لغة العفر

"Qafar" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Qafar, Iran.
Afar
Qafar af
موطنهاDjibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia
المنطقةHorn of Africa
العرقAfar
الناطقون الأصليون
2٫6 million (2019–2022)e27
اللهجاتAussa
Ba'adu
Central Afar
Northern Afar
Latin
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في
 إثيوپيا
لغة أقلية
معترف بها في
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2aar
ISO 639-2aar
ISO 639-3aar
Glottologafar1241
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Afar (عفر: Qafaraf; also known as ’Afar Af, Afaraf, Qafar af) is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch. It is spoken by the Afar people inhabiting Djibouti, Eritrea and Ethiopia.

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Classification

Afar is classified within the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family. It is further categorized in the Lowland East Cushitic sub-group, along with Saho and Somali.[1] Its closest relative is the Saho language.[2]


Geographic distribution

The Afar language is spoken as a mother tongue by the Afar people in Djibouti, Eritrea, and the Afar Region of Ethiopia.[2]

According to Ethnologue, there are 2٬600٬000 total Afar speakers. Of these, 1,280,000 were recorded in the 2007 Ethiopian census, with 906,000 monolinguals registered in the 1994 census.[2]

Official status

In Djibouti, Afar is a recognized national language.[3] It is also one of the broadcasting languages of the Radio Television of Djibouti public network.

In Eritrea, Afar is recognized as one of nine national languages which formally enjoy equal status although Tigrinya and Arabic are by far of greatest significance in official usage. There are daily broadcasts on the national radio and a translated version of the Eritrean constitution. In education, however, Afar speakers prefer Arabic – which many of them speak as a second language – as the language of instruction.[4]

In the Afar Region of Ethiopia, Afar is also recognized as an official working language.[5] Since 2020, Afar is one of the five official working languages of Ethiopia.[6]

Phonology

Consonants

The consonants of the Afar language in the standard orthography are listed below in angle brackets (preceded by the IPA notation):

Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive voiceless t ⟨t⟩ k ⟨k⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩
Fricative voiceless f ⟨f⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ħ ⟨c⟩ h ⟨h⟩
voiced ʕ ⟨q⟩
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
Approximant w ⟨w⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩
Tap ɾ ⟨r⟩ ɽ ⟨x⟩[7]

Voiceless stop consonants which close syllables are released, e.g., [ʌkʰˈme].

Vowels and stress

Front Central Back
short long long short long
Close i ⟨i⟩ iː ⟨ii⟩ u ⟨u⟩ uː ⟨uu⟩
Mid e ⟨e⟩ eː ⟨ee⟩ o ⟨o⟩ oː ⟨oo⟩
Open aː ⟨aa⟩ ʌ ⟨a⟩

Sentence final vowels of affirmative verbs are aspirated (and stressed), e.g.

  • عفر: abeh = /aˈbeʰ/ 'He did.'

Sentence final vowels of negative verbs are not aspirated (nor stressed), e.g.

  • عفر: maabinna = /ˈmaːbinːaː/ 'He did not do.'

Sentence final vowels of interrogative verbs are lengthened (and stressed), e.g.

  • عفر: abee? = /aˈbeː/ 'Did he do?'

Otherwise, stress in word-final.

Phonotactics

Possible syllable shapes are V, VV, VC, VVC, CV, CVV and CVVC.[8]

Syntax

As in most other Cushitic languages, the basic word order in Afar is subject–object–verb.[2]

Writing system

In Ethiopia, Afar used to be written with the Ge'ez script (Ethiopic script). Since around 1849, the Latin script has been used in other areas to transcribe the language.[2] Additionally, Afar is also transcribed using the Arabic script.[9]

In the early 1970s, two Afar intellectuals and nationalists, Dimis and Redo, formalized the Afar alphabet. Known as Qafar Feera, the orthography is based on the Latin script.[10]

Officials from the Institut des Langues de Djibouti, the Eritrean Ministry of Education, and the Ethiopian Afar Language Studies and Enrichment Center have since worked with Afar linguists, authors and community representatives to select a standard orthography for Afar from among the various existing writing systems used to transcribe the language.[9]

Latin alphabet

[مطلوب توضيح]

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a ba ca da e fa ga ha i ja ka la ma na o pa qa ra sa ta u va wa xa ya za
[11]
A B T S E C K X I D Q R F G O L M N U W H Y
a ba ta sa e ca ka xa i da qa ra fa ga o la ma na u wa ha ya
[12]


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See also

قالب:Wiktionarycat

Notes

  1. ^ Lewis, I. (1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. p. 11.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة e27
  3. ^ "Djibouti". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 25 مايو 2023. Retrieved 31 أغسطس 2014.
  4. ^ Simeone-Senelle, Marie-Claude. "Les langues en Erythrée". Chroniques Yeménites 8, 2000 (in الفرنسية). Cy.revues.org. Archived from the original on 6 يناير 2010. Retrieved 6 أبريل 2010.
  5. ^ Kizitus Mpoche; Tennu Mbuh, eds. (2006). Language, literature, and identity. Cuvillier. pp. 163–164. ISBN 3-86537-839-0. Archived from the original on 22 مايو 2024. Retrieved 14 أكتوبر 2015.
  6. ^ Getachew, Samuel. "Ethiopia is adding four more official languages to Amharic as political instability mounts". Quartz (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 12 أبريل 2022. Retrieved 12 أبريل 2022.
  7. ^ Hamann, Silke; Fuchs, Susanne (يونيو 2010) [2008]. "How do voiced retroflex stops evolve? Evidence from typology and an articulatory study". Language and Speech. 53 (2): 181–216. doi:10.1177/0023830909357159. PMID 20583729. S2CID 23502367.
  8. ^ Kamil, Mohamed Hassan (2015). Afar : grammatical description of a Cuchitic Language (Djibouti, Eritrea and Ethiopia ) (Theses thesis). Université Sorbonne Paris Cité. Archived from the original on 5 يونيو 2019. Retrieved 5 يونيو 2019.
  9. ^ أ ب "Development of the Afar Language" (PDF). Afar Friends. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 مارس 2012. Retrieved 23 أغسطس 2013.
  10. ^ "Afar (ʿAfár af)". Omniglot. Archived from the original on 11 مايو 2021. Retrieved 23 أغسطس 2013.
  11. ^ "Berraka". Qafaraf. Archived from the original on 11 أغسطس 2015. Retrieved 23 أغسطس 2015.
  12. ^ "Afar language, alphabet and pronunciation". Omniglot. Archived from the original on 9 يوليو 2021. Retrieved 29 سبتمبر 2021.

Bibliography

  • Bliese, Loren F. (1976). "Afar". In Bender, Lionel M. (ed.). The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia. Ann Arbor: African Studies Center, Michigan State University. pp. 133–164.
  • Bliese, Loren F. (1981). A generative grammar of Afar. Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics. Vol. 65. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington. ISBN 0-88312-083-6.
  • Colby, James G. (1970). "Notes on the northern dialect of the Afar language". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 8 (1): 1–8. JSTOR 41965797.
  • Hayward, R. J.; Parker, Enid M. (1985). Afar-English-French dictionary with Grammatical Notes in English. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. ISBN 978-0-7286-0124-6.
  • Hayward, Richard J. (1998). "Qafar (West Cushitic)". In Spencer, Andrew; Zwicky, Arnold M. (eds.). Handbook of Morphology. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 624–647. doi:10.1002/9781405166348.ch29. ISBN 978-0-631-22694-9.
  • Morin, Didier (1997). Poésie traditionnelle des Afars. Langues et cultures africaines. Vol. 21. Paris: Peeters. ISBN 978-2-87723-363-7.
  • Parker, Enid M. (2006). English–Afar Dictionary. Washington DC: Dunwoody Press. ISBN 978-1-931546-23-2.
  • Voigt, Rainer M. (1975). "Bibliographie des Saho–Afar". Africana Marburgensia. 8: 53–63.

External links

Wikimedia Incubator

قالب:Wiktionary category

قالب:Languages of Djibouti قالب:Languages of Eritrea

قالب:Cushitic languages قالب:Afro-Asiatic languages

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