نهر برونكس

Coordinates: 40°48′11″N 73°51′49.0″W / 40.80306°N 73.863611°W / 40.80306; -73.863611
(تم التحويل من Bronx River)
Bronx River
Bronx River from Shoelace Park.jpg
The Bronx River in Shoelace Park, in The Bronx.
الموقع
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
RegionHudson Valley
CountiesWestchester and Bronx
MunicipalitiesMount Pleasant, White Plains, Greenburgh, Scarsdale,
Eastchester, Yonkers, Bronx
السمات الطبيعية
المنبعKensico Reservoir
 ⁃ الموقعNew Castle
 ⁃ الإحداثيات41°4′27″N 73°46′0″W / 41.07417°N 73.76667°W / 41.07417; -73.76667
 ⁃ المنسوب354 ft (108 m)[1]
المصبEast River
 - الموقع
Hunts Point and Soundview in The Bronx
 - الإحداثيات
40°48′11″N 73°51′49.0″W / 40.80306°N 73.863611°W / 40.80306; -73.863611
 - المنسوب
0 ft (0 m)
الطول24 mi (39 km)
مساحة الحوض38.4 sq mi (99 km2)
التدفق 
 ⁃ الموقعBronx Botanical Gardens[2]
 ⁃ أقصى تدفق3,460 cu ft/s (98 m3/s)[3]
سمات الحوض
الروافد 
 - اليمنىTroublesome Brook
Grassy Sprain Brook

The Bronx River ( /bɹɒŋks/), is a river that is approximately 24 miles (39 km) long,[4] and flows through southeastern New York in the United States and drains an area of 38.4 square miles (99 km2).[4] It is named after colonial settler Jonas Bronck.

It originally rose in what is now the Kensico Reservoir, in Westchester County north of New York City, on a hill about 650 feet above sea level in what is now New Castle, New York. The river originated in an area the Weckquasgeek called Quaropes, which means White Marshes. It was fed by the Fulton Brook, Manhattan Park Brook, Davis Brook, and Tompkins Brook.[5] With the construction of the Kensico Dam in 1885, however, the river was cut off from its natural headwaters and today a small tributary stream originating from the reservoir serves as its source. The Bronx River flows south past White Plains, then south-southwest through the northern suburbs in New York, passing through Edgemont, Tuckahoe, Eastchester, and Bronxville. In the area known as the Aquehung, it is fed by Harts Brook and the north and south Fox Meadow Brooks. At Tuckahoe, it is fed by Troublesome Brook. At Bronxville, it is fed by Sprain Brook, its longest tributary system, which originates at Greenburgh Town Park.[6]

The river forms the border between the large cities of Yonkers and Mount Vernon, and flows into the northern end of The Bronx, where it divides East Bronx from West Bronx, southward through Bronx Park, New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo and continues through neighborhoods of the South Bronx. It empties into the East River, a tidal strait connected to Long Island Sound, between the Soundview and Hunts Point neighborhoods.

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Etymology

Prior to European settlement, The Bronx River Valley was known as Laaphawachking--"the place of stringing lakes."[7]

In the 17th century, the river—called by the natives "Aquehung"—served as a boundary between loosely associated bands under sachems of the informal confederacy of the Wecquaesgeek. Europeanized as the Wappinger, the east bank of the river was the boundary for the Siwanoy, clammers and fishermen. The same line was retained when manors were granted to the Dutch and the English.[8]

The Algonkian significance of the name is variously reported.[9] The acca- element, as represented in the Long Island place-name Accabonac, was deformed into the more familiar, suitably watery European morpheme aque-.[10]

The tract purchased by Jonas Bronck, a Swedish immigrant, in 1639 lay between the Harlem River and the river that came to be called "Bronck's river".[11]


Pollution

During the 19th and 20th centuries, the river became a natural sewer into which industrial waste was poured every day. An early mill on the industrialized river was the Lorillard Snuff Mill, preserved in the grounds of the New York Botanical Garden. With the decline of manufacturing in the area, the river continued to receive water pollution from the communities that lined its banks. In December 1948, flow of the Bronx River was changed to eliminate a curve in its course in Bronxville, to create land on the old riverbed on which to construct an addition to Lawrence Hospital. During the excavations a large sand bar was uncovered where sand had accumulated at the bend over hundreds of years and made a sandy beach.[8]

