پنش (مجلة)

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Punch, or The London Charivari
Punch volume 1 cover (1841).png
Cover of the first Punch, or The London Charivari, depicts Punch hanging a caricatured Devil, 1841 (see gallery below for enlarged detail)
التصنيفPolitics, culture, humour, satire
التواترWeekly
المؤسس
سنة التأسيس1841
أول عدد17 July 1841
العدد الأخير2002
البلدUnited Kingdom
المقرLondon
اللغةEnglish
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.punch.co.uk

Punch, or The London Charivari was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire established in 1841 by Henry Mayhew and wood-engraver Ebenezer Landells. Historically, it was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s, when it helped to coin the term "cartoon" in its modern sense as a humorous illustration. From 1850, John Tenniel was the chief cartoon artist at the magazine for over 50 years.

After the 1940s, when its circulation peaked, it went into a long decline, closing in 1992. It was revived in 1996, but closed again in 2002.

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التاريخ

Punch was founded on 17 July 1841 by Henry Mayhew and wood-engraver Ebenezer Landells, on an initial investment of £25. It was jointly edited by Mayhew and Mark Lemon. It was subtitled The London Charivari in homage to Charles Philipon's French satirical humour magazine Le Charivari.[1] Reflecting their satiric and humorous intent, the two editors took for their name and masthead the anarchic glove puppet, Mr. Punch, of Punch and Judy; the name also referred to a joke made early on about one of the magazine's first editors, Lemon, that "punch is nothing without lemon". Mayhew ceased to be joint editor in 1842 and became "suggestor in chief" until he severed his connection in 1845. The magazine initially struggled for readers, except for an 1842 "Almanack" issue which shocked its creators by selling 90,000 copies. In December 1842 due to financial difficulties, the magazine was sold to Bradbury and Evans, both printers and publishers. Bradbury and Evans capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies and also were the publishers for Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray.


مصطلحات الكرتون

The term "cartoon" to refer to comic drawings was first used in Punch in 1843, when the Houses of Parliament were to be decorated with murals, and "cartoons" for the mural were displayed for the public; the term "cartoon" then meant a finished preliminary sketch on a large piece of cardboard, or cartone in Italian. Punch humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, and the popularity of the Punch cartoons led to the term's widespread use.[2]

الفن

Illustrator Archibald Henning designed the cover of the magazine's first issues. The cover design varied in the early years, though Richard Doyle designed what became the magazine's masthead in 1849. Artists who published in Punch during the 1840s and 1850s included John Leech, Doyle, John Tenniel, and Charles Keene. This group became known as "The Punch Brotherhood", which also included Charles Dickens, who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving Chapman and Hall in 1843.[3] Punch's authors and artists also contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called Once A Week (est. 1859), created in response to Dickens' departure from Household Words.[3]

Helen Hoppner Coode contributed nineteen drawings to Punch and is recognised as its first woman contributor.[4][5]

منافسة ليبرالية

In the 1860s and '70s, conservative Punch faced competition from upstart liberal journal Fun, but after about 1874, Fun's fortunes faded. At Evans's café in London, the two journals had "round tables" in competition with each other.[6]

استحواذ سوق والعلاقة بالصحف الأخرى

After months of financial difficulty and lack of market success, Punch became a staple for British drawing rooms because of its sophisticated humour and absence of offensive material, especially when viewed against the satirical press of the time. The Times and the Sunday paper News of the World used small pieces from Punch as column fillers, giving the magazine free publicity and indirectly granting a degree of respectability, a privilege not enjoyed by any other comic publication. Punch shared a friendly relationship with not only The Times, but also journals aimed at intellectual audiences such as the Westminster Review, which published a 53-page illustrated article on Punch's first two volumes. Historian Richard Altick writes that "To judge from the number of references to it in the private letters and memoirs of the 1840s...Punch had become a household word within a year or two of its founding, beginning in the middle class and soon reaching the pinnacle of society, royalty itself".[7]

"True Humility": Bishop: "I'm afraid you've got a bad egg, Mr Jones"; Curate: "Oh, no, my Lord, I assure you! Parts of it are excellent!"

Increasing in readership and popularity throughout the remainder of the 1840s and '50s, Punch was the success story of a threepenny weekly paper that had become one of the most talked-about and enjoyed periodicals. Punch enjoyed an audience including Elizabeth Barrett, Robert Browning, Thomas Carlyle, Edward FitzGerald, Charlotte Brontë, Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emily Dickinson, Herman Melville, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and James Russell Lowell. Punch gave several phrases to the English language, including The Crystal Palace, and the "Curate's egg" (first seen in an 1895 cartoon by George du Maurier). Several British humour classics were first serialised in Punch, such as the Diary of a Nobody and 1066 and All That. Towards the end of the 19th century, the artistic roster included Harry Furniss, Linley Sambourne, Francis Carruthers Gould, and Phil May.[3] Among the outstanding cartoonists of the following century were Bernard Partridge, H. M. Bateman, Bernard Hollowood (who also edited the magazine from 1957 to 1968), Kenneth Mahood, and Norman Thelwell.

Circulation broke the 100,000 mark around 1910, and peaked in 1947–1948 at 175,000 to 184,000. Sales declined steadily thereafter; ultimately, the magazine was forced to close in 2002 after 161 years of publication.[9]

Punch was widely emulated worldwide and was popular throughout the British Empire. The experience of Britons in British colonies, especially in India, influenced Punch and its iconography. Tenniel's Punch cartoons of the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny led to a surge in the magazine's popularity. India was frequently caricatured in Punch and was an important source of knowledge on the subcontinent for British readers.[10]

السنوات اللاحقة

Punch material was collected in book formats from the late 19th century, which included Pick of the Punch annuals with cartoons and text features, Punch and the War (a 1941 collection of WWII-related cartoons), and A Big Bowl of Punch – which was republished a number of times. Many Punch cartoonists of the late 20th century published collections of their own, partly based on Punch contributions.

In early 1996, businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed bought the rights to the name, and Punch was relaunched later that year.[9][11] The new version of the magazine was intended to be a spoiler aimed at Private Eye, which had published many items critical of Fayed. Punch never became profitable in its new incarnation, and at the end of May 2002, it was announced as once more ceasing publication.[9] Press reports quoted a loss of £16 million over the six years of publication, with only 6,000 subscribers at the end.

Whereas the earlier version of Punch prominently featured the clownish character Punchinello (Punch of Punch and Judy) performing antics on front covers, the resurrected Punch did not use the character, but featured on its weekly covers a photograph of a boxing glove, thus informing its readers that the new magazine intended its name to mean "punch" in the sense of a boxing blow.

طاولة پنش

In 2004, much of the archives was acquired by the British Library, including the Punch table. The long, oval, Victorian table was brought into the offices some time around 1855, and was used for staff meetings and on other occasions. The wooden surface is scarred with the carved initials of the magazine's long-term writers, artists, and editors, as well as six invited "strangers", including James Thurber and Charles III. Mark Twain declined the invitation, saying that the already-carved initials of William Makepeace Thackeray included his own.

معرض لأغلفة مبكرة مختارة

المساهمون

Editorial meeting of Punch magazine in the late 19th century

المحررون


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رسامو الكرتون

John Tenniel's "Our New 'First Lord' at Sea" for the 13 October 1877 issue
The Great Social Evil, Punch 1857.jpg

مؤلفون

الأثر

A whole-page cartoon from Punch in Canada, volume 1 issue 6 (31 March, 1849), by its founder John H. Walker

Punch was influential throughout the British Empire, and in countries including Turkey, India, Japan, and China, with Punch imitators appearing in Cairo, Yokohama, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.[21] A Canadian version, Punch in Canada, was launched on 1 January 1849, by John H. Walker (1831–99), a cartoonist and engraver. It ceased publication in 1850.[22]

