مير (محطة فضائية)

Mir
Mir Space Station viewed from Endeavour during STS-89.jpg
Mir seen from مكوك فضاء إنديڤر during STS-89 (9 February 1998)
Mir insignia.svg
Mir insignia
Station statistics
COSPAR ID1986-017A
Call signMir
الطاقم3
الإطلاق20 February 1986 – 23 April 1996
منصة الاطلاقLC-200/39, and LC-81/23, Baikonur Cosmodrome
LC-39A
Kennedy Space Center
معاودة الدخول23 March 2001
05:59 UTC
الكتلة129,700 kg
(285,940 lb)
الطول19 m (62.3 ft)
from core module to Kvant-1
العرض31 m (101.7 ft)
from Priroda to docking module
الارتفاع27.5 m (90.2 ft)
from Kvant-2 to Spektr
الحجم المضغوط350 m³
ضغط الغلاف الجويc.101.3 kPa (29.91 inHg, 1 atm)
Perigee354 km (189 nmi) AMSL
Apogee374 km (216 nmi) AMSL
Orbital inclination51.6 degrees
السرعة المدارية7.7 km/s
(27,700 km/h, 17,200 mph)
الفترة الدورية91.9 minutes
الدورات باليوم15.7
الأيام في المدارخطأ في التعبير: عامل < غير متوقع. days (15 years and 31 days)
الأيام المأهولة4,592 days
عدد المدارات86,331
الإحصائيات في 23 March 2001
(unless noted otherwise)
المراجع: [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
التشكيل
The main components of Mir shown as a line diagram, with each module highlighted in a different colour
Station elements as of May 1996

محطة الفضاء مير Mir وبالروسية (Мир) ويعني العالم أو السلام، هو اسم محطة الفضاء الروسية التي تعتبر فخر الصناعات الفضائية الروسية. سجلت المحطة الفضائية مير رقماً قياسياً في أطول مدة بقاء لإنسان في الفضاء حيث بقيت في الخدمة أكثر من 10 سنوات، ويقبت تحلق بالفضاء قرابة 15 عام حتى عام 2001.

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تاريخها

محطة الفضاء مير
كانت مير تكمل دورانها حول الأرض خلال 90 دقيقة

في عام 1986 بدأ السوفيت تشغيل محطة مير الفضائية، وهي أول محطة تستخدم تصميم المركبات الانفصالية. واستطاعوا تطوير نظام نقل اقتصادي يمكن الاعتماد عليه للوصول للمحطة، مما مكنهم من نقل المؤن والمعدات والبدلاء لأفراد الطاقم. وفي أعقاب انهيار الاتحاد السوفييتي في عام 1991، تولت روسيا مهمة تشغيل محطة مير. كانت المحطة مير تدور حول الأرض مرة كل 90 دقيقة على ارتفاع 200 ميل فوق سطحها. وقد قدمت اسهامات كبيرة في مجال البحث الفضائي طوال فترة خدمتها.


تعرضت مير لعدة اعطال فنية وحوادث كان اسوأها حادث التصادم الذي وقع في يونيو عام 1998 حينما اصدمت مركبة شحن فضائية بالمحطة والحقت بها اضرار جسيمة وقام الملاحون ورواد الفضاء الروس بالسير في الفضاء لإصلاح الأعطال الكبيرة التي تعرضت لها كل من المحطة ومركبة الشحن الفضائية.


بنية المحطة

التجميع

A diagram showing the Konus drogue and module movements around Mir's docking node[13]


Pressurised modules

In its completed configuration, the space station consisted of seven different modules, each launched into orbit separately over a period of ten years by either Proton-K rockets or مكوك فضاء أتلانتس.