In the 21st century, environmental groups including the Bronx River Alliance proposed to return the river to its original state as a clean waterway.[12] The river became a favorite project of U.S. Representative José Serrano, who secured US$14.6 million in federal funding to support the rehabilitation of the waterway, into which some Westchester towns continued to discharge raw sewage intermittently, as sanitary sewer overflows, as late as 2006. Under a November 2006, agreement, the municipalities of Scarsdale, White Plains, Mount Vernon and Greenburgh agreed to stop dumping sewage in the Bronx River by May 2007.[13]

Urban runoff pollution continues to be a serious problem for the river. The Bronx River Watershed Coalition, a partnership of local and state agencies, citizen groups and non-profit organizations, have developed watershed management plans to reduce stormwater pollution and improve water quality.[14]

البيئة

A rail line runs along the river
The Bronx River near its mouth
The river in winter

Local alewife were released in the river in March 2006.[15] They taken from a coastal tributary in nearby Connecticut. The alewife spawn in the river's headwaters. Their offspring spend the summer in the river, migrate out to sea in the fall, and in three to five years return, like all anadromous fish, to their spawning grounds. Stocking was repeated annually for the following five years, to build up the new resident population.[16]

The fish, among a group called "river herring," feed low on the food-chain and help reduce eutrophication. Several adult alewife were found below the first dam on the river in April 2009. An analysis revealed they were 3 years old, with the assumption of scientists being that these were descendants of the alewife released 3 years before in March 2006.[16]

The next step will be to erect fish ladders, aka. fish passageways over the 3 dams lowest on the river, allowing the alewife access to a portion of the river with more suitable spawning habitat.[17] In 2015 a fish passageway was built at the 182nd Street dam.[18]

In February 2007 biologists with the Wildlife Conservation Society, which operates the Zoo, spotted a beaver (Castor canadensis) in the river. "There has not been a sighting of a beaver lodge or a beaver in New York City for over 200 years. It sounds fantastic, but one of the messages that comes out of this is if you give wildlife a chance it will come back," said John Calvelli, a spokesman for the Society.[19][20][21] The beaver is named Jose Serrano, after the Congressman, and was sighted below the East Tremont bridge at Drew Gardens as recently as June 2009.[22]

Beavers had not lived in New York City since the early 19th century, when trappers extirpated them completely from the state.[23] In the summer of 2010 a second beaver joined Jose, doubling the beaver population in New York City.[24] Beaver were once important to the city's economy. A pair of beaver appear on the city's official seal and flag.

A pod of dolphins visited the river in January 2023.[25]

Recreational amenities

An information sign in Shoelace Park

Along much of its length in Westchester County and the northern Bronx the river is paralleled by the Bronx River Parkway. It has a bicycle path from Bronxville to the Kensico Dam plaza. The Bronx River Greenway project proposes a unified management plan for the narrow ribbon of riverside green spaces in the 8 miles (13 km) stretch of river that passes through Westchester County and the Bronx, as part of the East Coast Greenway. It includes Concrete Plant Park on the right bank, below Westchester Avenue[26] and Starlight Park above there. Construction on the Bronx River Greenway started in October 2016.[27]

In the southern Bronx, the river has become a popular destination for urban canoeing in New York City. It bisects Bronx Park and the Bronx Zoo. A monorail built in the late 20th century takes zoo visitors over the river to an exhibit of Asian animals on the left bank, with a narration presenting the river as the Irrawaddy.[28]

Shoelace Park is a one-mile long linear park on the east bank of the Bronx River, from 211th to 231st Street in the Wakefield and Williamsbridge areas of the Bronx.[29][30] Officially named Bronx River Park, it is more commonly known as Shoelace Park because of its shape. The park was renovated in 2020 to create bicycle and pedestrian paths over what was the original roadbed of the Bronx River Parkway.[31] A small pier at 219th street provides access to the river for canoes and kayaks.[32]

Waterfalls, culverts, storm water outfalls, and inlets

Vertical obstacles in streams and rivers, such as waterfalls, culverts and water-diversion structures, can impact fish by fragmenting populations and reducing migratory ranges. However, these barriers can also protect fish populations from predators, reduce competition for food and limit the possibility for hybridization and disease.[33]

The fragmentation of the Bronx River by dams has eliminated diadromous species from the river system.[34] Dams have blocked river herring movement on the Bronx River since the 1600s when European settlers first came to the area. Dams were originally built to run mills for tobacco factories, bleacheries, tanneries and other industries."[35] At the beginning of the 18th Century, roughly 12 water mills were producing paper, pottery, flour, tapestries, and snuff along the Bronx River[36]

Restoration programs based on fishway construction and hatcheries may have sustained remnant populations, but large-scale restoration has not been achieved.[37]

This is a partial listing, listed north to south:

  1. Inlet. Just south of Butler Road, Scarsdale [38]
  2. Waterfall. Across from Brayton Road, north of the Hartsdale MetroNorth Station[39]
  3. Waterfall. Across from Olmstead Road, north of the Scarsdale MetroNorth Station[40]
  4. Waterfall. Scarsdale MetroNorth Station[41]
  5. Storm water outfall. West side of river.[42]
  6. Storm water outfall. East side of river.[43]
  7. Waterfall. Just north of Tuckahoe MetroNorth Station[44]
  8. Waterfall. Lillian and Amy Goldman Stone Mill[45] AKA The Old Snuff Mill.[46] As of 2015 there are plans to build a fish passage here. [18]
  9. Waterfall. (Bronx Zoo Dam[35]) Opposite Mitsubishi Riverwalk. [47][48] As of 2015 there are plans to build a fish passage here. [18]
  10. Waterfall. 182nd Street [48] As of 2015 a fish passage exists at this dam. [18]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Kensico Reservoir". www.dec.ny.gov/. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  2. ^ "USGS 01302020 BRONX RIVER AT NY BOTANICAL GARDEN AT BRONX NY". waterdata.usgs.gov/. USGS. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  3. ^ "USGS 01302020 BRONX RIVER AT NY BOTANICAL GARDEN AT BRONX NY". nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/. USGS. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  4. ^ أ ب Shaw, Richard K.; Reinhardt, Lindsay; Isleib, Jacob. "Soil Survey of Bronx River Watershed Bronx, New York" (PDF). www.nycswcd.net/. USDA. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  5. ^ William Lawyer, Elizabeth Betts Leckie. Bronx River Retrospective: 300 Years of Life Along the Bronx River Valley. Greenburgh Nature Center, Scarsdale Historical Society, 1983, 2.
  6. ^ Lawyer, Leckie, 4.
  7. ^ (Lawyer, Leckie, 5).
  8. ^ أ ب Barbara Shay MacDonald (Scarsdale Historical Society), "The Bronx River: Boundary of Indian Tribes, Colonies, Manors, Cities and Villages" Archived يونيو 7, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Proceedings of the New York Historical Association, 1906, offers "Peace Place"; [http://macaulay.cuny.edu/eportfolios/thegreenerapple/2009/12/18/the-bronx-river-alliance/The Bronx River Alliance, "River of High Bluffs"; New York City Parks Dept: "River of High Bluffs"
  10. ^ Lawyer and Leckie spell it "Aquahung" and define it as "fast stream flowing along a high bluff.", p. 4.
  11. ^ "...a certain Tract of land bounded on the east by the river Aquehung or Bronxkx to the midst of the river..." is part of the description of the tract called West Farms in an agreement of March 12, 1663, signed by nine sachems and Edward Jessup and John Richardson, quoted in A. Hatfield Jr., "Early Settlers of West Farms", New York Genealogical and Biographical Record (1913), reprint p.4f.
  12. ^ Bronx River Alliance. Bronx, NY. "What We Do." Archived مارس 27, 2009 at the Wayback Machine Accessed February 26, 2009.
  13. ^ "Cuomo Announces 5 Major Water Pollution Settlements: Over $8 Million To Be Used For Water Protection". www.ag.ny.gov. New York Attorney General. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  14. ^ Westchester County Department of Planning, White Plains, NY. "Bronx River Watershed Coalition." Accessed February 27, 2009.
  15. ^ City of New York. Department of Parks & Recreation. "Herring return to the Bronx." Archived سبتمبر 29, 2007 at the Wayback Machine The Daily Plant (newsletter). March 28, 2006.
