مانشستر الكبرى

Coordinates: 53°30′N 2°19′W / 53.500°N 2.317°W / 53.500; -2.317
مانشستر الكبرى
مقاطعة تشريفية
البلدالمملكة المتحدة
المقاطعةإنگلترة
المنطقةشمال غرب إنگلترة
الأصل1 April 1974[1]
(Local Government Act 1972)
منطقة التوقيتUTC±00:00 (توقيت گرينتش المتوسط)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+01:00 (توقيت بريطانيا الصيفي)
المقاطعة الاحتفالية
المساحة[convert: needs a number]
الترتيب من 48
الترتيب من 48
الكثافة السكانية[convert: needs a number]
العرقية88.9% بيض
6.5% S. آسيويون
1.7% سود
1.6% عرق مختلط
1.3% E. آسيويون وآخرون

مانشستر الكبرى Greater Manchester، هي مقاطعة كبرى في شمال غرب إنگلترة، يبلغ عدد سكانها 2.68 مليون نسمة.[2] تضم المقاطعة أكبر المناطق الحضرية في المملكة المتحدة، وتتكون من 9 metropolitan borough: بولتون، بري، اولدهام، روشدال, ستوك‌پورت, تام‌سايد، تارفورد، ويگان، ومدن مانشستر وسالفورد. تأسست مانشستر الكبرى في 1 أبريل 1974 بمقتضى قانون رقم 1972؛ وأعلنت مدينة اقليم في 1 أبريل 2011.



التاريخ


النشأة

Former weavers' cottages in Wardle. The development of Greater Manchester is attributed to a shared tradition of domestic cloth production, and textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution.


Greater Manchester lies at the conjunction of the ancient county boundaries of Cheshire, Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire.



تقرير ردكليف-مود

للمزيد: تقرير ردكليف-مود


قبل-1974[3] قبل -1974
مقاطعة كبرى Metropolitan borough County boroughs Non-county boroughs المناطق الحضرية المناطق الريفية
Greater Manchester County (3).png
Greater Manchester is an amalgamation of 70 former local government districts, including eight county boroughs and 16 municipal boroughs.[4]
 بري بري Prestwich • Radcliffe Ramsbottom • Tottington • وايت‌فيلد
بولتون بولتون Farnworth Blackrod • Horwich • Kearsley • Little Lever • Turton • Westhoughton
مانشستر مانشستر Ringway[5]
Oldham Oldham Chadderton • Crompton • Failsworth • Lees • Royton • Saddleworth
Rochdale Rochdale Middleton • Heywood Littleborough • Milnrow • Wardle
سالفورد سالفورد Eccles • Swinton and Pendlebury Irlam • Worsley
Stockport Stockport Bredbury and Romiley • Cheadle and Gatley • Hazel Grove and Bramhall • Marple
Tameside Ashton-under-Lyne • Dukinfield • Hyde • Mossley • Stalybridge Audenshaw • Denton • Droylsden • Longendale
Trafford Altrincham • Sale • Stretford Bowdon • Hale • Urmston Bucklow
Wigan Wigan Leigh Abram • Ashton in Makerfield • Aspull • Atherton • Billinge and Winstanley • Hindley • Ince-in-Makerfield • Golborne • Orrell • Standish-with-Langtree • Tyldesley Wigan

1974–1997

The Greater Manchester Exhibition Centre (better known as the G-Mex centre and now rebranded as Manchester Central) was the converted former Manchester Central railway station in Manchester city centre used for hosting the county's cultural events.
Stockport Bus Station in 1988. Greater Manchester Transport (later GM Buses) operated bus services throughout the county, from 1974 to 1993.
GMC County Hall (now known as Westminster House) in Manchester housed the Greater Manchester County Council until its abolition in 1986.




السلطة المختلطة

الجغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: جغرافيا مانشستر الكبرى and قائمة الأماكن في مانشستر الكبرى
An aerial photograph of Greater Manchester
The Greater Manchester Urban Area, as defined in 2001, highlighted in red against the boundaries of the Metropolitan County
A view over the borough of Tameside, towards Manchester city centre.
Metropolitan borough المركز الاداري مكونات أخرى
بري GreaterManchesterBury.png بري Prestwich, Radcliffe, Ramsbottom, Tottington, Whitefield
Bolton GreaterManchesterBolton.png بولتون Blackrod, Farnworth, Horwich, Kearsley, Little Lever, South Turton, Westhoughton
Manchester GreaterManchesterManchester.png مانشستر Blackley, Cheetham Hill, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Didsbury, Ringway, Withington, Wythenshawe
Oldham GreaterManchesterOldham.png اولدهام Chadderton, Shaw and Crompton, Failsworth, Lees, Royton, Saddleworth
Rochdale GreaterManchesterRochdale.png Rochdale Heywood, Littleborough, Middleton, Milnrow, Newhey, Wardle
Salford GreaterManchesterSalford.png Swinton Eccles, Clifton, Little Hulton, Walkden, Worsley, Salford, Irlam, Pendlebury, Cadishead, Patricroft, Monton
Stockport GreaterManchesterStockport.png Stockport Bramhall, Bredbury, Cheadle, Gatley, Hazel Grove, Marple, Romiley Woodley
Tameside GreaterManchesterTameside.png Ashton-under-Lyne Audenshaw, Denton, Droylsden, Dukinfield, Hyde, Longdendale, Mossley, Stalybridge
Trafford GreaterManchesterTrafford.png Stretford Altrincham, Bowdon, Hale, Sale, Urmston
Wigan GreaterManchesterWigan.png Wigan أبرام, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Aspull, Astley, Atherton, Bryn, Golborne, Higher End, Hindley, Ince-in-Makerfield, Leigh, Orrell, Shevington, Standish, Tyldesley, Winstanley


A view over Greater Manchester. The county is heavily urbanised and consists of vast built up areas and many settlements, fringed by sparsely populated countryside such as the West Pennine Moors.


المناخ


Climate data for مانشستر
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.3
(57.7) 		15.2
(59.4) 		21.7
(71.1) 		23.4
(74.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		31.3
(88.3) 		32.2
(90.0) 		33.7
(92.7) 		28.4
(83.1) 		26.3
(79.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		15.1
(59.2) 		33.7
(92.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1) 		7.6
(45.7) 		10.0
(50.0) 		12.6
(54.7) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.3
(68.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.0
(50.0) 		7.4
(45.3) 		13.5
(56.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		1.6
(34.9) 		3.3
(37.9) 		4.9
(40.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		10.5
(50.9) 		12.6
(54.7) 		12.4
(54.3) 		10.3
(50.5) 		7.4
(45.3) 		4.2
(39.6) 		1.8
(35.2) 		6.6
(43.9)
Record low °C (°F) −12.0
(10.4) 		−13.1
(8.4) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		2.0
(35.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−13.5
(7.7) 		−13.5
(7.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 72.3
(2.85) 		51.4
(2.02) 		61.2
(2.41) 		54.0
(2.13) 		56.8
(2.24) 		66.1
(2.60) 		63.9
(2.52) 		77.0
(3.03) 		71.5
(2.81) 		92.5
(3.64) 		81.5
(3.21) 		80.7
(3.18) 		828.8
(32.63)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.1 9.7 12.3 11.2 10.4 11.1 10.9 12.0 11.1 13.6 14.1 13.5 142.9
Average snowy days 9 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 30
Average relative humidity (%) 87 86 86 85 82 84 86 88 89 89 87 87 86
Mean monthly sunshine hours 52.5 73.9 99.0 146.9 188.3 172.5 179.7 166.3 131.2 99.3 59.5 47.1 1٬416٫2
[بحاجة لمصدر]


الحياة الحيوانية والنباتية

Common cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium), seen here at Light Hazzles Reservoir near Littleborough, was voted the County Flower of Greater Manchester in 2002



الحكومة

The coat of arms of the former Greater Manchester Council, which was abolished in 1986


الديموغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: ديموغرافيا مانشستر الكبرى
The population of Greater Manchester increased from around 328 thousand in 1801, to 2.68M in 2011, peaking in 1971 at 2.7M.
Much of Greater Manchester's housing stock consists of terraced houses constructed as low-cost dwellings for the populations of local factory towns. This street in Salford was renovated by Urban Splash.


