فدرالية الملايو
فدرالية الملايو Federation of Malaya Persekutuan Tanah Melayu ڤرسكوتوان تانه ملايو | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1948–1963 | |||||||||||||
المكانة | دولة ذات سيادة منذ 31 أغسطس 1957 | ||||||||||||
العاصمة | كوالا لمپور | ||||||||||||
اللغات الشائعة | ملايو الإنگليزية | ||||||||||||
الحكومة | ملكية دستورية | ||||||||||||
يڠ دپرتوان أگوڠ | |||||||||||||
• 1957–1960 | توانكو عبد الرحمن | ||||||||||||
• 1960 | السلطان حسام الدين علم شاه | ||||||||||||
• 1960–1963 | توانكو سيد پوترا | ||||||||||||
التاريخ | |||||||||||||
• تأسست | 1 فبراير 1948 | ||||||||||||
31 أغسطس 1957 | |||||||||||||
16 سبتمبر 1963 | |||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||
1963 | 132,364 km2 (51,106 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
Currency | Malaya / British Borneo dollar | ||||||||||||
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Today part of | ماليزيا |
فدرالية الملايو (ملايو: Persekutuan Tanah Melayu؛ الجاوي: ڤرسكوتوان تانه ملايو ؛ إنگليزية: Federation of Malaya) كان اتحاداً من 11 ولاية (تسعة ولايات الملايو واثنتان من مستوطنات المضائق البريطانية، پناڠ و ملقا)[1] that existed from 1 February 1948 until 16 September 1963. The Federation became independent on 31 August 1957,[2] and in 1963 Malaysia was formed with the Singapore, North Borneo, and Sarawak Crown Colonies.[3] The combination of states that formerly made up the Federation of Malaya is currently known as Peninsular Malaysia.
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التاريخ
من 1946 حتى 1948، شكلت الولايات الأحد عشر مستعمرة تاج بريطانية واحدة عُرفت بإسم اتحاد الملايا Malayan Union.[4] Due to opposition from Malay nationalists, the Union was disbanded and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the symbolic positions of the rulers of the Malay states.
Within the Federation, while the Malay states were protectorates of the United Kingdom, Penang and Malacca remained British colonial territories. Like the Malayan Union before it, the Federation did not include Singapore, despite its traditional connections with الملايا.
The Federation of Malaya Agreement was formulated by the British–Malay Pleno Conference between June and December 1946. At the end of the meeting, the Pleno Conference produced a 100-page "Blue Book."[5] It was signed on 21 January 1948 at King House by the Malay rulers, and by Sir Edward Gent as the representative of the British government.[6] The Agreement superseded the Agreement creating the Malayan Union, and prepared for the establishment of the Federation of Malaya on 1 February 1948. The position of the Malay rulers was also restored.
The Federation became independent from British colonial rule and became an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations on 31 August 1957.[1][7] In 1963, the Federation was reconstituted as "Malaysia" when it federated with the British territories of Singapore, Sarawak, and North Borneo; a claim to the latter territory was maintained by the Philippines.[8][9] Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an independent republic on 9 August 1965.[10]
قائمة الولايات الأعضاء
- جوهر دار التعظيم
- قدح دار الأمان
- كلنتن دار النعيم
- ملاك دار العظيم[11]
- نگري سمبيلن دار الخصوص
- پهنگ دار المعمور
- پنانگ[11]
- پيرق دار الرضوان
- پرليس
- سلانغور دار الإحسان
- ترنجانو دار الإيمان
المجلس التشريعي
The Federation of Malaya Legislative Council held its first meeting in the قاعة توانكو عبد الرحمن، كوالا لمپور في 1948. It was opened by the British High Commissioner Sir Edward Gent. Attendees included the British Minister of State for Colonial Affairs, Lord Listowel. The membership of the Council was structured to include:
- المندوب السامي البريطاني (كرئيس)؛
- 3 ex officio members (namely the Chief Secretary, the Financial Secretary, and the Attorney General);
- 11 "State and Settlement Members" (the President of the Council of State of each Malay state, and a member elected by each of the Settlement Councils)
- 11 official members; and
- 34 appointed "unofficial" members.
الديمغرافيا
الجماعة العرقية | 1948 | 1951 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
الملايو | 2,457,014 | 2,631,154 | ||
الصينيون | 1,928,965 | 2,043,971 | ||
الهنود | 536,646 | 566,371 | ||
غيرهم | 64,802 | 75,726 |
تطور فدرالية الملايو
انظر أيضاً
- قانون استقلال فدرالية الملايو 1957
- Federal Legislative Council
- شبه الجزيرة الماليزية
- طوارئ الملايو
- مفوضية ريد
المراجع
- ^ أ ب See: Cabinet Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. 21 February 1956 Federation of Malaya Agreement
- ^ The UK Statute Law Database: Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)[dead link]
- ^ "No.10760: Agreement relating to Malaysia" (PDF). United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. يوليو 1963. Archived from the original (pdf) on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
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- ^ "Constitution Of The Federation Of Malaya Announced". National Archives of Malaysia. 23 December 1946. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
- ^ Hale, Christopher (2013). Massacre in Malaya: Exposing Britain's My Lai (in الإنجليزية). History Press. ISBN 9780750951814. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
- ^ "1957: Malaya celebrates independence". BBC News. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
- ^ "United Nations Treaty No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippines, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 July 1963)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ^ "Exchange of notes constituting an agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord of 31 July 1963" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ^ See: the Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965 and the Proclamation of Singapore.
- ^ أ ب انظر: The UK Statute Law Database: Formation of the Malay States and of the Settlements of Penang and Malacca into a new independent Federation of States under Federation of Malaya Constitution
- ^ Annual Report on the Federation of Malaya: 1951 in C.C. Chin and Karl Hack, Dialogues with Chin Peng pp. 380, 81.
وصلات خارجية
Find more about فدرالية الملايو at Wikipedia's sister projects | |
Media from Commons | |
Source texts from Wikisource | |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Colonial administration records (migrated archives): Malaya at The National Archives (Pg. 52)
- The UK Statute Law Database: Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)[dead link]
- United Nations Treaty Collection: No.10760: Agreement relating to Malaysia
- Media related to Federation of Malaya at Wikimedia Commons
قالب:Federation of Malaya قالب:British rule in Malaysian history
- Articles with dead external links from December 2016
- CS1 errors: unsupported parameter
- الصفحات بخصائص غير محلولة
- Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters
- Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters
- Articles containing ملايو (لغة كبرى)-language text
- Pages using Lang-xx templates
- Articles containing إنگليزية-language text
- دول وأقاليم تأسست في 1948
- دول وأقاليم تأسست في 1957
- دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1963
- فدرالية الملايو
- ملايو
- الملايو البريطانية
- بلدان سابقة في التاريخ الماليزي
- تاريخ سنغافورة
- مستعمرات ومحميات بريطانية سابقة في آسيا
- محميات بريطانية سابقة
- تأسيسات 1948 في الملايو البريطانية
- تأسيسات 1948 في الملايو
- انحلالات 1963 في الملايو
- عقد 1940 في الملايو البريطانية
- عقد 1950 في الملايو البريطانية
- دول أعضاء سابقون في الأمم المتحدة
- كيانات سياسية سابقة في الحرب الباردة