  16. ^ أ ب "Parks Finds Alewife In Bronx River For First Time Since 1600s" (Press release). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. April 9, 2009. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
  17. ^ Berger, Joseph (August 7, 2009). "Herring Return to the City, With Sex in Mind". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
  18. ^ أ ب ت ث Tobing, Sara; Larson, Marit (January 2015). "Final Report on Fish Passage Construction at the East 182nd Street Dam, Bronx River" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  19. ^ Anahad O'Connor (February 23, 2007). "After 200 Years, a Beaver Is Back in New York City". The New York Times. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  20. ^ "New York City Beaver Returns". Science Daily. December 20, 2008.
  21. ^ Trotta, Daniel. "Beaver Returns to New York City After 200 Years." World Environment News. December 26, 2007.
  22. ^ Design Trust for Public Space (June 17, 2009). "Bronx River Crossing". Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  23. ^ Peter Miller (Sep 2009). "Manhattan Before New York: When Henry Hudson first looked on Manhattan in 1609, what did he see?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 17, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
  24. ^ Barry Paddock (September 19, 2010). "Another beaver makes Bronx River home — doubles total beaver population". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
  25. ^ Bronx River Alliance [@BxRiverAlliance] (2023-01-18). "Dolphins" (Tweet) (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-01-21 – via Twitter. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  26. ^ Concrete Plant Park NYC Parks Dept.
  27. ^ Wachs, Audrey (October 10, 2016). "$40 million Bronx River Greenway expansion breaks ground". Archpaper.com. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  28. ^ "Bronx Zoo Monorail Rehabilitation" (PDF). Schwager Davis. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 27, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  29. ^ "Press Releases : NYC Parks". www.nycgovparks.org. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  30. ^ "About BXCB12 - Bronx Community Board 12". www1.nyc.gov. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  31. ^ "Press Releases : NYC Parks". www.nycgovparks.org. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  32. ^ "New York City Water Trail : New York City Department of Parks & Recreation : NYC Parks". www.nycgovparks.org. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  33. ^ Kondratieff, Mark; Richer, Eric. "Fish Passage and Barrier Studies". Colorado Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  34. ^ "Restoration Projects Anadromous Fish Reintroduction". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  35. ^ أ ب Tobing, Sarah (September 30, 2014). "Bronx Zoo and Stone Mill Diadromous Fish Passage Final Designs Final Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Division of Forestry, Horticulture and Natural Resources Natural Resources Group. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  36. ^ "Bronx River - DEP". New York City Department of Environmental Protection.
  37. ^ Zabel, Richard (2013). "Fish and hydropower on the U.S. Atlantic coast: failed fisheries policies from half-way technologies". Conservation Letters. Society for Conservation Biology. 6 (4): 280–286. doi:10.1111/conl.12000. S2CID 56206380. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  38. ^ "No Title". Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  39. ^ "No Title". Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  40. ^ "No Title". Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  41. ^ "No Title". Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  42. ^ "No Title". Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  43. ^ "No Title". Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  44. ^ "No Title". Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  45. ^ Kadinsky, Sergey (2016). Hidden Water of New York City. The Countryman Press. p. 64.
  46. ^ "The Old Snuff Mill By Bronx River Alliance August 28, 2010". Bronx River Alliance. August 28, 2010.
  47. ^ "No Title". Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  48. ^ أ ب Kadinsky, Sergey (2016). Hidden Water of New York City. The Countryman Press. p. 65.

External links

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