 7 months and 5 days)
الموقع
Maghreb, Sahara desert, Sahel[1]
الوضع

Ongoing

المتحاربون

 الجزائر
 موريتانيا
 تونس
 ليبيا
 مالي
الأمم المتحدة MINUSMA[1] (from 2013)
AFISMA[2] (from 2013)
 النيجر[3]
 تشاد[1]
 فرنسا[1][4][5]
Limited involvement:
 المغرب[6]
 بوركينا فاسو[7][8]
 ساحل العاج[9]
 السنغال[8]
 إسپانيا[10][11][12][13]
 الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية‎

Supported by:
 الولايات المتحدة (AFRICOM)[1][13][14]
 المملكة المتحدة[13][15][16]
 إيطاليا
 مصر
 نيجريا
 السودان

Flag of Jihad.svg GSPC (until 2007)
AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg AQIM (from 2007)
AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (from 2017)
MOJWA (2011–13)
Flag of Jihad.svg Al-Mourabitoun (2013–17)
AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg Ansar Dine (2012–17)
Flag of Jihad.svg Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) (from 2011)[17]
Flag of Jihad.svg Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade (from 2012)[18]
Flag of Ansar al-Sharia (Libya).svg Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) (2012-17)
Salafia Jihadia[6]
الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام Boko Haram (from 2006, part of ISIL since 2015)[7][19]

 الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام (from 2014)

القادة والزعماء
الجزائر Abdelaziz Bouteflika (until 2019)
الجزائر Abdelmadjid Tebboune
موريتانيا Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (until 2019)
موريتانيا Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
تونس Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (until 2011)
تونس Moncef Marzouki (until 2014)
تونس Beji Caid Essebsi (until 2019)
تونس Kais Saied
ليبيا Muammar Gaddafi (until 2011)  †
ليبيا Fayez al-Sarraj
مالي Amadou Toumani Touré (until 2012)
مالي Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta
الأمم المتحدة Michael Lollesgaard
نيجريا Abdulkadir Shehu
النيجر Mamadou Tandja (until 2010)
النيجر Mahamadou Issoufou
تشاد Idriss Deby
فرنسا Jacques Chirac (until 2007)
فرنسا Nicolas Sarkozy (until 2012)
فرنسا François Hollande (until 2017)
فرنسا Emmanuel Macron
المغرب King Mohammed VI
بوركينا فاسو Blaise Compaoré (until 2014)
بوركينا فاسو Roch Marc Christian Kaboré
السنغال Abdoulaye Wade (until 2012)
السنغال Macky Sall
الصحراء الغربية Mohamed Abdelaziz (until 2016)
الصحراء الغربية Brahim Ghali
الولايات المتحدة George W. Bush (until 2009)
الولايات المتحدة Barack Obama (2009–17)
الولايات المتحدة Donald Trump

Flag of Jihad.svg Amari Saifi #
Flag of Jihad.svg Nabil Sahraoui †
AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg Abdelmalek Droukdel
AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg Abdelhamid Abou Zeid †[10]
Omar Ould Hamaha †
Mokhtar Belmokhtar
AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg Iyad Ag Ghaly
Flag of Jihad.svg Ahmed al Tilemsi †[20]
Flag of Jihad.svg Seifallah Ben Hassine †
Flag of Ansar al-Sharia (Libya).svg Mohamed al-Zahawi †

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi † (Leader of ISIL)
Abu Nabil al-Anbari †
Abdul Qader al-Najdi
Abu Musab al-Barnawi #
Gouri Abdelmalek †[21]
القوى
Total armed forces (unless specified):
 الجزائر: 520,000
 موريتانيا: 15,870
 تونس: 45,000; 6,000 deployed in Chaambi[22]
 ليبيا: 35,000
 مالي: 7,350
الأمم المتحدة MINUSMA: 9,754[1]
AFISMA: 2,900[2]
 النيجر: 12,000
 تشاد: 30,350
 فرنسا: 4,000 deployed in the Sahel[4][5]
Supported by:
 الولايات المتحدة: 1,325+ advisors, trainers[23][24]

Flag of Jihad.svg AQIM (former GSPC): 1,000[1][25][26]–4,000[27]
MOJWA: ~500[2]
Flag of Jihad.svg Al-Mourabitoun: Fewer than 100[28]
AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg Ansar Dine: 300[29]–10,000[2]
Flag of Jihad.svg Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia): 1,000[30]
Flag of Ansar al-Sharia (Libya).svg Ansar al-Sharia (Libya): 5,000+[31]
Flag of Jihad.svg Salafia Jihadia: 700+[32]

 الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام

الضحايا والخسائر

Major conflict casualties:

  • 2002: 1,100+ killed in Algeria[42][43][44]
  • 2003: 1,162 killed in Algeria[45]
  • 2004: 429 killed in Algeria[45]
  • 2005: 488 killed in Algeria[45]
  • 2006: 323 killed in Algeria[45]
Algeria: 3,502+ total killed (2002–06)
Mali: 3,300+ killed (2012–17)[46]
Libya: 10,071+ killed (2014-18),[47][48][49] 20,000+ wounded (as of May 2015)[50]

The Insurgency in the Maghreb refers to Islamist militant and terrorist activity in the Maghreb and Sahel regions of North Africa since 2002. The conflict succeeded the conclusion of the Algerian Civil War as the militant group Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) allied itself with al-Qaeda to eventually become al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).[51] Algeria and other Maghreb states affected by the activity have been offered assistance in fighting extremist militants by the United States and the United Kingdom since 2007, when Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara began.[13][52]

The Arab Spring in 2011 presented an opportunity for militant Islamists to put increasing pressure on governments and engage in full-scale warfare.[10][51][53][54][55] In 2012, AQIM and Islamist allies captured the northern half of Mali, until being fought back less than a year later following a French-led foreign intervention, which was succeeded by the Sahel-wide Operation Barkhane.[1][10] In Libya the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has been able to control some limited territory in the ongoing civil war since 2014, amid allegations of local collaboration between the otherwise rivalling AQIM and ISIL.[7][10][56]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Background

المقالة الرئيسية: Algerian Civil War

With the decline of the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA), the GSPC was left as the most active rebel group, with about 300 fighters in 2003.[57] It continued an assassination campaign of police and army personnel in its area, and also managed to expand into the Sahara, where its southern division, led by Amari Saifi (nicknamed "Abderrezak el-Para", the "paratrooper"), kidnapped a number of German tourists in 2003, before being forced to flee to sparsely populated areas of Mali, and later Niger and Chad, where he was captured.

Some believe that el-Para actually works for the Algerian government. By late 2003, the group's founder had been supplanted by the even more radical Nabil Sahraoui, who announced his open support for al-Qaeda, thus strengthening government ties between the U.S. and Algeria. He was reportedly killed shortly afterwards, and was succeeded by Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud in 2004.[58]

The GSPC has declared its intention to attack Algerian, French, and American targets. It has been designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the U.S. Department of State, and similarly classed as a terrorist organization by the European Union.


Overview

Insurgency in Algeria

The conflict with the GSPC continued to result in a significant number of casualties in Algeria, with over 1,100 killed in clashes with Islamist rebels in 2002.[42][43][44] In 2003, a total 1,162 were killed in clashes in Algeria, followed by 429 killed in 2004, 488 killed in 2005, and 323 killed in 2006.[45] In early 2006, the head of the Algerian national police claimed that terrorism had nearly been eliminated in the country, but significant attacks continued,[45] and 2007 would eventually mark a height of suicide bombings and terrorist attacks in Algeria.[1]

Broadening of conflict

In order to improve recruiting and funding, the GSPC aligned itself with al-Qaeda, and on 11 September 2006, al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri announced a union between the groups.[1] The GSPC rebranded itself as al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) in January 2007, signaling the broadened aspirations of the group.[1]

The group now aimed to overthrow all North African governments deemed apostate, including those of Algeria, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia.[1] Operations were shifted into two broader "sectors", Northern Algeria and Tunisia allocated a "central emirate", and northern Mali, Niger, Mauritania and Libya a "Sahara emirate" led by Djamel Okacha.[59] The strategic leadership of AQIM continued to be headquartered in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of the Algerian capital Algiers, headed by a 14-member Shura council leadership.[59]

As the Algerian counterterrorism campaign became largely successful in pushing AQIM out of the country, the group established new bases in Sahel countries such as Niger, Mauritania, Chad and Mali.[1] Attacks against government and military installations were frequently underreported by Western media.[59] In 2007, the United States and United Kingdom launched the Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara in support of governments in the region.[13][52]

Frequent kidnappings of foreigners in 2008 led the Dakar Rally to be cancelled and permanently moved to South America.[59]

Mauritania

In the earliest major attack as direct spillover of the Algerian conflict, the Mauritanian army base Lemgheity was attacked by the GSPC in June 2005, killing 17 soldiers (and nine jihadists), and wounding another 17.[59][60] The attack in part led to a coup d'état in October 2005 by Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, who made a campaign against jihadists a major part of his rule.[60] Attacks continued in Mauritania until it was largely successful in thwarting attacks since 2011 following a major military boost and political openings for Islamists.[60] AQIM has however continued to remain active in the eastern border-regions with Mali, with active support systems for logistics and information.[61] A lack of military resources, often due to turmoil and having little population in a very large country, caused Mauritania to rely on support from France, Morocco, and Algeria in order to defeat the AQIM.

Tunisia

In December 2006 and again in January 2007, Tunisian security forces engaged in clashes with a group linked to the GSPC that had established training camps in mountainous areas near the capital Tunis, killing more than a dozen people.[62][63][64] According to French daily Le Parisien at least 60 people were killed in the clashes.[65] The clashes were the most serious terrorist activity in Tunisia since the Ghriba synagogue bombing in 2002.[65]

Starting in 2012, AQIM along with Ansar al-Sharia and the Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade active in the mountainous Jebel ech Chambi region outside Kasserine near the Algerian border have been targeted by the Tunisian Army in the Chaambi Operations.[18][66] In 2014, Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade militants attacked two Tunisian military checkpoints, killing fourteen Tunisian soldiers and injuring twenty-five in what was the deadliest military skirmish in Tunisia since its independence in 1956.[67][68] Since 2015, Tunisia has simultaneously been targeted by an ISIL terrorist campaign. In March 2016 over 50 militants were killed when ISIL attempted to seize Ben Guerdane near the Libyan border.[69]

Libyan Civil War

Since the Libyan Civil War in 2011, south-western Libya has offered sanctuaries to AQIM which has dispatched cells to be established in the region.[59] On 11 September 2012, members of Ansar al-Sharia and AQIM were responsible for coordinated attacks against two United States government facilities in Benghazi, and Ansar al-Sharia was later involved in clashes in Benghazi in 2013. Drawing defectors from AQIM,[70] the rival Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) was later able to control some limited territory in the north in the renewed civil war from 2014. After initial official support from AQIM, allegations have continued of local collaboration between the otherwise rivalling groups.[7][10][56] After being pushed out of Derna, the remaining ISIL stronghold of Sirte was captured in late 2016. Al-Qaeda-affiliated Islamists led by Ansar al-Sharia have at the same time continued to exert control in other places.

Northern Mali conflict

The fullest extent of rebel-held territory in January 2013, before it was re-taken by Malian and French forces.

In 2012, AQIM and allied Islamist groups Ansar Dine and Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA) were able to capture the northern half of Mali after effectively overrunning the preceding Tuareg rebellion, which in turn had been sparked by former Tuareg fighters from the Libyan Civil War.[1] In 2012 Malian President Amadou Toumani Touré was ousted in a coup d'état over his handling of the conflict. After Ansar Dine attempted a push into the south of the country, Mali requested France to launch a military intervention in January 2013 which successfully pushed rebels out. The military intervention was followed by an ongoing Sahel-wide French-led military operation with around 4,000 French soldiers actively deployed.[1][10][59]

Small pockets of armed Islamists have remained active in northern Mali,[1][71] and attacks have continued against the UN peacekeeping mission MINUSMA, which has become one of the UN's deadliest international missions.[59]

Boko Haram spillover

Having cooperated and trained alongside AQIM in the Sahel since 2006, the Nigerian Islamist group Boko Haram began expanding into Chad and Niger in 2014 after successfully seizing territory in the insurgency in Nigeria.[7] By then controlling a significant area around Lake Chad, a coalition of Western African countries launched an offensive against the group in January 2015.[72] The group eventually departed its alliance with al-Qaeda, pledging allegiance to ISIL in March 2015. By the end of 2015 Boko Haram had been largely pushed to retreat into the Sambisa Forest in Nigeria, although attacks have continued including in Niger.[19][73][74]

Timeline of events

References

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط "Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث Salomé Legrand (2013-01-14). "Qui sont les islamistes à qui la France a déclaré la guerre ?". Francetvinfo.fr. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
  3. ^ "Niger army hunts for Al-Qaeda after clash". AFP. 15 June 2011.
  4. ^ أ ب "4600 soldats français mobilisés". Ledauphine.com. 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
  5. ^ أ ب "François Hollande's African adventures: The French are reorganising security in an increasingly troubled region". Economist.
  6. ^ أ ب "Tipping point of terror". The Guardian. 4 April 2004.
  7. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "ISIS, Al Qaeda In Africa: US Commander Warns Of Collaboration Between AQIM And Islamic State Group". International Business Times. 12 February 2016.
  8. ^ أ ب "The Al Qaeda Threat from West Africa and the Maghreb: French Hostage Execution and Beyond". Critical Threats. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  9. ^ Piet, Remi. "Ivory Coast attack: Beyond the targets". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  10. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb". Stanford University. 1 July 2016.
  11. ^ "Al Qaeda claims Spanish enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla in latest video - Xinhua - English.news.cn". news.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  12. ^ "Spanish police detain Al-Qaeda terror suspects". 23 April 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  13. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "US Starts Anti-Al-Qaeda Military Exercise in Sahara". BBC. 3 May 2010.
  14. ^ AFRICOM kicks off Operation Flintlock to counter jihadism in Africa Archived 2016-08-17 at the Wayback Machine. 12 February 2016.
  15. ^ "Britain Signals Maghreb Push with Anti-Terror Help". Reuters Africa. 18 October 2011.
  16. ^ "War on Isis: British Special Forces ambushed by Islamic State suicide bombers in Libya". International Business Times. 1 May 2016.
  17. ^ "Exporting Jihad". The New Yorker. 28 March 2016.
  18. ^ أ ب "Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb's Tunisia Strategy". Combating Terrorism Center. July 23, 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  19. ^ أ ب "Niger attacked by both al-Qaeda and Boko Haram". BBC News. 2016-03-18. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  20. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة MUJ
  21. ^ Deaton, Jennifer Z.; Hanna, Jason (23 December 2014). "Algeria: Leader of group that beheaded French hiker is killed". CNN. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  22. ^ "Algeria, Tunisia discuss military co-operation". Zawya. 22 July 2014.
  23. ^ "US, Mali Armies Kick off Exercise Atlas Accord; Postpone Exercise Flintlock". Defense Web. 13 February 2012.
  24. ^ African Lion 12 ready to roar: marine forces in Africa conducts final planning conference, DVIDs hub, http://www.dvidshub.net/news/83446/african-lion-12-ready-roar-marine-forces-africa-conducts-final-planning-conference 
  25. ^ Freeman, Colin (12 June 2014). "Al-Qaeda map: Isis, Boko Haram and other affiliates' strongholds across Africa and Asia". Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  26. ^ "Profile: Al-Qaeda in North Africa". BBC News. 2013-01-17. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  27. ^ "Mauritania Killings May be New Qaeda Chapter". Reuters. 11 February 2008.
  28. ^ "Mali: qui sont les nouveaux chefs des katibas jihadistes?". Radio France Internationale. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  29. ^ Sofia Bouderbala (2 April 2012). "Al-Qaeda unlikely to profit from Mali rebellion: experts". The Daily Star. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  30. ^ "Meeting Tunisia's Ansar al-Sharia". Foreign Policy. 8 March 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  31. ^ Maggie Michael & Hamza Hendawi (18 September 2012). "A Benghazi power, Libya militia eyed in attack". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  32. ^ "Terrorist Organization Profile - START - National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism". Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  33. ^ "Obama Is Pressed to Open Military Front Against ISIS in Libya". The New York Times. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  34. ^ "ISIL's presence in Libya grows to 5,000 fighters". Al Jazeera.
  35. ^ Jim Sciutto, Barbara Starr and Kevin Liptak, CNN (4 February 2016). "More ISIS fighters in Libya; fewer in Syria and Iraq - CNNPolitics.com". CNN. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ "How Gaddafi's anti-aircraft missiles are falling into the hands of Isis". The Independent. Mar 11, 2016. Retrieved Oct 17, 2019.
  37. ^ "Nigeria's Boko Haram has up to 6,000 hardcore militants: U.S. officials". Reuters. 2015-02-06.
  38. ^ "Boko Haram HQ Gwoza in Nigeria 'retaken'". BBC News. 2015-03-27.
  39. ^ "Boko Haram at a glance". Amnesty International. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  40. ^ "Algerian Army Kills Militant Leader Linked to Beheading of French Hostage". The New York Times. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  41. ^ Freeman, Colin (12 June 2014). "Al-Qaeda map: Isis, Boko Haram and other affiliates' strongholds across Africa and Asia". Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  42. ^ أ ب "56 Die in Algerian Attacks". Los Angeles Times. AP. 6 January 2003.
  43. ^ أ ب "Freedom in the World 2003: Algeria". Freedom House. 1 December 2002.
  44. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة 2002algeria
  45. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Bergner, Jeffrey T. (2008). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2008: Vols. I and II: Joint Committee Print, U. S. House of Representatives and U. S. Senate. DIANE Publishing. p. 1877. ISBN 9781437905229.
  46. ^ "American commandos face complicated mission in Mali". Military Times. 18 September 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  47. ^ "Violent Deaths in 2014 & 2015". Libya Body Count. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  48. ^ "Realtime Data (2017)". ACLED.
  49. ^ "ACLED Data (2018)". ACLED. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  50. ^ "LIBYA 2015/2016". Amnesty International.
  51. ^ أ ب "Jihadists' Surge in North Africa Reveals Grim Side of Arab Spring". The New York Times. 19 January 2013.
  52. ^ أ ب "Britain Signals Maghreb Push with Anti-Terror Help". Reuters Africa. 18 October 2011.
  53. ^ "Al Qaeda in North Africa seeks Arab Spring jihad". CBS News. 15 August 2011.
  54. ^ "Moroccan Salafi Group hijacks Arab Spring". Asharq Al-Awsat. 3 October 2011.
  55. ^ "Obama and the Maghreb in the Wake of the Arab Spring". Middle East Institute. 7 November 2014.
  56. ^ أ ب "U.S. commander sees al Qaeda Africa group strengthening". Reuters. 13 February 2016.
  57. ^ Profile: Algeria's Salafist group, BBC News, Wednesday 14 May 2003
  58. ^ New chief for Algeria's Islamists, Arezki Himeur, BBC News, Tuesday, 7 September 2004.
  59. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د Boeke, Sergei (2016). "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Terrorism, insurgency, or organized crime?". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 27 (5): 914–936. doi:10.1080/09592318.2016.1208280.
  60. ^ أ ب ت Ibrahim, Ibrahim Yahaya (August 2014). "Managing the Sahelo-Saharan Islamic Insurgency in Mauritania" (PDF). Sahel Research Group. University of Florida.
  61. ^ "Travel Warning: Mauritania". OSAC. 30 November 2012.
  62. ^ "Profile: Al-Qaeda in North Africa". BBC News. 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  63. ^ Craig S. Smithjan (2007-01-14). "Tunisia Says Suspects in Gun Battle Had Blueprints of Embassies - The New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  64. ^ "Militants had key diplomatic data". Los Angeles Times (Articles.latimes.com). 2007-01-13. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  65. ^ أ ب "Terror in the Maghreb". The Weekly Standard. 2007-02-13. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  66. ^ "Jihadists coordinate on Tunisian-Algerian border". Al-Monitor. 13 August 2014.
  67. ^ Bouazza, Bouazza. "Home> International 14 Tunisian Soldiers Killed in Extremist Attacks". AP via ABC News. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  68. ^ Amara, Tarek (2014-07-17). "At least 14 Tunisian troops killed in mountain ambushes". Reuters. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  69. ^ Tarek Amara (7 March 2016). "Militants attack Tunisian forces near Libyan border, 50 killed". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  70. ^ "AQIM defectors raise fears of IS branch in North Africa". Al-Monitor. 9 September 2014.
  71. ^ "Eleven soldiers killed in Mali in terrorist attack on camp, government says". The Guardian. AFP. 4 August 2015.
  72. ^ "Chad, Niger launch ground and air offensive against Boko Haram". CNN. 9 March 2015.
  73. ^ "Chad, Niger forces kill 123 Boko Haram in crackdown - Niger". Yahoo News. Reuters. 1 October 2016.
  74. ^ "Boko Haram Attacks Signal Resilience of ISIS and Its Branches". The New York Times. 27 October 2016.
الكلمات الدالة:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=التمرد_في_المغرب_العربي_(2002-الحاضر)&oldid=2237499"