كاتيپونان
الاختصار | KKK |
---|---|
الشعار الحادي | See the Kartilya ng Katipunan |
التشكل | July 7, 1892 |
النوع | Military secret society |
الوضع القانوني | Defunct |
الغرض | See Katipunan aims |
الأعضاءالأعضاء | Masonic |
Official language | Tagalog, regional languages |
President | Deodato Arellano (1892–1893) Roman Basa (1893–1895) Andrés Bonifacio (1895–1897) |
الهيئة الرئيسية | Kalayaan (dated January 1896, published March 1896)[2][3] |
قالب:Infobox Philippine political party
The Katipunan (usually abbreviated to KKK) was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, whose primary aim was to gain independence from Spain through revolution. Based on recently found contemporary documents, the society has been organized as early as January 1892 but may have not became active until July 7 of the same year on the night when Filipino writer José Rizal was to be banished to Dapitan earlier in the day. Founded by Filipino patriots Andrés Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa and others, initially, the Katipunan was a secret organization until its discovery in 1896 that led to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution.
The Tagalog word "katipunan", literally meaning 'association', comes from the root word "tipon," a Tagalog word meaning "gather"."[4][المصدر لا يؤكد ذلك] Its official revolutionary name was Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan[1][5] (حرفياً 'Supreme and Most Honorable Society of the Children of the Nation', إسپانية: Suprema y Venerable Asociación de los Hijos del Pueblo). The Katipunan is also known by its acronym, KKK.[6]
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أصل الكلمة
The name "Katipunan" comes from the full Tagalog name for the society: "Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang Katipunan nang mga Anak nang Bayan" (حرفياً 'Highest and Most Respected Society of the Children of the Nation ').[7]
التشكيل
التاريخ
Founding of the Katipunan
Captured Katipunan members (also known as Katipuneros), who were also members of La Liga, revealed to the Spanish colonial authorities that there was a difference of opinion among members of La Liga. One group insisted on La Liga's principle of a peaceful reformation while the other espoused armed revolution.[8]
Literature of the society
Preparation for the revolution
Attempt to seek Rizal's support
The night when Governor-General Eulogio Despujol y Dusay exiled Dr. José Rizal to Dapitan,[9] Katipunan was founded.
الثورة
- مقالة مفصلة: ثورة الفلپين
The Battle of Kakarong de Sili
الفض
Following the victory of the الولايات المتحدة against the First Philippine Republic in the Philippine–American War, the Americans exterminated any remaining vestige of the Katipunan.[10][المصدر لا يؤكد ذلك]
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See also
- Battle of Imus
- Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican
- Battle of Zapote Bridge (1897)
- Battle of Perez Dasmariñas
- Spanish–American War
- Malolos Congress
- Philippine Declaration of Independence
- First Philippine Republic
- Philippine–American War
- Philippine Revolutionary Army
References
Notes and citations
- ^ أ ب Cruz 1922 II[12].
- "Kailan at saan itinayo ang 'Samahang Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan?'"
- (إنگليزية: "When and where was the Supreme and Most Honorable Society of the Sons of the Nation established?")
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةnewspaper1
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةnewspaper2
- ^ Woods 2006, p. 43
- ^ May be rated to modern Tagalog orthography as kulitkulitan, Kain na kain lang mga Anak ng Bayan.
- ^ The organization has no affiliation with the White supremacy group known as the Ku Klux Klan whose name is also associated with the acronym "KKK".
- ^ Keat Gin Ooi (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. p. 718. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
- ^ "The Founding of the Katipunan".
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةzaide 203
- ^ Worcester 1914, p. 180
Published works
- Agoncillo, Teodoro C. (1990) [1960]. "History of the Filipino People" (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing. ISBN 971-8711-06-6.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help); Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Agoncillo, Teodoro C. (1956). "The Revolt of the Masses: the story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan". Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Artigas y Cuerva, Manuel (1911). "Andres Bonifacio y el Katipunan". La Vanguardia. Manila.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad Masangkay (1998). The Cry of Balintawak: a contrived controversy. Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-278-8.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Cruz, Hermenegildo (November 16, 1922). Tamiko I. Camacho, Jerome Espinosa Baladad and PG Distributed Proofreaders (ed.). Kartilyang Makabayan: Mga Tanong at Sagot Ukol Kay Andrés Bonifacio at sa KKK (in Tagalog) (Internet, Project Gutenberg ed.). Manila: Guillermo Masangkay, Alvarado St., Brgy. 535, Manila.
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ignored (help); External link in
(help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)|work=
- Diwa, Ladislao (December 24, 1926). "Andres Bonifacio y el Katipunan". La Opinión. Manila.
- Fernandez, Leandro H. (1926). The Philippine Republic. New York: Columbia University Press.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Fernandez, Leandro H. (1930). "Autobiography of Gregoria de Jesus". Philippine Magazine. Manila.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Reynaldo, Ileto (1998). "Filipinos and their revolution: event, discourse, and historiography". Ateneo de Manila University Press.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Guerrero, Milagros C. (1996). "Balintawak: The Cry for a Nationwide Revolution". Sulyap Kultura (Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts).
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help); Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004). Philippine History. Manila: Rex Book Store. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Jesus-Nakpil, Gregoria (1932). "Mga Tala ng Aking Buhay at mga Ulat ng Katipunan". published by Jose P. Santos.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Kalaw, Maximo M. The Development of Philippine Politics (1872–1920) (Manila: Oriental Commercial Co. Inc., 1926; reprint ed., Manila: Solar Publishing Corp., 1986)
- Kalaw, Teodoro M. (1925). "The Philippine Revolution". Manila: Manila Book Store Company.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - National Historical Institute. Filipinos in History 5 vols. (Manila: National Historical Institute, 1989)
- Reyes, Isabelo de los (1899). "La Sensacional memoria sobre la revolución filipina" (in Spanish). Madrid: Tip. lit. de J. Corrales.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Retana, Wenceslao E. (1897). "Archivo del biblio filipino". Madrid.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Retana, Wenceslao E. (1907). "Vida y Escritos del Dr. José Rizal".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) At Google Books - Retana, Wenceslao. Vida y Escritorios de Dr. José Rizal. Madrid: 1907.
- Ricarte, Artemio (1926). "The Hispano-Philippine Revolution". Yokohama.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) This book was published by Ricarte himself, includes his memoirs on the Philippine Revolution. - St. Clair, Francis (1902). "Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan Nang Manga Anac Nang Bayan". Manila.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Sagmit, Rosario S.; Sagmit-Mendosa, Lourdes (2007). The Filipino Moving Onward 5 (2007 ed.). Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978-971-23-4154-0..
- Santos, Epifanio de los (1918). "Andres Bonifacio". The Philippine Review. Manila.
- Santos, Epifanio de los (1961). "The Trial of Rizal". Horacio de la Costa, S.J. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Santos, Jose P. (1930). "Kung Sino si Jacinto". Pagkakaisa. Manila.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Woods, Damon L. (2006) [2006]. The Philippines: a global studies handbook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-675-2.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Bookstore Printing Press.
- Zaide, Gregorio F. (1957). Philippine Political and Cultural History: the Philippines Since the British Invasion. Vol. II (1957 Revised ed.). Manila: McCullough Printing Company.
- Zaide, Gregorio (November 26, 1932). "The Women of the Katipunan". Philippines Free Press. Manila.
- Zaide, Gregorio F. (1973). Manila during the Revolutionary Period. Manila: National Historical Commission. citing a letter sent to him by Pío Valenzuela dated December 19, 1931.
- Zaide, Gregorio (1939). "History of the Katipunan". Loyal Press. Manila.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Zaide, Gregorio F. (1931). Documentary History of the Katipunan Discovery. Manila.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Zaide, Gregorio (October 25, 1930). "The Rise and Fall of the Katipunan Press". The Sunday Tribune Magazine. Manila.
- The Catholic Historical Review. Washington, D.C.: American Catholic Historical Association. 4. 1919.
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وصلات خارجية
- Draft of preliminary reading for initiation into the Katipunan.
- Oaths and form of initiation into the Katipunan society.
- Kartilyang Makabayan Pamphlet about the Katipunan written by Hermenegildo Cruz.
- Philippines – Historical Flags to 1899.
- (بالإسپانية) El sitio de Baler: los últimos de Filipinas (The site of Baler: Final locations in the Philippines)
- Information about Katipunan
- Articles containing إنگليزية-language text
- Pages using Lang-xx templates
- Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page
- Pages using infobox organization with unknown parameters
- مقالات ذات عبارات بحاجة لمصادر
- Articles containing إسپانية-language text
- CS1 maint: ref duplicates default
- CS1 errors: periodical ignored
- CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
- CS1 maint: location missing publisher
- CS1 errors: missing title
- Philippine Revolution
- Philippine–American War
- جمعيات سرية
- Defunct organizations of the Philippines
- Anti-Spanish sentiment