  • Punch gave its name to the Lucknow-based satirical Urdu weekly Awadh Punch (1877–1936), which, in turn, inspired dozens of other "Punch" periodicals in India.
  • University of Pennsylvania humour magazine the Pennsylvania Punch Bowl derived its name from this magazine.
  • Australia's Melbourne Punch was inspired by the London original.
  • Charles Wirgman's Japan Punch (1862–1865, 1865–1887) was based on Punch and went on to inspire elements of modern manga.
  • China Punch, established in 1867 in Hong Kong, was the first humour magazine in greater China. It was followed in 1871 in treaty-port Shanghai by Puck, or the Shanghai Charivari.[23][24]
  • Punch along with founder Henry Mayhew were included in Terry Pratchett's non-Discworld novel Dodger.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Appelbaum & Kelly 1981, p. 14.
  2. ^ Appelbaum & Kelly 1981, p. 15.
  3. ^ أ ب ت Punch, or the London Charivari (1841–1992) — A British Institution, Philip V. Allingham; Contributing Editor, Victorian Web; Faculty of Education, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario.
  4. ^ Spielman, M (1895). The History of 'Punch'. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ "Coode, Helen Hoppner". Digital Victorian Periodical Poetry. Archived from the original on Mar 27, 2023.
  6. ^ See Schoch, Richard, Performing Bohemia (2004) (copy downloaded 13 October 2006).[dead link]
  7. ^ See Altick, Richard. Punch: The Lively Youth of a British Institution, 1841–1851 (Ohio State University Press, 1997), 17.
  8. ^ Punch, 9 November 1895, p. 222
  9. ^ أ ب ت John Morrish, Paul Bradshaw, Magazine Editing: In Print and Online. Routledge, 2012. ISBN 1136642072 (p. ƒƒ32).
  10. ^ Ritu G. Khanduri. Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World. 2014. Cambridge University Press
  11. ^ Whack! Whack! Whack! Reborn Punch Pounded Warren Hodge, The New York Times, 18 September 1996. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  12. ^ "Biography: Clive Collins – The British Cartoon Archive". University of Kent. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  13. ^ henleystandard.co.uk Archived 14 فبراير 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 2016
  14. ^ "Noel Ford's Cartoon and Humorous Illustration Portfolio". Ford Cartoons. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  15. ^ "Biography: Leslie Gilbert Illingworth – The British Cartoon Archive". University of Kent. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  16. ^ "Biography: John Jensen – The British Cartoon Archive". University of Kent. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  17. ^ قالب:Australian Dictionary of Biography
  18. ^ أ ب "The Correspondence of James McNeill Whistler: Biography of Raven-Hill". University of Glasgow. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  19. ^ Spielmann, Marion Harry (1895). The history of "Punch", Volume 1. Cassell and company, limited. p. 412. The History of Punch Phillips.
  20. ^ "David Myers Award-winning joke cartoonist". The Independent. 21 June 2007. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  21. ^ Harder, Hans, Mittler, Barbara, eds. Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair. Berlin: Springer, 2013. Ebook ISBN 978-3-642-28607-0
  22. ^ @CanuckleGame. "Canuckle #496: PUNCH ..." (Tweet) (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023 – via Twitter. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help) Missing or empty |date= (help)
  23. ^ Rea, Christopher G. (2013). "'He'll Roast All Subjects That May Need the Roasting': Puck and Mr Punch in Nineteenth-Century China". Asian Punches. Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context. pp. 389–422. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28607-0_16. ISBN 978-3-642-28606-3.
  24. ^ Christopher G. Rea, قالب:"'He'll Roast All Subjects That May Need the Roasting': Puck and Mr Punch in Nineteenth-Century China", Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair, edited by Hans Harder and Barbara Mittler (Berlin: Springer, 2013), pp 389–422.

Works cited

External links

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