إجمالي سكان مانشستر الكبرى
السنة السكان السنة السكان السنة السكان السنة السكان
1801 328,609 1871 1,590,102 1941 2,693,775 2011 2,682,500
1811 409,464 1881 1,866,649 1951 2,688,987
1821 526,230 1891 2,125,318 1961 2,699,711
1831 700,486 1901 2,357,150 1971 2,729,741
1841 860,413 1911 2,617,598 1981 2,575,441
1851 1,037,001 1921 2,660,088 1991 2,569,700
1861 1,313,550 1931 2,707,070 2001 2,482,352
Pre-1974 statistics were gathered from local government areas that now comprise Greater Manchester
Source: Great Britain Historical GIS.[8]



التعليم


الاقتصاد

Oldham, painted during the Industrial Revolution. Many towns in Greater Manchester were built around the mills.
Manchester city centre is the central business district of Manchester and Greater Manchester.
Salford Quays is the City of Salford's business district.
The Trafford Centre in Trafford is one of the largest shopping centres in the United Kingdom.


القيمة الإجمالية المحلية المضافة لمقاطعة مانشستر الكبرى حسب الأسعار الأساسية الحالية. الأرقام بالمليون جنيه إسترليني.[9]
السنة القيمة الإجمالية المحلية المضافة[A] الزراعة[B] الصناعة[C] الخدمات[D]
1995 25,368 59 8,344 16,966
2000 32,995 38 8,817 24,140
2003 38,300 48 8,973 29,279
2005[10] 42,082 – —— ——–

A المكونات قد تكون غير مضافة للإجمالي لأنها مقربة
B تشمل الصيد والغابات
C تشمل الطاقة والإنشاءات
D تشمل خدمات الوساطة المالية المقاسة بطريقة غير مباشرة

النقل

المقالة الرئيسية: النقل في مانشستر الكبرى
The M60 motorway, seen here at Failsworth, is an orbital motorway in Greater Manchester.
A Metrolink tram in Radcliffe, part of Greater Manchester's light rail network.
First Greater Manchester operate bus services in northern-Greater Manchester.


الرياضة

انظر أيضاً: الرياضة في مانشستر and قائمة أندية كرة القدم في مانشستر الكبرى
Old Trafford, home to Manchester United F.C.
Bolton Wanderers F.C. are based at the Reebok Stadium, in Horwich.
The main entrance of Old Trafford Cricket Ground
The City of Manchester Stadium, the main venue of the 2002 Commonwealth Games and home to Manchester City F.C.


الثقافة

المعارض الفنية والمتاحف

The Imperial War Museum North in Trafford Park was designed by Daniel Libeskind, and is one of the Imperial War Museum's five branches.

الموسيقى، المسرح والفنون التطبيقية

The Lowry is a combined theatre and exhibition centre at Salford Quays, and is Greater Manchester's most visited tourist attraction.[11]


الإعلام، السينما والتلفزيون

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

الهوامش

  1. ^ Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. "Local Government Finance Statistics England No.16". local.odpm.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2010.[dead link]
  2. ^ "2009 Mid Year Estimates – Table 9 ONS". statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  3. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة lga1972
  4. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة GM Gazetteer
  5. ^ At 31 March 1974, Ringway was a civil parish in the Bucklow Rural District.
  6. ^ "Manchester Airport 1981–2010 averages". Station, District and regional averages 1981-2010. Met Office. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
  7. ^ "Manchester, England Snow and temp extremes". NOAA.GOV. 2011-11-11. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
  8. ^ "Greater Manchester Met. C: Total Population". visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  9. ^ "Regional Gross Value Added (pp. 240–253)" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 21 December 2005. Retrieved 5 March 2008.[dead link]
  10. ^ "Regional GVA December 2007" (PDF). statistics.gov.uk. 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2008.[dead link]
  11. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة poplow

