دورست

Coordinates: 50°48′N 2°18′W / 50.800°N 2.300°W / 50.800; -2.300
(تم التحويل من Dorset)
هذا المقال هو عن the ceremonial county. إذا كنت تريد the unitary authority area، انظر Dorset (district). إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر دورست (توضيح).
Dorset
مقاطعة تشريفية
Durdle Door on the Jurassic Coast, Bournemouth Pier, and Sherborne Abbey
Dorset within England
الإحداثيات: 50°48′N 2°18′W / 50.800°N 2.300°W / 50.800; -2.300
البلدالمملكة المتحدة
المقاطعةإنگلترة
المنطقةSouth West
التأسيسAncient
منطقة التوقيتUTC±00:00 (توقيت گرينتش المتوسط)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+01:00 (توقيت بريطانيا الصيفي)
أعضاء البرلمانList of MPs
الشرطةDorset Police
المقاطعة الاحتفالية
الحاكم العامAngus Campbell
المأمورGeorge Streetfeild[1](2020–21)
المساحة2,653 km2 (1,024 sq mi)
الترتيب20th من 48
تعداد (2008 تق.)710,500
الترتيب32nd من 48
الكثافة السكانية268/km2 (690/sq mi)
العرقية97.9% White
Unitary authorities
المجالسBournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council
Dorset Council
الأحياء
Dorset numbered districts 2019.svg
Districts of Dorset
  Unitary
الأحياء
  1. Dorset
  2. Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole

دورست (بالانجليزية: Dorset) مقاطعة إنجليزية في جنوب غرب إنجلترا. و هي مطلة على ساحل القناة الإنجليزية مركز المقاطعة هي مدينة دورشستر. يحد مقاطعة دورست مقاطعة ديفون إلى الغرب ، وسومرست إلى الشمال الغربي ويلتشاير إلى الشمال الشرقي وهامپشاير إلى الشرق و القناة الإنجليزية إلى الجنوب. حوالى نصف عدد سكان دورست يقطن في جنوب شرق المقاطعة. بقية المقاطعة ريفي الطابع إلى حد كبير مع الكثافة السكانية المنخفضه نسبيا.

تشتهر دورست بسواحلها الجميلة، ومنها الساحل الجوراسي Jurassic Coast، الذي يحوي العديد من المعالم مثل خليج لولوورث، شاطئ شيسيل ، جزيرة پورتلاند و باب دوردل. تحوي المقاطعة العديد من البلدات التي تحوي المنتجعات مثل بلدة بورنموث، وبلدة بول، وبلدة وايموث. يتنمي للمقاطعة الأديب الانجلزي توماس هاردي.


Dorset has a varied landscape of chalk downs, steep limestone ridges, and low-lying clay valleys. The majority of its coastline is part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site due to its geological and palaeontologic significance, and features notable landforms such as Lulworth Cove, the Isle of Portland, Chesil Beach and Durdle Door. The north of the county contains part of Cranbourne Chase, a chalk downland. The highest point in Dorset is Lewesdon Hill (279 m (915 ft)), in the southwest.

There is evidence of Neolithic, Celtic, and Roman settlement in Dorset, and during the Early Middle Ages the region was settled by the Saxons; the county developed in the 7th century. The first recorded Viking raid on the British Isles occurred in Dorset during the eighth century, and the Black Death entered England at Melcombe Regis in 1348. The county has seen much civil unrest: in the English Civil War an uprising of vigilantes was crushed by Oliver Cromwell's forces in a pitched battle near Shaftesbury; the doomed Monmouth Rebellion began at Lyme Regis; and a group of farm labourers from Tolpuddle were instrumental in the formation of the trade union movement. During the Second World War, Dorset was heavily involved in the preparations for the invasion of Normandy, and the large harbours of Portland and Poole were two of the main embarkation points. Agriculture was historically the major industry of Dorset, but is now in decline in favour of tourism.

