جبل پيناتوبو

جبل پيناتوبو Mount Pinatubo
The eruption column of Mount Pinatubo on June 12, 1991, three days before the climactic eruption.
أعلى نقطة
الارتفاع	1,486 m (4,875 ft) (current) 1,745 م (قبل ثوران 1991)
الإدراج	بركان نشط
التسمية
لغة الاسم	Filipino
النطق	/ˌpiːnəˈtuːboʊ/
الجغرافيا
جبل پيناتوبو Mount Pinatubo الموقع في الفلپين
الموقع	لوزون
البلد	الفلپين
المنطقة	لوزون الوسطى
المقاطعات	پامپانگا تارلاك زامبالس
السلسلة الأم	جبال زامبالس
الجيولوجيا
عمر الصخر	Between 635,000 ± 80,000 and 1.1 ± 0.09 million years
نوع الجبل	بركان طبقي
آخر ثوران	June 15, 1991

جبل پيناتوبو (فيليپينو: Bundok Pinatubo/Bulkang Pinatubo؛ إنگليزية: Mount Pinatubo) هو بركان طبقي نشيط في جبال كابوسيلان في جزيرة لوزون، بالقرب من النقطة الثلاثية لـمقاطعات الفلپين زامبالس، تارلاك و پامپانگا. تاريخ ثوراته لم يكن معروفاً للغالبية قبل الأنشطة البركانية في 1991. Pinatubo was heavily eroded, inconspicuous, and obscured from view. وكان مغطى بغابة كثيفة which supported a population of several thousand indigenous Aetas people.

The volcano's Plinian / Ultra-Plinian eruption on June 15, 1991 produced the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century after the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in the Alaska Peninsula. Complicating the eruption was the arrival of Typhoon Yunya (Diding), bringing a lethal mix of ash and rain to areas surrounding the volcano. Predictions at the onset of the climactic eruption led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of people from the surrounding areas, saving many lives. Surrounding areas were severely damaged by pyroclastic flows, ash deposits, and, subsequently, by the lahars caused by rainwaters re-mobilizing earlier volcanic deposits. This caused extensive destruction to infrastructure and changed river systems for years after the eruption.

The effects of the eruption were felt worldwide. It ejected roughly 10,000,000,000 tonnes (1.1×10¹⁰ short tons) or 10 km³ (2.4 cu mi) of magma, and 20,000,000 tonnes (22,000,000 short tons) SO 2, bringing vast quantities of minerals and metals to the surface environment. It injected more particulate into the stratosphere than any eruption since Krakatoa in 1883. Over the following months, the aerosols formed a global layer of sulfuric acid haze. Global temperatures dropped by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) in the years 1991-93, and ozone depletion temporarily increased substantially.

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 استعراض المنطقة

موقع جبل بيناتوبو وتساقط الركام في الإقليم من ثوران 1991.

البركان يقع على بعد 87 كم شمال غرب مانيلا، عاصمة الفلبين. Near Mount Pinatubo, the United States maintained two large military bases in the region. The U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay was 37 km (23 mi) south of Pinatubo, and the extent of Clark Air Base was just 14 km (8.7 mi) east of the volcano's summit. The volcano's location on Luzon is in proximity to about 6 million people.

 التاريخ

 ثوران 1991

ثوران جبل بيناتوبو 1991
The eruption cloud shortly before the climactic eruption.
التاريخ	June 15, 1991
النوع	Ultra-Plinian
الموقع	منطقة لوزون الوسطى، لوزون، الفلپين
م.ت.ب	6
التأثير	About 20,000 people evacuated Approximately 800 people were killed and 10,000 people left homeless Huge destruction left in surrounding areas Release of 17 megatons of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, causing global cooling by 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) between 1991-1993

On June 15, 1991, the eruption plume minutes after the climactic eruption.

Vast quantities of minerals and metals were brought to the surface. Overall, introduced to the surface environment, was an estimated 800,000 t (880,000 short tons) of zinc, 600,000 t (660,000 short tons) of copper, 550,000 t (610,000 short tons) of chromium, 300,000 t (330,000 short tons) of nickel, and massive amounts of toxic heavy metals such as 100,000 t (110,000 short tons) of lead, 10,000 t (11,000 short tons) of arsenic, 1,000 t (1,100 short tons) of cadmium, and 800 t (880 short tons) of mercury.

شاحنة تفر من ثوران بيناتوبو، الفلبين، 1991.

 أعقاب ثوران 1991

The summit caldera as seen on Aug. 1, 1991.

 انظر أيضاً

• List of active volcanoes in the Philippines
• List of inactive volcanoes in the Philippines
• List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
• List of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines
• Timeline of volcanism on Earth

 مراجع

• Chakraborty P, et al. (2009). "Volcanic mesocyclones" (PDF). Nature. 458: 495–500. Bibcode:2009Natur.458..497C. doi:10.1038/nature07866.
• Decker, R. and Decker, B. (1997) Volcanoes, 3rd edition, WH Freeman, New York.
• McCormick, M. Patrick; et al. (1995). "Atmospheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruption". Nature. 373 (6513): 399–404. Bibcode:1995Natur.373..399M. doi:10.1038/373399a0.
• Rantucci, Giovanni (1994). Geological Disasters In The Philippines: The July 1990 Earthquake And The June 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Description, effects and lessons learned. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). ISBN 978-0-7881-2075-6. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
• Reilly, Benjamin (2009). Disaster and human history: case studies in nature, society and catastrophe. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3655-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Self S.; Zhao, Jing-Xia; Holasek, R.E.; Torres, R.C.; King, A.J. (1998). "Fire and Mud, Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines". Washington: Smithsonian Institution - Global Volcanism Program: 1126. Retrieved 2010-04-21. The atmospheric impact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
• Scaillet, B. and Evans, B. W. (1999) The June 15, 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo. I. Phase Equilibria and Pre-eruption P–T–fO2–fH2O Conditions of the Dacite Magma. Journal of Petrology, v. 40, 381–411.
• Stimac J.A., Goff F., Counce D., Larocque A.C.L., Hilton D.R. (2003), The crater lake and hydrothermal system of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: evolution in the decade after eruption, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, p. 149–167
• Wiesner, M.G., Wetzel, A. Catane, S.G., Listanco, E.L. and Mirabueno, H.T. (2004) Grain size, areal thickness distribution and controls on sedimentation of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo tephra layer in the South China Sea. Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, 226–242.
• Dhot, S. Mt Pinatubo Safety.

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 وصلات خارجية

• Mount Pinatubo Mount Pinatubo page
• Fire and Mud. Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, United States Geological Survey site
• Weather effects of the 1991 eruption EOS Volcanology.
• The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. United States Geological Survey site
• Pinatubo, Philippines (volcanic images)