كتابة تصويرية

A pictographic traffic sign (top) warning motorists of horses and riders

الكتابة التصويرية Pictogram كتابة بالصور. فقبل تطور الحروف الهجائية كانت كثير من الشعوب القديمة تنقُل رسائلها بالكتابة التصويرية. فقد نحت المصريون كتابةً مصورةً أو رسموها على المقابر والآثار. وكانت الكتابة المصورة وسيلة للاتصال أيضًا عند الأزتك والهنود الأمريكيين الأوائل. وكانت الكتابة المصورة على نمطين: الأول يُمثل الأشياء المنظورة مثل، رسم القمر؛ والثاني، ألا وهو الكتابة الرمزية Ideogram، يُمثل الأفكار، كرسم طفل معه كتاب، لتمثيل تلميذ. وتستخدم الكتابة التصويرية الحديثة الصور والكلمات لتحكي قصةً بأفضل مما يُمكن أن تحكيها الكلمات وحدها.


In the field of prehistoric art, the term "pictograph" has a different definition, and specifically refers to art painted on rock surfaces. Pictographs are contrasted with petroglyphs, which are carved or incised.

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Historical

Ojibwa pictographs on cliff-face at Agawa Rock, Lake Superior Provincial Park of a boat and Mishipeshu, an animal with horns, painted with red ochre

Early written symbols were based on pictograms (pictures which resemble what they signify) and ideograms (symbols which represent ideas). Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese civilizations began to adapt such symbols to represent concepts, developing them into logographic writing systems. Pictograms are still in use as the main medium of written communication in some non-literate cultures in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania.[بحاجة لمصدر] Pictograms are often used as simple, pictorial, representational symbols by most contemporary cultures.

Several prehistoric engravings can be found around La Silla Observatory.[1]

Pictograms can be considered an art form, or can be considered a written language and are designated as such in Pre-Columbian art, Native American art, Ancient Mesopotamia and Painting in the Americas before Colonization.[2][3] One example of many is the Rock art of the Chumash people, part of the Native American history of California. In 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage List added "Petroglyph Complexes of the Mongolian Altai, Mongolia"[4] to celebrate the importance of the pictograms engraved in rocks.

Some scientists in the field of neuropsychiatry and neuropsychology, such as Mario Christian Meyer, are studying the symbolic meaning of indigenous pictographs and petroglyphs,[5] aiming to create new ways of communication between native people and modern scientists to safeguard and valorize their cultural diversity.[6]


Modern uses

An early modern example of the extensive use of pictograms may be seen in the map in the London suburban timetables of the London and North Eastern Railway, 1936–1947, designed by George Dow, in which a variety of pictograms was used to indicate facilities available at or near each station. Pictograms remain in common use today, serving as pictorial, representational signs, instructions, or statistical diagrams. Because of their graphical nature and fairly realistic style, they are widely used to indicate public toilets, or places such as airports and train stations. Because they are a concise way to communicate a concept to people who speak many different languages, pictograms have also been used extensively at the Olympics since the 1964 summer games in Tokyo featured designs by Masaru Katsumi. Later Olympic pictograms have been redesigned for each set of games.[7][8][9]

Pictographic writing as a modernist poetic technique is credited to Ezra Pound, though French surrealists credit the Pacific Northwest American Indians of Alaska who introduced writing, via totem poles, to North America.[10]

Contemporary artist Xu Bing created Book from the Ground, a universal language made up of pictograms collected from around the world. A Book from the Ground chat program has been exhibited in museums and galleries internationally.

في الرياضيات

table with boxes instead of numbers, the amounts and sizes of boxes represent amounts of people
A compound pictogram showing the breakdown of the survivors and deaths of the maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic by class and age/gender

In statistics, pictograms are charts in which icons represent numbers to make it more interesting and easier to understand. A key is often included to indicate what each icon represents. All icons must be of the same size, but a fraction of an icon can be used to show the respective fraction of that amount.[11]

For example, the following table:

Day Letters sent
Monday 10
Tuesday 17
Wednesday 29
Thursday 41
Friday 18

can be graphed as follows:

Day Letters sent
Monday one envelope
Tuesday one envelope and a half
Wednesday three envelopes  
Thursday four envelopes   
Friday two envelopes 

Key: one envelope = 10 letters

As the values are rounded to the nearest 5 letters, the second icon on Tuesday is the left half of the original.

المعيارية

Pictograms can often transcend languages in that they can communicate to speakers of a number of tongues and language families equally effectively, even if the languages and cultures are completely different. This is why road signs and similar pictographic material are often applied as global standards expected to be understood by nearly all.

A standard set of pictograms was defined in the international standard ISO 7001: Public Information Symbols. Other common sets of pictographs are the laundry symbols used on clothing tags and the chemical hazard symbols as standardized by the GHS system.

Pictograms have been popularized in use on the Internet and in software, better known as "icons" displayed on a computer screen in order to help user navigate a computer system or mobile device.

معرض الصور

انظر ايضا


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ملاحظات

  1. ^ "Signatures from the Past". ESO.org. European Southern Observatory. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  2. ^ Pharo, Lars Kirkhusmo (2018). "Multilingualism and Lingua Francae of Indigenous Civilizations of America". In Braarvig, Jens; Geller, Markham J. (eds.). Studies in Multilingualism, Lingua Franca and Lingua Sacra. Edition Open Access Max Planck Institute for the History of Science. p. 488. hdl:20.500.12657/25344. ISBN 9783945561133.
  3. ^ Ambrosino, Gordon (2018-10-20). "Painted origins: inscribed landscape histories in the Fortaleza pictograph style during the Andean, late pre-Hispanic period". World Archaeology (in الإنجليزية). 50 (5): 804–819. doi:10.1080/00438243.2019.1612272. ISSN 0043-8243. S2CID 198820112.
  4. ^ "Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai". WHC.UNESCO.org. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2011.
  5. ^ Meyer, Mario Christian (December 1985). Apprentissage de la langue maternelle écrite: étude sur des populations "les moins favorisées" dans une approche interdisciplinaire (PDF). ED-85/WS/65.
  6. ^ Meyer, Mario Christian. "Out Of The Forest & Into The Lab: Amerindian Initiation Into Sacred Science" (PDF). In Bloom, Pamela (ed.). Amazon Up Close. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-17.
  7. ^ Hall, C. Justin; Allen, Zachary. "Olympic Pictograms". Visual Rhetoric.
  8. ^ "Olympic Pictograms: Design through History". MediaMadeGreat.com. 16 August 2016.
  9. ^ Popovic, John Jan (ed.). "Olympic Games Pictograms". 1stMuse.com.
  10. ^ Reed 2003, p. xix
  11. ^ "Understanding pictograms". BBC — Skillswise. Archived from the original on 2013-12-29. Retrieved 2014-05-11.

المصادر

الموسوعة المعرفية الشاملة

  • Reed, Ishmael (2003). From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002, Ishmael Reed, ed. ISBN 1-56025-458-0.


وصلات خارجية

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