Module Expedition Launch date Launch system Nation Isolated View Station View
Mir Core Module
(Core Module)
N/A 19 February 1986 Proton-K Soviet Union RP1357 p103 Mir base block.svg
Mir Core Module.JPG
The base block for the entire Mir complex, the core module, or DOS-7, provided the main living quarters for resident crews and contained environmental systems, early attitude control systems and the station's main engines. The module was based on hardware developed as part of the Salyut programme, and consisted of a stepped-cylinder main compartment and a spherical 'node' module, which served as an airlock and provided ports to which four of the station's expansion modules were berthed and to which a Soyuz or Progress spacecraft could dock. The module's aft port served as the berthing location for Kvant-1.[14]
Kvant-1
(Astrophysics Module)
EO-2 31 March 1987 Proton-K Soviet Union RP1357 p162 Kvant module.svg Mir-kvant.jpg
The first expansion module to be launched, Kvant-1 consisted of two pressurised working compartments and one unpressurised experiment compartment. Scientific equipment included an X-ray telescope, an ultraviolet telescope, a wide-angle camera, high-energy X-ray experiments, an X-ray/gamma ray detector, and the Svetlana electrophoresis unit. The module also carried six gyrodynes for attitude control, in addition to life support systems including an Elektron oxygen generator and a Vozdukh carbon dioxide scrubber.[14]
Kvant-2
(Augmentation Module)
EO-5 26 November 1989 Proton-K Soviet Union RP1357 p164 Kvant 2 module.svg Mir Kvant 1-Base Block-Kvant 2.jpg
The first TKS based module, Kvant-2, was divided into three compartments: an EVA airlock, an instrument/cargo compartment (which could function as a backup airlock), and an instrument/experiment compartment. The module also carried a Soviet version of the Manned Maneuvering Unit for the Orlan space suit, referred to as Ikar, a system for regenerating water from urine, a shower, the Rodnik water storage system and six gyrodynes to augment those already located in Kvant-1. Scientific equipment included a high-resolution camera, spectrometers, X-ray sensors, the Volna 2 fluid flow experiment, and the Inkubator-2 unit, which was used for hatching and raising quail.[14]
Kristall
(Technology Module)
EO-6 31 May 1990 Proton-K Soviet Union RP1357 p166 Kristall module.svg Mir from Soyuz TM-17.jpg
Kristall, the fourth module, consisted of two main sections. The first was largely used for materials processing (via various processing furnaces), astronomical observations, and a biotechnology experiment utilising the Aniur electrophoresis unit. The second section was a docking compartment which featured two APAS-89 docking ports initially intended for use with the Buran programme and eventually used during the Shuttle-Mir programme. The docking compartment also contained the Priroda 5 camera used for Earth resources experiments. Kristall also carried six gyrodines for attitude control to augment those already on the station, and two collapsible solar arrays.[14]
Spektr
(Power Module)
EO-18 20 May 1995 Proton-K Russia Spektr module drawing.png Mir from STS-74.jpg
Spektr was the first of the three modules launched during the Shuttle-Mir programme; it served as the living quarters for American astronauts and housed NASA-sponsored experiments. The module was designed for remote observation of Earth's environment and contained atmospheric and surface research equipment. Additionally, it featured four solar arrays which generated approximately half of the station's electrical power. The module also featured a science airlock to expose experiments to the vacuum of space selectively. Spektr was rendered unusable following the collision with Progress M-34 in 1997 which damaged the module, exposing it directly to the vacuum of space.[15]
Docking Module EO-20 15 November 1995 مكوك فضاء أتلانتس
(STS-74)
US Mir Docking Module drawing.svg Mir from STS-74PLB.jpg
The docking module was designed to help simplify Space Shuttle dockings to Mir. Before the first shuttle docking mission (STS-71), the Kristall module had to be tediously moved to ensure sufficient clearance between Atlantis and Mir's solar arrays. With the addition of the docking module, enough clearance was provided without the need to relocate Kristall. It had two identical APAS-89 docking ports, one attached to the distal port of Kristall with the other available for shuttle docking.[15]
Priroda
(Earth Sensing Module)
EO-21 26 April 1996 Proton-K Russia Priroda module drawing.svg Mir from STS-81.jpg
The seventh and final Mir module, Priroda's primary purpose was to conduct Earth resource experiments through remote sensing and to develop and verify remote sensing methods. The module's experiments were provided by twelve different nations, and covered microwave, visible, near infrared, and infrared spectral regions using both passive and active sounding methods. The module possessed both pressurised and unpressurised segments, and featured a large, externally mounted synthetic aperture radar dish.[15]

Unpressurised elements

The Travers radar antenna, Sofora girder, VDU thruster block, SPK unit and a Strela crane, alongside Kvant-2 and Priroda


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الامداد بالطاقة

The four solar arrays on Spektr


Orbit control

Graph showing the changing altitude of Mir from 19 February 1986 until 21 March 2001

Microgravity

Mir in orbit

التعاون الدولي

Reinhold Ewald (right) and Vasily Tsibliyev in the core module during the German's visit to Mir

Shuttle–Mir programme

The seven NASA astronauts who carried out long-duration missions on Mir


الحياة على متنها

A video tour of Mir from September 1996, during STS-79
A view of the interior of the core module's docking node, demonstrating the crowded nature of the station.


التريض

Shannon Lucid exercises on a treadmill during her stay aboard Mir.


النوم في الفضاء

Cosmonaut Yury Usachov in his Kayutka


عمليات المحطة

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التجريدات

Early existence

The core module with Kvant-1 and Soyuz TM-3


Third start

Post-Soviet period

A view of Mir from Soyuz TM-17 on 3 July 1993 showing ongoing docking operations at the station

Shuttle–Mir

Damaged solar arrays on Mir's Spektr module following a collision with Progress-M34 in September 1997

Final days and deorbit

Mir breaks up in Earth's atmosphere over the South Pacific on 23 March 2001.

Visiting spacecraft

Soyuz TM-24 docked with Mir as seen from the مكوك فضاء أتلانتس during STS-79


Mission control centre

TsUP (2007)

نهايتها

بسبب الأضرار والمشاكل الفنية العديدة التي تعرضت لها المحطة مير وبسبب نقص ميزانية نفقاتها، قررت وكالة الفضاء الفدرالية الروسية التخلي عن المحطة وتحطيمها، وقد تم تحويل التحكم بالمحطة إلى نظام التوجيه الآلي وأطلق العنان لعمل الحاسوب الآلي على ظهر المحطة، ثم تم تحطيمها ذلك كم خلال تفكيكها واسقاطها في المحيط الهادي في 23 مارس 2001.

Safety aspects

Aging systems and atmosphere

حوادث

A charred panel in Kvant-1 following the Vika fire



انظر أيضا

الهامش

  1. ^ "Mir-Orbit Data". Heavens-Above.com. 23 March 2001. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
  2. ^ "Mir FAQ - Facts and history". European Space Agency. 21 February 2001. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  3. ^ "Mir Space Station - Mission Status Center". Spaceflight Now. 23 March 2001. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  4. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details - Mir". NASA. 23 July 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  5. ^ "Soviet/Russian space programmes Q&A". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  6. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة MirBIS
  7. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة FinalBIS
  8. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة OrbitCalc
  9. ^ "Mir Space Station Observing". Satobs.org. 28 March 2001. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  10. ^ Mark Wade (4 September 2010). "Baikonur LC200/39". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Mark Wade (4 September 2010). "Baikonur LC81/23". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Macatangay A.V.; Perry J.L. (22 January 2007). "Cabin Air Quality On Board Mir and the International Space Station—A Comparison" (PDF). Johnson Space Center & Marshall Spaceflight Center: NASA: 2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Joel W. Powell; Lee Brandon-Cremer (2011) [1992]. Space Shuttle Almanac. ISBN 0-9696313-0-8. Retrieved 23 August 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ أ ب ت ث David S. F. Portree (March 1995). Mir Hardware Heritage. NASA.
  15. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة SSSM

وصلات خارجية

  • [1] NASA animation of Mir's deorbit
  • [2] Mir Diary
  • [3] Diagrams, pictures and background info
  • [4] Information on problems aboard Mir
  • [5] Shuttle-Mir: Phase 1 Program Joint Report
  • [6] Mir Space Station (NASA)
سبقه
Salyut 7
Mir
1986–2001
تبعه
Mir-2 as the ROS in the ISS

قالب:Orbital launches in 1986 قالب:Mir modules قالب:Manned Mir flight قالب:Mir expeditions قالب:Shuttle-Mir

الكلمات الدالة: