قائمة التكوينات الصخرية

Rocks formations and the Dedo de Deus (God's Finger) peak in the background, Serra dos Órgãos National Park, Rio de Janeiro state, البرازيل

Raouché or Pigeons' Rock in Beirut, لبنان

Druid Arch, Canyonlands National Park, Utah, USA

View of Meteora, اليونان

Rock formations in Ongamira Valley, Sierras de Córdoba, الأرجنتين

"Jaws", an erosional fin in Little Finland, Nevada, الولايات المتحدة

"Hajdučka vrata" on Čvrsnica, الهرسك

Paklenica, كرواتيا

Hoodoos in Devil's Town, صربيا

A rock formation is an isolated, scenic, or spectacular surface rock outcrop. Rock formations are usually the result of weathering and erosion sculpting the existing rock. The term 'rock formation' can also refer to specific sedimentary strata or other rock unit in stratigraphic and petrologic studies.

A rock structure can be created in any rock type or combination:

Sedimentary rocks are created by a variety of processes but usually involving deposition, grain by grain, layer by layer, in water or, in the case of terrestrial sediments, on land through the action of wind or sometimes moving ice. Erosion later exposes them in their current form. An example is Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah.
Metamorphic rocks are created by rocks that have been transformed into another kind of rock, usually by some combination of heat, pressure and chemical alteration. An example are the Seneca Rocks in West Virginia.
Igneous rocks are created when molten rock cools and solidifies, with or without crystallization. They may be either plutonic bodies or volcanic extrusives. Again, erosive forces sculpt their current forms. An example is Half Dome in Yosemite National Park.

Geologists have created a number of terms to describe different rock structures in the landscape that can be formed by natural processes:

Inselberg or monadnock is a residual relief feature. It can be an isolated hill, a knob, ridge or small mountain that rises abruptly, like an island, from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain. Inselberg is a German word that means "island mountain". Uluru/Ayers Rock in Australia is a noted example.
Peak
Stack
Mesa
Butte
Escarpment
Gorge
Sea cliff
River cliff
Stone run
Crag
Tor
Promontory is a prominent mass of land which overlooks lower lying land or a body of water.

Here is a list of rock formations by continent.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

آسيا

Avatar Hallelujah Mountain in Wulingyuan

Candle Rock (Yoichi, Hokkaidō, Japan).

Paşabağı, Cappadocia/Turkey.

Kapurpurawan Rock Formation in Burgos, Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Punta Matagar rock formation in Banton, Romblon, Philippines

A rock formation at Apo Island in Dauin, Negros Oriental, Philippines

أرمنيا

Tegherivank, Armenia
Geghard, Armenia

الصين

Yun Meng Mountains, Beijing, China
Guilin, China
Amah Rock, Hong Kong
Lion Rock, New Kowloon/New Territories, Hong Kong
Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area, Zhangjiajie, China

الأردن

Petra, Amman, Jordan
Wadi Rum Desert, Jordan

الهند

Jabalpur Marble Rocks, Madhya Pradesh, India
Face Rock, Deccan, Hyderabad, India
Yana, India

إيران

Kuh-E-Namak, Iran
Elemite Rock, Fars, Iran
Mahneshan, Zanjan, Iran

إسرائيل

Rosh Hanikra, Israel
Timna Arch, Eilat, Israel
Karnei Hattin, Israel
Maarat Keshet, Israel

اليابان

Yoichi, Hokkaidō, Japan

لبنان

Cape Lithoprosopon, Lebanon
Raouché, Beirut, Lebanon

منغوليا

Taikhar Chuluu, Arkhangai Aimag, Mongolia
Turtle Rock, Gorkhi-Terelj National Park, Töv Aimag/Nalaikh, Mongolia

Philippines

Kapurpurawan Rock Formation, Burgos, Ilocos Norte
Punta Matagar, Banton, Romblon
Marabut Rock Formations, Marabut, Samar
Biri Island Rock Formation, Biri, Northern Samar
Nakabuang Arc, Sabtang, Batanes
Alapad Rock, Batan, Batanes
Apo Island Rock Formation, Dauin, Negros Oriental
Boto ni Kurakog, Bagamanoc, Catanduanes
Lugsangan Rock Formation, Dalaguete, Cebu

تايلند

Grandfather and Grandmother stone, Ko Samui, تايلند
James Bond Island, Phang Nga
Lalu (ละลุ), rock formations caused by erosion at the eastern end of the Sankamphaeng Range in Sa Kaeo Province
Phae Mueang Phi ("Ghost Canyon") near Phrae in the Phi Pan Nam Range
Phu Phra Bat Buabok in Udon Thani Province

تركيا

Paşabağı, Cappadocia, Turkey
Goreme National Park, Turkey

اليمن

Wadi Dhar, Yemen
Bani Al Harit, Sana'a, Yemen

بلدان أخرى

Gobustan National Park, Azerbaijan
Kyaiktiyo Pagoda, Mon State, Burma
Aphrodite's Rock, Paphos, Cyprus
Tanah Lot, Bali, Indonesia
Jeti-Ögüz, Jeti-Ögüz district, Kyrgyzstan
Tanjong Bunga, Penang, Malaysia
Long Ya Men, Singapore
Seorak-san National Park, Sokcho, South Korea
Yehliu, Taiwan
Halong Bay, Vietnam

أفريقيا

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Algeria

Tamanrasset
Tassili Mountains

Angola

Benguela Province
Iona, Tombwa

بوركينا فاسو

Domes de Fabedougou, Burkina Faso.

Doumes de Fabedougou
Pic du Sindou

الكامرون

Kola Gorge

مصر

Khaboba
Thebes
Esna shale
Nubian sand stone

إرتريا

Decemhare

كنيا

Tsavo Rocks

ليبيا

Akakus Mountains

Green Mountain

مدغشقر

ملاوي

Makuzi Beach, Chintheche yui

مالي

Massif des Aguilles de Garmi

موريتانيا

Ben Amera

المغرب

Siroua Mountains
Tafraoute

ناميبيا

Bogenfels
Vingerklip, Damaraland
Waterberg Plateau

Niger

Geuzzam

نيجريا

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

سيشل

Anse Source d'Argent, La Digue

جنوب أفريقيا

Cedarberg Wilderness Area, Western Cape
Kagga Kamma, Ceres, Western Cape
Three Sisters (Northern Cape)

السودان

برج الطيور Burget Tuyur، سليمة Selima

تونس

Chebika Rock
Tamazrat

زمبابوى

Domboshava Rocks
Maleme Dam, Matobos
Motombo Rock Formations

أمريكا الشمالية

الولايات المتحدة

كندا

Devil's Chair, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario
Flowerpot Island, Georgian Bay, Ontario
Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick
Hopewell Rocks, New Brunswick
Gabriola Island, British Columbia
Brady's Beach, Bamfield, British Columbia
Chimney Rock, Marble Canyon, British Columbia
Heron Rocks, Hornby Island, British Columbia
Siwash Rock, Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia
Percé Rock, Gaspé, Quebec
Tete d'Indien, Perce, Gaspé, Quebec
Balancing Rock, Long Island, Nova Scotia
Peggys Cove, Nova Scotia
Banff National Park, Alberta
Big Rock, Okotoks, Alberta
Drumheller, Alberta
Walsh, Alberta, see Medicine Hat, Alberta
Main Topsail Hill, near Gaff Topsails, Newfoundland and Labrador
Arches, St. Anthony, Newfoundland and Labrador
Elephant Rock, Prince Edward Island
Giant's Chair, Howard's Cove, Prince Edward Island
Victoria Rock, Yukon
Sleeping Giant, Ontario

الكاريبي

Ayo Rock Formations, Aruba
Casibari Boulders, Aruba
Guajataca, Puerto Rico
Devil's Trail, Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands
The Baths, Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands
Coki Beach, St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands
Governor's Harbor, Eleuthera, Bahamas
Ile a Vache, Cayes, Haiti
Tent Bay, Barbados
Pointe des Châteaux, Grande Terre, Guadeloupe
Malendure Rock, Basse Terre, Guadeloupe
Diamond Rock, Torrens Point, Saba, Netherlands Antilles
Diamond Rock (Rocher du Diamant), Martinique
Stonehaven Bay, Tobago
Sandy Beach, Saint Lucia
Las Cuevas Bay Trinidad

المكسيك

Piedras Encimadas Valley, Zacatlán, Puebla, Mexico
Peña de Bernal, Bernal Mexico
Copper Canyon, Chihuahua, Mexico
Los Arcos Rocks, Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico
Hierve el Agua, San Lorenzo Albarradas, Mexico

أمريكا الوسطى

Bosque del Cabo, Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica
Los Ladrillos, Boquete, Panama^[2]

أمريكا الجنوبية

الأرجنتين

Quebrada de Humahuaca, Humahuaca
Ongamira Valley, Córdoba, Argentina
Ischigualasto, San Juan Province, Argentina
Monte Fitz Roy, El Chalten, Argentina CA

Bolivia

Dali's Desert, Potosi
Valle de Las Rocas, Uyuni
Canon de Duene

البرازيل

Pão de Açúcar (جبل قمع السكر)، ريو دي جانيرو، البرازيل
Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Pedro do Jacare, São Paulo, Brazil
Dedo de Deus (God's Finger Rock), Serra dos Órgãos, Brazil
Pedra do Cão Sentado, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Pedra da Galinha Choca, Quixadá, Ceará, Brazil

تشيلي

Valle de la Luna, Antofagasta, Chile
Playa de la Calabocillos, Constitucion, Chile
Silla del Diablo, Chile

كولومبيا

El Peñón de Guatapé (La Piedra de Peñol), Antioquia, Colombia
Laguna de La Plaza, Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, Colombia

اوروپا

البوسنة والهرسك

Hajdučka vrata, Čvrsnica mountain

بلغاريا

Belogradchick Rocks and the fortress, Bulgaria

Basarbovo Monastery, Rousse
Belogradchik Rocks
Iskar Gorge, Sofia
Melnik, Sandanski
Sozopol
Wonderful Bridges
Golden Bridges (‘Zlatnite Mostove’), Vitosha
Golyamata Gramada (‘Big Pile’), Vitosha
Pobiti Kamani

كرواتيا

Paklenica, كرواتيا

Bijele stijene (White Rocks) and Samarske stijene (Samar Rocks), Velika Kapela, كرواتيا

Paklenica
Bijele stijene (White Rocks) and Samarske stijene (Samar Rocks), Velika Kapela mountain

جمهورية التشيك

Teplice nad Metují
Medvědí Stezka (Bear's path), Šumava mountains, Klatovy
Vraní skála, Brdy
Suché skály, Turnov
Hruboskalsko

الدنمارك

إستونيا

جزيرة ڤورمسي

فنلندا

Närpes
Naantali

فرنسا

ألمانيا

اليونان

Meteora with Greek Orthodox monasteries

جبل طارق

The iconic Rock of Gibraltar

صخرة جبل طارق

بيليويك گرنسي

Les Autelets, Sark, جزر القنال
Telegraph Bay, Alderney, جزر القنال

أيسلندا

أيرلندا

Beara Peninsula, Bantry, County Cork
Blarney Stone
Skellig Rocks, Iveragh Peninsula, County Kerry
Gap of Dunloe, Killarney, County Kerry
Tory Island, County Donegal
Achill Island, County Mayo
Answering Stone, County Waterford

إيطاليا

Pietra di Bismantova

Il Gargano, Vieste, Apulia
Palmarola, Sicily
Pietra di Bismantova, Reggiano Apennines
Valle Seriana, Bergamo, Lombardy
Golfo di Orosei,Cala Luna, Monte Tiscali, Sardinia
Tarpeian Rock

Latvia

Vidzeme
Pusena Kalns, Bartava

مقدونيا

مالطا

Dwerja, Gozo
Dingli Cliffs, Dingli

جزيرة مان

Glen Maye, Isle of Man

النرويج

Skude, Beiningen, Haugaland
Geirangerfjord
Preikestolen
Kjerag
Troll Wall
Nigardsbreen, part of the larger glacier Jostedalsbreen
Sommarøy, Tromsø
Jutulhogget (Rondane)

پولندا

Cudgel of Hercules – monadrock in Ojców National Park
Mnich
Sloneczna
Dolina Koscieliska, Western Tatras
Dunajec Gorge, Zakopane

البرتغال

Ponta da Piedade, Lagos, Algarve
Albufeira
Porto Moniz, Madeira
Ponta de Sao Lourenco, Madeira

رومانيا

The collapsed Bride's Cave (Salt Mountain) from Slănic, Romania

Apuseni Mountains: Detunatele
Bucegi Mountains: Babele, The Sphinx
Ciucaș Mountains: Porumbelul Bratocei, Colții Bratocei, Turnul Goliat, Babele la sfat, etc.
Făgăraş Mountains: Fereastra zmeilor
Hășmaș Mountains: Piatra singuratică
Piatra Craiului Mountains: La zaplaz, Cerdacul Stanciului, Turnul/Degetul lui Anghelide
Gorges: Bicaz Gorge, Turda Gorge, Danube's Iron Gate (includes Babacai Rock^[3]), Cheile Dobrogei, Cheile Sohodolului, Cheile Doftanei (aka Brebului)
Piatra Secuiului in Alba County
Piatra Verde (or Muntele Verde) and the Salt Mountain in Slănic
Râpa Roșie

روسيا

Tuapse, Krasnodar Krai, Russia
Monrepo Park, Vyborg, St. Petersburg
Taganay National Park, Chelyabinsk
Stolby National Park, Krasnoyarsk Krai^[4]
Kamen Shahtai, Lake Baikal
Sail Rock, Krasnodar Krai

صربيا

Vratna Gates natural stone bridges in Serbia

Đavolja Varoš (Devil's Town)^[5]
Prskalo waterfall, Kučaj mountains^[6]
Vratna Gates three natural stone bridges
Đavoljev kamen near Trgovište

اسبانيا

Los Callejones de Las Majadas rock formations in the Serranía de Cuenca

Los Roques de Garcia, Tenerife, Canary Islands
Las Canades, Tenerife, Canary Islands
Ciudad Encantada, Cuenca
Picuezo and Picueza in Autol, La Rioja
Fuente de los Azulejos, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands
El Torcal, Antequera, Málaga, Andalusia
Roque Nublo, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands
Montserrat, Catalonia
Roques de Benet, in the Ports de Beseit
Los Callejones de Las Majadas in the Serranía de Cuenca
El Guerrero Romano in the Sierra Carrascosa, Aragon
Mallos de Riglos in Aragon
Peña Bajenza in La Rioja
Las Médulas, Province of León, site of Roman gold mines

السويد

The islands Gotland, Fårö and Öland has many coastal stretches with stack formations.
Busten, Glaskogens Nature Reserve, Kalleboda
Stegborgsgarden, Stegborg
Stenhamra, Uppland

سويسرا

Mount Pilatus
Val dal Botsch

سلوڤاكيا

Gotická brána, Sulov rocks / Slovakia

Lehotské skaly, near Handlová
Haligovské skaly, near Stará Ľubovňa
Súľovské skaly (part of the Súľovské vrchy Mountains)
Zelené Pleso Valley (in the High Tatras)
Devin Castle, Devin

أوكرانيا

Hoverla, Carpathian Mountains
Nikita, Ukraine, Yalta
Skaly Taraktasky, Crimea
Karadag, Crimea
Fiolent, Sevastopol

المملكة المتحدة

Uluru, Australia

أوقيانوسيا

أستراليا

Mount Augustus, Australia

The Three Sisters, Katoomba – Blue Mountains, New South Wales
Devils Marbles, Northern Territory
Kata Tjuta, also known as The Olgas, Northern Territory
Rainbow Valley, Northern Territory
Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock, Northern Territory
Murphys Haystacks, Nullarbor Desert, South Australia
Remarkable Rocks, South Australia
Twelve Apostles, Great Ocean Road, Victoria
Mount Augustus, Western Australia
Pinnacles Desert, Nambung National Park, Western Australia
Wave Rock, Hyden, Western Australia

نيوزيلندا

Castle Hill, New Zealand

Castle Hill Basin, Canterbury
Koutu Boulders, Hokianga
Māori Bay giant pillow lava, Muriwai
Lion Rock, Piha
Moeraki Boulders, Otago
The Nuggets, Nugget Point, Otago
Pancake Rocks, Punakaiki
Putangirua Pinnacles, Wairarapa
Stony Batter, Waiheke Island
Truman Track Beach, Punakaiki
Horeke basalts, Hokianga
Gog and Magog, southern Stewart Island/Rakiura

بلدان أخرى

Talava arches, Niue

Fatu Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia
Talava Arches, Niue, South Pacific

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

^ Olumo Rock website
^ "Escalando el Gunko de Boquete" (in Spanish). El Chiricano. 2007-06-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ [1], Wikimapia/www.banaterra.eu
^ Красноярские Столбы
^ The Djavolja Varos (Devil's Town) Natural Landmark, UNESCO World Heritage
^ "Vodopad Prskalo" (in Serbian). FreeBiking.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

وصلات خارجية

[1] Olumo Rock website

[2] "Escalando el Gunko de Boquete" (in Spanish). El Chiricano. 2007-06-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[3] [1], Wikimapia/www.banaterra.eu

[4] Красноярские Столбы

[unesco-5] The Djavolja Varos (Devil's Town) Natural Landmark, UNESCO World Heritage

[6] "Vodopad Prskalo" (in Serbian). FreeBiking.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

v t e List of rock formations in أوروپا
الدول السيادية	ألبانيا أندورا أرمنيا النمسا أذربيجان بلاروس بلجيكا البوسنة والهرسك بلغاريا كرواتيا قبرص التشيك الدنمارك إستونيا فنلندا فرنسا جورجيا ألمانيا اليونان المجر آيسلندا أيرلندا إيطاليا قزاخستان لاتڤيا ليختنشتاين لتوانيا لوكسمبورگ مقدونيا مالطا مولدوڤا موناكو الجبل الأسود هولندا النرويج پولندا الپرتغال رومانيا روسيا سان مارينو صربيا سلوڤاكيا سلوڤنيا إسپانيا السويد سويسرا تركيا أوكرانيا المملكة المتحدة
دول معترف بها على نطاق محدود	أبخازيا كوسوڤو ناگورنو-قرة باغ قبرص الشمالية اوستيا الجنوبية ترانسنيستريا
أراضي مستقلة وأخرى	أولاند جزر فارو جبل طارق گـِرنسي جرزي جزيرة مان سڤالبارد

آسيا

أرمنيا

الصين

الأردن

الهند

إيران

إسرائيل

اليابان

لبنان

منغوليا

Philippines

تايلند

تركيا

اليمن

بلدان أخرى

أفريقيا

Algeria

Angola

بوركينا فاسو

الكامرون

مصر

إرتريا

كنيا

ليبيا

مدغشقر

ملاوي

مالي

موريتانيا

المغرب

ناميبيا

Niger

نيجريا

سيشل

جنوب أفريقيا

السودان

تونس

زمبابوى

أمريكا الشمالية

الولايات المتحدة

كندا

الكاريبي

المكسيك

أمريكا الوسطى

أمريكا الجنوبية

الأرجنتين

Bolivia

البرازيل

تشيلي

كولومبيا

Ecuador

Falkland Islands

Paraguay

Peru

Uruguay

Venezuela

اوروپا

البوسنة والهرسك

بلغاريا

كرواتيا

جمهورية التشيك

الدنمارك

إستونيا

فنلندا

فرنسا

ألمانيا

اليونان

جبل طارق

بيليويك گرنسي

أيسلندا

أيرلندا

إيطاليا

Latvia

مقدونيا

مالطا

جزيرة مان

النرويج

پولندا

البرتغال

رومانيا

روسيا