المراجع

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  • Bayliss, Don (1996). Historical Atlas of Trafford. Don Bayliss. ISBN 0-9529300-0-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bontje, Marco; Musterd, Sako; Pelzer, Peter (2011). Inventive City-Regions. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-1772-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bristow, M. Roger; Cross, Donald T. (1983). English Structure Planning: A Commentary on Procedure and Practice in the Seventies. Routledge. ISBN 0-85086-094-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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  • Clapson, Mark (2010). Ray Hutchison (ed.). Suburbanization in Global Society. Emerald Group. ISBN 978-0-85724-347-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Clark, David M. (1973). Greater Manchester Votes: A Guide to the New Metropolitan Authorities. Redrose. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Cooper, Glynis (2005). Salford: An Illustrated History. The Breedon Books Publishing Company. ISBN 1-85983-455-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Cowhig, W.T. (1976). It Happened Round Greater Manchester; Textiles. Greater Manchester Council. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Dawson, Alan (1992). Relative hills of Britain. Cicerone Press. ISBN 1-85284-068-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Frangopulo, Nicholas Joseph (1977). Tradition in action: the historical evolution of the Greater Manchester County. EP Publishing. ISBN 0-7158-1203-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Freeman, Thomas Walter; Snodgrass, Catherine P. (1959). The Conurbations of Great Britain. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719000546. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hardy, Peter B. (1998). Butterflies of Greater Manchester. PGL Enterprises. ISBN 0-9532374-0-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hartwell, Clare (2001). Pevsner Architectural Guides: Manchester. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-071131-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2004). Lancashire : Manchester and the South-East. The buildings of England. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10583-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Holland, Philip; Spence, Ian; Sutton, Trevor (1984). Breeding Birds in Greater Manchester. Manchester Ornithological Society. ISBN 978-0-9509505-0-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hyde, M.; O'Rourke, A.; Portland, P. (2004). Around the M60: Manchester's Orbital Motorway. AMCD. ISBN 1-897762-30-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Kellie, Euan (2010). Rebuilding Manchester. Derby: Derby Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-786-3.
  • Kidd, Alan (2006). Manchester: A History. Carnegie Publishing. ISBN 1-85936-128-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Little, Daran (1995). The Coronation Street Story. Boxtree. ISBN 978-1-85283-464-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Little, Daran (2000). 40 Years of Coronation Street. Andre Deutsch. ISBN 978-0-233-99806-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Matthews, Peter, ed (1992). The Guinness Book of Records 1993. Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 0-85112-978-1. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  • Ramsden, Caroline (1966). Farewell Manchester: history of Manchester Racecourse. J A Allen & Co. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Ravetz, Joe (2000). City-Region 2020. Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-85383-606-0.
  • Redcliffe-Maud, John; Wood, Bruce (1975). English local government reformed. OUP. ISBN 0-19-885091-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Redcliffe-Maud, John (1969). Royal Commission on Local Government in England 1966–1969, Volume I: Report (Cmnd. 4040). HMSO. {{cite book}}: Invalid |display-authors=1 (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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  • Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council. Metropolitan Rochdale Official Guide. Ed. J. Burrow & Co. Limited. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Schofield, Jonathan (2003). City Life: Manchester the Complete Guide. City Life. ISBN 978-0-9544460-0-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Schofield, Jonathan (2007). Manchester: the complete guide 2007. City Life. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Taylor, Ian; Evans, Karen; Fraser, Penny (1996). A Tale of Two Cities: Global Change, Local Feeling, and Everyday Life in the North of England: a Study in Manchester and Sheffield. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-13828-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Wannop, Urlan (2002). Regional Imperative: Regional Planning and Governance in Britain, Europe and the United States. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-11-702368-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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وصلات خارجية

53°30′N 2°19′W / 53.500°N 2.317°W / 53.500; -2.317

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=مانشستر_الكبرى&oldid=1512982"