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Toponymy

Dorset derives its name from the county town of Dorchester.[2] The Romans established the settlement in the 1st century and named it Durnovaria which was a Latinised version of a Common Brittonic word possibly meaning "place with fist-sized pebbles".[2] The Saxons named the town Dornwaraceaster (the suffix -ceaster being the Old English name for a "Roman town"; cf. Exeter and Gloucester) and Dornsæte came into use as the name for the inhabitants of the area from Dorn (a reduced form of Dornwaraceaster) and the Old English word sæte (meaning "people").[2][3] It is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in AD 845 and in the 10th century the county's archaic name, Dorseteschyre (Dorsetshire), was first recorded.[4]


التاريخ

Early history

The first human visitors to Dorset were Mesolithic hunters, from around 8000 BC.[5][6] The first permanent Neolithic settlers appeared around 3000 BC and were responsible for the creation of the Dorset Cursus, a 10.5-kilometre (6.5 mi) monument for ritual or ceremonial purposes.[7][8] From 2800 BC onwards Bronze Age farmers cleared Dorset's woodlands for agricultural use and Dorset's high chalk hills provided a location for numerous round barrows.[9][10] During the Iron Age, the British tribe known as the Durotriges established a series of hill forts across the county—most notably Maiden Castle which is one of the largest in Europe.[11][12]

The Romans arrived in Dorset during their conquest of Britain in AD 43. Maiden Castle was captured by a Roman legion under the command of Vespasian, and the Roman settlement of Durnovaria was established nearby.[13][14] Bokerley Dyke, a large defensive ditch built by the county's post-Roman inhabitants near the border with modern-day Hampshire, delayed the advance of the Saxons into Dorset for almost 150 years.[15] It appears to have been re-fortified during this period, with the former Roman Road at Ackling Dyke also being blocked by the Britons, apparently to prevent the West Saxon advance into Dorset.[16]

However, by the end of the 7th century Dorset had fallen under Saxon control and been incorporated into the Kingdom of Wessex.[17] The precise details of this West Saxon conquest and how it took place are not clear, but it appears to have substantially taken place by the start of the reign of Caedwalla in 685.[18] The Saxons established a diocese at Sherborne and Dorset was made a shire—an administrative district of Wessex and predecessor to the English county system—with borders that have changed little since.[19] In 789 the first recorded Viking attack on the British Isles took place in Dorset on the Portland coast, and they continued to raid into the county for the next two centuries.[20][21]

After the Norman Conquest in 1066, feudal rule was established in Dorset and the bulk of the land was divided between the Crown and ecclesiastical institutions.[22] The Normans consolidated their control over the area by constructing castles at Corfe, Wareham and Dorchester in the early part of the 12th century.[23] Over the next 200 years Dorset's population grew substantially and additional land was enclosed for farming to provide the extra food required.[24] The wool trade, the quarrying of Purbeck Marble and the busy ports of Weymouth, Melcombe Regis, Lyme Regis and Bridport brought prosperity to the county.[25] However, Dorset was devastated by the bubonic plague in 1348 which arrived in Melcombe Regis on a ship from Gascony.[26] The disease, more commonly known as the Black Death, created an epidemic that spread rapidly and wiped out a third of the population of the country.[27][28] Dorset came under the political influence of a number of different nobles during the Middle Ages. During the Wars of the Roses, for instance, Dorset came into the area influenced by Humphrey Stafford, earl of Devon (originally of Hooke, Dorset) whose wider influence stretched from Cornwall to Wiltshire. After 1485, one of the most influential Dorset figures was Henry VII's chamberlain Giles Daubeney.[29]

Modern history

للمزيد من المعلومات: Dorset in the English Civil War
the ruins of Corfe Castle
Corfe Castle, captured and destroyed by Cromwell's army in 1646

