جمهورية تگالوگ

جمهورية تگالوگ (بالفلپينية: Republika ng Katagalugan أو Republikang Tagalog؛ إنگليزية: Tagalog Republic) هي مصطلح يُستخدم للاشارة إلى حكومتين ثوريتين أسهمتا في ثورة الفلپين ضد اسبانيا وفي الحرب الأمريكية الفلپينية. وكلاهما كانتا ترتبطان بحركة كاتيپونان الثورية.

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 بونيفاتشيو

The First Tagalog Republic Haring Bayang Katagalugan
1896–1897
One of several variations of Katipunan flags
النشيد: Marangál na Dalit ng̃ Katagalugan ("Honorable Hymn of the Tagalog Nation")
المكانة	Unrecognized state
العاصمة	Tondo, Manila
الحكومة	جمهورية
Supremo
الحقبة التاريخية	Philippine Revolution
• تأسست	August 24 1896
• Death of Andrés Bonifacio	May 10 1897
سبقها تلاها Spanish East Indies Spanish East Indies Republic of Biak-na-Bato

In the last days of August, the Katipunan members met in Caloocan and decided to start their revolt (the event was later called the "Cry of Balintawak" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin"; the exact location and date are disputed). A day after the Cry, the Supreme Council of the Katipunan held elections, with the following results:

Position	Name
President / Supremo	Andrés Bonifacio
Secretary of War	Teodoro Plata
Secretary of State	Emilio Jacinto
Secretary of the Interior	Aguedo del Rosario
Secretary of Justice	Briccio Pantas
Secretary of Finance	Enrique Pacheco

The above was divulged to the Spanish by the Katipunan member Pío Valenzuela while in captivity. Teodoro Agoncillo thus wrote:

Immediately before the outbreak of the revolution, therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan into a government revolving around a ‘cabinet’ composed of men of his confidence.

Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert:

As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised the planning of military strategies and the preparation of orders, manifests and decrees, adjudicated offenses against the nation, as well as mediated in political disputes. He directed generals and positioned troops in the fronts. On the basis of command responsibility, all victories and defeats all over the archipelago during his term of office should be attributed to Bonifacio.

"Presidente" Bonifacio in La Ilustración Española y Americana, February 8, 1897

One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving Katipunan documents: Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People", or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation") - sometimes shortened into Haring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation"). Bayan may be rendered as "nation" or "people". Bonifacio is named as the president of the "Tagalog Republic" in an issue of the Spanish periodical La Ilustración Española y Americana published in February 1897 ("Andrés Bonifacio - Titulado "Presidente" de la República Tagala"). Another name for Bonifacio's government was Repúblika ng Katagalugan (another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by a picture of a rebel seal published in the same periodical the next month.

Official letters and one appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, as follows:

• President of the Supreme Council
• Supreme President
• President of the Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan / Sovereign Tagalog Nation
• President of the Sovereign Nation, Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the Revolution
• Office of the Supreme President, Government of the Revolution

 ساكاي

The Second Tagalog Republic Repúbliká ng̃ Katagalugan
1902–1906
Flag Coat of arms
المكانة	Unrecognized state
الحكومة	Republic
President
Vice President
الحقبة التاريخية	Philippine–American War
• Declaration of Independence	May 6 1902
• Capture of Macario Sakay	July 14 1906
سبقها تلاها United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands First Philippine Republic Insular Government of the Philippine Islands

After Emilio Aguinaldo and his men were captured by the US forces in 1901, General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member, established in 1902 his own Tagalog Republic (تگالوگ: Repúbliká ng̃ Katagalugan) in the mountains of Morong (today, the province of Rizal), and held the presidency with Francisco Carreón as vice president. In April 1904, Sakay issued a manifesto declaring Filipino right to self-determination at a time when support for independence was considered a crime by the American colonial government.

Position	Name
President	Macario Sakay
Vice President	Francisco Carreón
Minister of War	Domingo Moriones
Minister of the Government	Alejandro Santiago
Minister of State	Nicolás Rivera

The republic ended in 1906 when Sakay and his leading followers were arrested by American authorities and the following year executed for banditry. Some of its survivors escaped to Japan to be joined with Artemio Ricarte, an exiled Katipunan veteran, and later returned to support the Second Philippine Republic, a client state of Japan, during World War II.

 انظر أيضاً

• جمهورية بياك-نا-باتو
• List of Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines

 المراجع

• Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960], History of the Filipino People (Eighth ed.), R.P. Garcia Publishing Company, ISBN 971-10-2415-2 
• Borromeo, Soledad Masangkay; Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad (1998), The cry of Balintawak: a contrived controversy : a textual analysis with appended documents, Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN 978-971-550-278-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C. 
• Constantino, Renato (1975), The Philippines: A Past Revisited, ISBN 971-8958-00-2. 
• Halili, Christine N; Halili, Maria Christine (2004), Philippine History, Rex Bookstore, Inc., ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC.