هنري الأول، ملك الپرتغال

Henry
Cardinal of the Catholic Church
Portrait by Cristofano dell'Altissimo, 1587ح. 1587
King of Portugal
العهد	4 August 1578 – 31 January 1580
التتويج	28 August 1578, Lisbon
سبقه	Sebastian
تبعه	Anthony (disputed) or Philip I
وُلِد	31 January 1512 Lisbon, Portugal
توفي	31 January 1580 (aged 68) Almeirim, Portugal
الدفن	Jerónimos Monastery
Dynasty	Aviz
الأب	Manuel I of Portugal
الأم	Maria of Aragon
الديانة	Catholicism

Henry (برتغالية: Henrique [ẽˈʁikɨ]; 31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580), dubbed the Chaste (برتغالية: o Casto) and the Cardinal-King (برتغالية: o Cardeal-Rei), was king of Portugal and an inquisitor and cardinal of the Catholic Church, who ruled Portugal between 1578 and 1580. As a clergyman, he was bound to celibacy, and as such, had no children to succeed him, and thus put an end to the reigning House of Aviz. His death led to the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 and ultimately to the 60-year Iberian Union that saw Portugal share a monarch with Habsburg Spain. The next independent monarch of Portugal would be John IV, who restored the throne after 60 years of Spanish rule.

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 Life

Born in Lisbon, Henry was the fifth son of King Manuel I of Portugal and Maria of Aragon.

 Cardinal

As the younger brother of King John III of Portugal and a younger son in the Royal Family, Henry was not expected to succeed to the Portuguese throne. Early in his life, Henry took Holy Orders to promote Portuguese interests within the Catholic Church, then dominated by Spain. He rose rapidly through the Church hierarchy, becoming in quick succession Archbishop of Braga, Archbishop of Évora, and Grand Inquisitor before being made a cardinal on 16 December 1545, with the title of Santi Quattro Coronati. From 1564 to 1570 he was Archbishop of Lisbon. Henry, more than anyone, endeavoured to bring the Jesuits to Portugal to encourage their activity in the colonial empire.

Styles of Henry of Portugal
أسلوب الإشارة	His Royal Highness
أسلوب المخاطبة	Your Royal Highness
الأسلوب الديني	His Eminence
أسلوب غير رسمي	Cardinal-King

 Reign

Henry served as regent for his great-nephew King Sebastian, replacing his sister-in-law and Sebastian's grandmother Queen dowager Catherine, following her resignation from the role in 1562. King Sebastian died without an heir in the disastrous Battle of Alcácer Quibir that took place in 1578, and the elderly cardinal was proclaimed king soon after. Henry sought to be released from his ecclesiastical vows so he could take a bride and pursue the continuation of the Aviz dynasty, but Pope Gregory XIII, not wanting to antagonize Philip II of Spain, did not grant him that release.

 Death and succession

The Cardinal-King died in the Royal Palace of Almeirim, on his 68th birthday, without having appointed a successor, leaving only a regency to care for the kingdom. One of the closest dynastic claimants was King Philip II of Spain who, in June 1580, sent the Duke of Alba to claim Portugal by force. Lisbon soon fell, and Philip was elected king of Portugal at the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar in 1581— on the condition that the kingdom and its overseas territories would retain their autonomy.

 Ancestry

سلف هنري الأول، ملك الپرتغال
8. Edward, King of Portugal 4. Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu 9. Eleanor of Aragon 2. Manuel I of Portugal 10. John, Constable of Portugal 5. Beatrice of Portugal 11. Isabel of Barcelos 1. Henry, King of Portugal 12. John II of Aragon 6. Ferdinand II of Aragon 13. Juana Enríquez 3. Maria of Aragon 14. John II of Castile 7. Isabella I of Castile 15. Isabella of Portugal

 See also

• Struggle for the throne of Portugal
• War of the Portuguese Succession
• Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal

 Bibliography

• Disney, A. R. (2009). A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60397-3.
• MacKay, Ruth (2012). The Baker Who Pretended to Be King of Portugal. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226501086.
• McMurdo, Edward (1889). The History of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III. Vol. III. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington. Retrieved 10 ديسمبر 2023.
• Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). The Story of Portugal. G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0722224731.

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 External links

قالب:S-End

هنري الأول، ملك الپرتغال House of Aviz فرع أصغر من House of Burgundy وُلِد: 31 January 1512 توفي: 31 January 1580
ألقاب ملكية
سبقه Sebastian	King of Portugal 1578–1580	تبعه Anthony or Philip I
ألقاب الكنيسة الكاثوليكية
سبقه Diogo de Sousa	Archbishop of Braga 1533–1539	تبعه Diego da Silva
سبقه Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal بصفته Bishop of Evora	Archbishop of Evora 1540–1564	تبعه João de Melo
سبقه Fernando de Menezes Coutinho e Vasconcellos	Archbishop of Lisboa 1564–1569	تبعه Jorge de Almeida
سبقه João de Melo	Archbishop of Evora 1574–1578	تبعه Teotónio de Bragança