The dissolution of the monasteries (1536–1541) met little resistance in Dorset and many of the county's abbeys, including Shaftesbury, Cerne and Milton, were sold to private owners.[30] In 1642, at the commencement of the English Civil War, the Royalists took control of the entire county apart from Poole and Lyme Regis. However, within three years their gains had been almost entirely reversed by the Parliamentarians.[31] An uprising of Clubmen—vigilantes weary of the depredations of the war—took place in Dorset in 1645. Some 2,000 of these rebels offered battle to Lord Fairfax's Parliamentary army at Hambledon Hill but they were easily routed.[32][33] Sherborne Castle was taken by Fairfax that same year and in 1646 Corfe Castle, the last remaining Royalist stronghold in Dorset, was captured after an act of betrayal: both were subsequently slighted.[32][34] The Duke of Monmouth's unsuccessful attempt to overthrow James II began when he landed at Lyme Regis in 1685.[35] A series of trials known as the Bloody Assizes took place to punish the rebels. Over a five-day period in Dorchester, Judge Jeffreys presided over 312 cases: 74 of the accused were executed, 175 were transported, and nine were publicly whipped.[36] In 1686, at Charborough Park, a meeting took place to plot the downfall of James II of England. This meeting was effectively the start of the Glorious Revolution.[37]

During the 18th century, much smuggling took place along the Dorset coast; its coves, caves and sandy beaches provided opportunities for gangs such as the Hawkhursts to stealthily bring smuggled goods ashore.[38] Poole became Dorset's busiest port and established prosperous trade links with the fisheries of Newfoundland which supported cloth, rope and net manufacturing industries in the surrounding towns and villages.[39] However, the industrial revolution largely bypassed Dorset which lacked coal resources and as a consequence the county remained predominantly agricultural.[40][41][42] Farming has always been central to the economy of Dorset and the county became the birthplace of the modern trade union movement when, in 1834, six farm labourers formed a union to protest against falling wages. The labourers, who are now known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs, were subsequently arrested for administering "unlawful oaths" and sentenced to transportation but they were pardoned following massive protests by the working classes.[43][44]

The Dorsetshire Regiment were the first British unit to face a gas attack during the First World War (1914–1918) and they sustained particularly heavy losses at the Battle of the Somme.[45][46] In total some 4,500 Dorset servicemen died in the war and of the county's towns and villages, only one, Langton Herring, known as a Thankful Village, had no residents killed.[46][47] During the Second World War (1939–1945) Dorset was heavily involved in the preparations for the invasion of Normandy: beach landing exercises were carried out at Studland and Weymouth and the village of Tyneham was requisitioned for army training.[48][49] Tens of thousands of troops departed Weymouth, Portland and Poole harbours during D-Day and gliders from RAF Tarrant Rushton dropped troops near Caen to begin Operation Tonga.

Dorset experienced an increase in holiday-makers after the war.[50] First popularised as a tourist destination by George III's frequent visits to Weymouth, the county's coastline, seaside resorts and its sparsely populated rural areas attract millions of visitors each year.[40][51] With farming declining across the country, tourism has edged ahead as the primary revenue-earning sector.[41][52]

Settlements

انظر أيضاً: List of places in Dorset and List of settlements in Dorset by population
class=notpageimage|
Some of the larger settlements of Dorset

Dorset is largely rural with many small villages, few large towns and no cities.[53][54] The only major urban area is the South East Dorset conurbation, which is situated at the south-eastern end of the county and is atypical of the county as a whole. It consists of the seaside resort of Bournemouth, the historic port and borough of Poole, the towns of Christchurch and Ferndown plus many surrounding villages.[55][56] Bournemouth, the most populous town in the conurbation, was established in the Georgian era when sea bathing became popular.[57] Poole, the second largest settlement (once the largest town in the county), adjoins Bournemouth to the west and contains the suburb of Sandbanks which has some of the highest land values by area in the world.[58]

The other two major settlements in the county are Dorchester, which has been the county town since at least 1305,[59] and Weymouth, a major seaside resort since the 18th century.[60][61] Blandford Forum, Sherborne, Gillingham, Shaftesbury and Sturminster Newton are historic market towns which serve the farms and villages of the Blackmore Vale in north Dorset.[62] Beaminster and Bridport are situated in the west of the county; Verwood and the historic Saxon market towns of Wareham and Wimborne Minster are located to the east.[62] Lyme Regis and Swanage are small coastal towns popular with tourists.[63] Under construction on the western edge of Dorchester is the experimental new town of Poundbury commissioned and co-designed by Prince Charles.[64] The suburb, which is expected to be fully completed by 2025, was designed to integrate residential and retail buildings and counter the growth of dormitory towns and car-oriented development.[65]


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الجغرافيا الطبيعية

المقالة الرئيسية: Geography of Dorset, Geology of Dorset, List of hills of Dorset, and South West Hampshire/South East Dorset Green Belt

Dorset covers an area of 2,653 square kilometres (1,024 sq mi) and contains considerable variety in its underlying geology, which is partly responsible for the diversity of landscape.[66][67][68] A large percentage (66%) of the county comprises either chalk, clay or mixed sand and gravels. The remainder is less straightforward and includes Portland and Purbeck stone, other limestones, calcareous clays and shales.[69] Portland and Purbeck stone are of national importance as a building material and for restoring some of Britain's most famous landmarks.[70][71] Almost every type of rock known from the Early Jurassic to the Eocene epochs can be found in the county.[72][73]

Geological map of Dorset

Dorset has a number of limestone ridges which are mostly covered in either arable fields or calcareous grassland supporting sheep.[74] These limestone areas include a wide band of Cretaceous chalk which crosses the county as a range of hills from north-east to south-west, incorporating Cranborne Chase and the Dorset Downs, and a narrow band running from south-west to south-east, incorporating the Purbeck Hills.[75][76] Between the chalk hills are large, wide vales and wide flood plains.[73] These vales are dotted with small villages, farms and coppices, and include the Blackmore Vale (Stour valley) and the Frome valley.[76][77] The Blackmore Vale is composed of older Jurassic deposits, largely clays interspersed with limestones,[73] and has traditionally been a centre for dairy agriculture.[78] South-east Dorset, including the lower Frome valley and around Poole and Bournemouth, comprises younger Eocene deposits,[73] mainly sands and clays of poor agricultural quality.[79] The soils created from these deposits support a heathland habitat which sustains all six native British reptile species.[80] Most of the Dorset heathland has Site of Special Scientific Interest status, with three areas designated as internationally important Ramsar sites.[81] In the far west of the county and along the coast there are frequent changes in rock strata, which appear in a less obviously sequential way compared to the landscapes of the chalk and the heath.[82] In the west this results in a hilly landscape of diverse character that resembles that of neighbouring county Devon.[83] Marshwood Vale, a valley of Lower Lias clay at the western tip of the county,[84] lies to the south of the two highest points in Dorset: Lewesdon Hill at 279 metres (915 ft)[85] and Pilsdon Pen at 277 metres (909 ft).[86]

A former river valley flooded by rising sea levels 6,000 years ago, Poole Harbour is one of the largest natural harbours in the world.[87][88] The harbour is very shallow in places and contains a number of islands, notably Brownsea Island, the birthplace of the Scouting movement and one of the few remaining sanctuaries for indigenous red squirrels in England.[89] The harbour, and the chalk and limestone hills of the Isle of Purbeck to the south, lie atop Western Europe's largest onshore oil field.[90] The field, operated by Perenco from Wytch Farm, has the world's oldest continuously pumping well at Kimmeridge which has been producing oil since the early 1960s.[90][91]

Lulworth Cove from Hambury Tout, on the Jurassic Coast

Dorset's diverse geography ensures it has an assortment of rivers, although a moderate annual rainfall coupled with rolling hills, means most are typically lowland in nature.[92] Much of the county drains into three rivers, the Frome, Piddle and Stour which all flow to the sea in a south-easterly direction.[93] The Frome and Piddle are chalk streams but the Stour, which rises in Wiltshire to the north, has its origins in clay soil.[94] The River Avon, which flows mainly through Wiltshire and Hampshire, enters Dorset towards the end of its journey at Christchurch Harbour.[95] The rivers Axe and Yeo, which principally drain the counties of Devon and Somerset respectively, have their sources in the north-west of the county. In the south-west, a number of small rivers run into the sea along the Dorset coastline; most notable of these are the Char, Brit, Bride and Wey.[96]

Most of Dorset's coastline is part of the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site, which stretches for 155 kilometres (96 mi)[97] between Studland and Exmouth in Devon. This coast documents the entire Mesozoic era, from Triassic to Cretaceous, and is noted for its geological landforms.[98] The Dorset section has yielded important fossils, including Jurassic trees and the first complete Ichthyosaur, discovered near Lyme Regis in 1811 by Mary Anning.[98] The county features some notable coastal landforms, including examples of a cove (Lulworth Cove), a natural arch (Durdle Door) and chalk stacks (Old Harry Rocks).[99][100] Jutting out into the English Channel at roughly the midpoint of the Dorset coastline is the Isle of Portland, a limestone island that is connected to the mainland by Chesil Beach, a 27-kilometre (17 mi) long shingle barrier beach protecting Britain's largest tidal lagoon.[101][102]

The county has one of the highest proportions of conservation areas in England, and two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) cover 53% of the administrative county.[103][104] It has two heritage coasts totalling 92 kilometres (57 mi), and Sites of Special Scientific Interest covering 199 km2 (77 sq mi).[105][106] The South West Coast Path, a National Trail, begins at South Haven Point at the entrance to Poole Harbour.[107] There are also substantial areas of green belt surrounding the South East Dorset conurbation, filling in the area between this and the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB.


المناخ

Weymouth, Dorset
جدول طقس (التفسير)
يفمأمييأسأند
 
 
84
 
9
5
 
 
61
 
9
4
 
 
58
 
11
5
 
 
52
 
13
7
 
 
45
 
16
9
 
 
46
 
18
12
 
 
41
 
20
14
 
 
55
 
20
14
 
 
55
 
19
13
 
 
83
 
16
10
 
 
99
 
12
7
 
 
92
 
10
5
متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س
إجمالي الهطل - مم
المصدر: Met Office, 1991–2020[108]

Dorset's climate of warm summers and mild winters is partly due to its position on Britain's south coast. The third most southerly county in the UK, Dorset is less affected by the more intense Atlantic winds than Cornwall and Devon. Dorset, along with the entire south-west, has higher winter temperatures, average 4.5 to 8.7 °C (40.1 to 47.7 °F), than the rest of the United Kingdom.[109] However, Dorset maintains higher summer temperatures than Devon and Cornwall, with average highs of 19.1 to 22.2 °C (66.4 to 72.0 °F).[110] Excluding hills such as the Dorset Downs, the average annual temperature of the county is 9.8 to 12 °C (49.6 to 53.6 °F).[111]


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الديمغرافيا

أعراق وديانات دورست
UK Census 2011 Dorset[1]
[112][113] 		Bournemouth
[114][115] 		پول
[116][117] 		South West
[112][113] 		England
[112][113]
التعداد 412,905 183,491 147,645 5,288,935 53,012,456
بيض 97.9% 91.9% 95.8% 95.4% 85.5%
مختلطون 0.8% 2.3% 1.3% 1.4% 2.2%
آسيويون 0.7% 2.9% 1.8% 1.5% 7.0%
سود 0.2% 1.0% 0.3% 1.0% 3.4%
صينيون أو غيرهم 0.3% 1.9% 0.8% 0.7% 1.7%
مسيحيون 65.3% 57.1% 60.4% 60.4% 59.4%
غير المسيحيين 1.3% 4.6% 2.3% 2.5% 8.7%
لا دين 25.2% 30.5% 29.7% 29.3% 24.7%
غير مذكور 8.0% 7.8% 7.6% 7.9% 7.2%
^ Excluding Bournemouth and Poole
التعداد التاريخي لدورست
YearPop.±% p.a.
1801101٬857—    
1811112٬930+1.04%
1821129٬210+1.36%
1831143٬443+1.05%
1841161٬617+1.20%
1851169٬699+0.49%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1861174٬255+0.27%
1871178٬813+0.26%
1881183٬371+0.25%
1891188٬700+0.29%
1901188٬263−0.02%
1911190٬940+0.14%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1921193٬543+0.14%
1931198٬105+0.23%
1941214٬700+0.81%
1951233٬206+0.83%
1961259٬751+1.08%
1971292٬811+1.21%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1981321٬676+0.94%
1991366٬681+1.32%
2001390٬986+0.64%
2011412٬905+0.55%
Pre-1974 statistics were gathered from local government areas that now comprise Dorset
المصدر: Great Britain Historical GIS.[118]

الاقتصاد والصناعة

Dorset's employment structure (2008)[A]
Industry Dorset[C]
[119] 		Poole
[120] 		Bournemouth
[121] 		Great Britain
[119]
التصنيع 11.9% 15.8% 3.2% 10.2%
الإنشاءات 5.3% 4.6% 3.2% 4.8%
الخدمات 81.5% 79% 93.1% 83.5%
Tourism-related[B] 10.2% 7.7% 12% 8.2%

A.^ Excludes self-employed, government-supported trainees and armed forces
B.^ Includes industries that are also part of the services industry
C.^ Excluding Poole and Bournemouth


انظر أيضاً

الملاحظات

الهامش

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  2. ^ أ ب ت Mills, A.D. (2003). "A Dictionary of British Place-Names". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2012.(يتطلب اشتراك)
  3. ^ Yorke (p. 84)
  4. ^ "Dorset County Boundary Survey". Dorset County Museum. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
  5. ^ Putnam (p. 15)
  6. ^ Cullingford (p. 13)
  7. ^ Putnam (p. 19)
  8. ^ Cullingford (p. 14)
  9. ^ "Cultural History". Dorset For You. Dorset County Council. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  10. ^ Cullingford (p. 15)
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  12. ^ قالب:PastScape
  13. ^ Cullingford (pp. 18–19)
  14. ^ "Vespasian (9 AD – 79 AD)". BBC. 2007. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
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  16. ^ Hinton, David A. (1998). Saxons and Vikings. Dovecote Press. p. 19. ISBN 1874336504.
  17. ^ Draper (p. 142)
  18. ^ Yorke, Barbara (2002). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-134-70725-6.
  19. ^ Cullingford (p. 28)
  20. ^ "Vikings and Anglo-Saxons". BBC. 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  21. ^ Cullingford (pp. 30–36)
  22. ^ Cullingford (pp. 37–38)
  23. ^ Cullingford (p. 43)
  24. ^ Cullingford (p. 52)
  25. ^ Cullingford (pp. 52–54)
  26. ^ Cullingford (pp. 54–55)
  27. ^ Cullingford (pp. 55–56)
  28. ^ Hilliam (p. 17)
  29. ^ Stansfield-Cudworth, R. E. (2009). Political Elites in South-West England, 1450–1500: Politics, Governance, and the Wars of the Roses. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 191–225, 317–321. ISBN 978-0-77344-714-1.
  30. ^ Cullingford (pp. 59–60)
  31. ^ Cullingford (pp. 68–69)
  32. ^ أ ب Cullingford (pp. 70–71)
  33. ^ Hilliam (pp. 144–145)
  34. ^ Yarrow (p. 26)
  35. ^ Cullingford (p. 75)
  36. ^ Cullingford (p. 78)
  37. ^ Cullingford (p. 80)
  38. ^ Cullingford (p. 99)
  39. ^ Cullingford (p. 92)
  40. ^ أ ب Cullingford (p. 105)
  41. ^ أ ب Draper (p. 143)
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  43. ^ Hilliam (p. 10)
  44. ^ Cullingford (pp. 114–116)
  45. ^ Cullingford (p. 133)
  46. ^ أ ب "Somme memorial to Dorset World War I soldiers". BBC News. 21 April 2011. Archived from the original on 22 April 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  47. ^ "Thankful villages: The places where everyone came back from the wars". BBC News. 11 November 2011. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  48. ^ Cullingford (p. 134)
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المراجع

وصلات خارجية

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dorset.

قالب:Dorset

الكلمات الدالة:
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