قائمة أباطرة اليابان
الأباطرة الذين حكموا اليابان حتى الآن 125 إمبراطور.
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أباطرة اليابان (660 ق.م.–الحاضر)
| No. | Portrait | Personal name | Reign | Posthumous name | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Legendary Emperors (660 BCE – 269 CE) | |||||
| 1 | 
|
Kamu-yamato Iware-biko no Mikoto | 660–585 BCE | Emperor Jimmu 神武天皇 |
Traditional dates; claimed descent from the sun goddess, Amaterasu[1] |
| 2 | 
|
Kamu Nunagawamimi no Mikoto | 581–549 BCE | Emperor Suizei 綏靖天皇 |
Traditional dates;[2] 3rd son of Jimmu;[3] presumed legendary |
| 3 | 
|
Shikitsuhiko Tamademi no Mikoto | 549–511 BCE | Emperor Annei 安寧天皇 |
Traditional dates;[4] son and heir of Suizei;[3] presumed legendary |
| 4 | 
|
Oho Yamatohiko Sukitomo no Mikoto | 510–476 BCE | Emperor Itoku 懿徳天皇 |
Traditional dates;[4] 2nd son of Annei;[3] presumed legendary |
| 5 | 
|
Mimatsuhiko Kaeshine no Mikoto | 475–393 BCE | Emperor Kōshō 孝昭天皇 |
Traditional dates;[5] son and heir of Itoku;[3] presumed legendary |
| 6 | 
|
Oho Yamato Tarashihiko Kunioshi Hito no Mikoto | 392–291 BCE | Emperor Kōan 孝安天皇 |
Traditional dates;[6] 2nd son of Kōshō;[3] presumed legendary |
| 7 | 
|
Oho Yamato Nekohiko Futoni no Mikoto | 290–215 BCE | Emperor Kōrei 孝霊天皇 |
Traditional dates;[7] son and heir of Kōan;[3] presumed legendary |
| 8 | 
|
Oho Yamato Nekohiko Kuni Kuru no Mikoto | 214–158 BCE | Emperor Kōgen 孝元天皇 |
Traditional dates;[8] son and heir of Kōrei;[3] presumed legendary |
| 9 | 
|
Waka Yamato Nekohiko Oho Bibino no Mikoto | 157–98 BCE | Emperor Kaika 開化天皇 |
Traditional dates;[9] 2nd son of Kōgen;[3] presumed legendary |
| 10 | 
|
Mimaki Irihiko Inie no Mikoto | 97–30 BCE | Emperor Sujin 崇神天皇 |
Traditional dates;[10] first Emperor with a direct possibility of existence[11] |
| 11 | 
|
Ikume Irihiko Isachi no Mikoto | 29 BCE–70 CE | Emperor Suinin 垂仁天皇 |
Traditional dates[12] |
| 12 | 
|
Oho Tarashihiko Oshirowake no Mikoto | 71–130 | Emperor Keikō 景行天皇 |
Traditional dates[13] |
| 13 | 
|
Waka Tarashihiko no Mikoto | 131–191 | Emperor Seimu 成務天皇 |
Traditional dates[14] |
| 14 | 
|
Tarashi Nakatsuhiko no Mikoto | 192–200 | Emperor Chūai 仲哀天皇 |
Traditional dates[15] |
|
Okinaga Tarashihime no Mikoto | 201–269 | Empress Jingū 神功皇后 |
Traditional dates;[16] served as regent for Emperor Ōjin; not counted among the officially numbered Emperors | |
| Kofun period (269–539) | |||||
| 15 | 
|
Honda no Sumeramikoto / Ōtomowake no Mikoto / Homutawake no Mikoto | 270–310 | Emperor Ōjin 応神天皇 |
Traditional dates;[17] deified as Hachiman |
| 16 | 
|
Ō Sazaki no Mikoto | 313–399 | Emperor Nintoku 仁徳天皇 |
Traditional dates[18] |
| 17 | 
|
Isaho Wake no Mikoto | 400–405 | Emperor Richū 履中天皇 |
Traditional dates[19] |
| 18 |
|
Tajihi Mizuha Wake no Mikoto | 406–410 | Emperor Hanzei 反正天皇 |
Traditional dates[20] |
| 19 | 
|
Wo Asazuma Wakugo no Sukune no Mikoto | 411–453 | Emperor Ingyō 允恭天皇 |
Traditional dates[21] |
| 20 | 
|
Anaho no Mikoto | 453–456 | Emperor Ankō 安康天皇 |
Traditional dates[22] |
| 21 | 
|
Oho Hatsuse Wakatakeru no Mikoto | 456–479 | Emperor Yūryaku 雄略天皇 |
Traditional dates[23] |
| 22 |
|
Shiraka Takehiro Kuni Oshi Waka Yamato Neko no Mikoto | 480–484 | Emperor Seinei 清寧天皇 |
Traditional dates[24] |
| 23 | 
|
Ohoke no Mikoto | 485–487 | Emperor Kenzō 顕宗天皇 |
Traditional dates[25] |
| 24 | 
|
Ohoshi (Ohosu) no Mikoto/ Shimano Iratsuko | 488–498 | Emperor Ninken 仁賢天皇 |
Traditional dates[26] |
| 25 |
|
Wohatsuse Wakasazaki | 498–506 | Emperor Buretsu 武烈天皇 |
Traditional dates[27] |
| 26 | 
|
Ōto/Hikofuto (Hikofuto no Mikoto/Ōdo no Sumera Mikoto) | 507–531 | Emperor Keitai 継体天皇 |
Traditional dates[28] |
| 27 |
|
Hirokuni Oshitake Kanahi no Mikoto | 531–535 | Emperor Ankan 安閑天皇 |
Traditional dates[29] |
| 28 |
|
Takeo Hirokuni Oshitate no Mikoto | 535–539 | Emperor Senka 宣化天皇 |
Traditional dates[30] |
| Asuka period (539–710) | |||||
| 29 | 
|
Amekuni Oshiharuki Hironiwa no Sumera Mikoto | 539–571 | Emperor Kinmei 欽明天皇 |
Traditional dates;[31] all Emperors from Kinmei onwards are historically verifiable[32] |
| 30 |
|
Osada no Nunakura no Futotamashiki no Mikoto | 572–585 | Emperor Bidatsu 敏達天皇 |
Traditional dates[33] |
| 31 | 
|
Ooe/Tachibana no Toyohi no Sumera Mikoto | 585–587 | Emperor Yōmei 用明天皇 |
Traditional dates[34] |
| 32 |
|
Hatsusebe no (Wakasasagi) Mikoto | 587–592 | Emperor Sushun 崇峻天皇 |
Traditional dates[35] |
| 33 | 
|
Nukatabe/Toyomike Kashikiyahime | 592–628 | Empress Suiko 推古天皇 |
Traditional dates;[36] first non-legendary female Emperor; Prince Shotoku acted as her regent |
| 34 |
|
Tamura (Oki Nagatarashihi Hironuka no Sumera Mikoto) | 629–641 | Emperor Jomei 舒明天皇 |
Traditional dates[37] |
| 35 | 
|
Takara (Ame Toyotakaraikashi Hitarashi Hime no Sumera Mikoto) | 642–645 | Empress Kōgyoku 皇極天皇 |
Traditional dates;[38] reigned twice |
| 36 |
|
Karu (Ame Yorozu Toyohi no Sumera Mikoto) | 645–654 | Emperor Kōtoku 孝徳天皇 |
Traditional dates[39] |
| 37 |
|
Takara (Ame Toyotakaraikashi Hitarashi Hime no Sumera Mikoto) | 655–661 | Empress Saimei 斉明天皇 |
Traditional dates;[40] second reign of Empress Kōgyoku |
| 38 | -by-Utagawa-Kuniyoshi.png)
|
Katsuragi/Nakano-ooe (Ame Mikoto Hirakasuwake no Mikoto/Amatsu Mikoto Sakiwake no Mikoto) | 661–672 | Emperor Tenji 天智天皇 |
Traditional dates[41] |
| 39 | 
|
Ōtomo | 672 | Emperor Kōbun 弘文天皇 |
Traditional dates;[42] usurped by Tenmu; posthumously named (1870) |
| 40 | 
|
Ōama/Ohoshiama/Ōsama (Ame no Nunahara Oki no Mahito no Sumera Mikoto) | 672–686 | Emperor Tenmu 天武天皇 |
Traditional dates[43] |
| 41 | 
|
Unonosarara (Takama no Harahiro no Hime no Sumera Mikoto) | 686–697 | Empress Jitō 持統天皇 |
Traditional dates[44] |
| 42 | 
|
Karu (Ame no Mamune Toyoohoji no Sumera Mikoto) | 697–707 | Emperor Monmu 文武天皇 |
Traditional dates[45] |
| Nara period (710–794) | |||||
| 43 | 
|
Ahe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Mishiro Toyokuni Narihime no Sumera Mikoto) | 707–715 | Empress Genmei 元明天皇 |
Traditional dates[46] |
| 44 | Hidaka/Niinomi (Yamatoneko Takamizu Kiyotarashi Hime no Sumera Mikoto) | 715–724 | Empress Genshō 元正天皇 |
Traditional dates[47] | |
| 45 | 
|
Obito (Ameshirushi Kunioshiharuki Toyosakurahiko no Sumera Mikoto) | 724–749 | Emperor Shōmu 聖武天皇 |
Traditional dates[48] |
| 46 | 
|
Abe (Yamatoneko no Sumera Mikoto) | 749–758 | Empress Kōken 孝謙天皇 |
Traditional dates;[49] reigned twice |
| 47 |
|
Ōi | 758–764 | Emperor Junnin 淳仁天皇 |
Traditional dates[50] dethroned by Shōtoku; posthumously named (1870) |
| 48 |
|
Abe (Yamatoneko no Sumera Mikoto) | 764–770 | Empress Shōtoku 称徳天皇 |
Traditional dates;[51] second reign of Empress Kōken |
| 49 |
|
Shirakabe (Amemune Takatsugi no Mikoto) | 770–781 | Emperor Kōnin 光仁天皇 |
Traditional dates[52] |
| 50 | 
|
Yamabe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Hitsugi Iyaderi no Mikoto) | 781–806 | Emperor Kanmu 桓武天皇 |
Traditional dates[53] |
| Heian period (794–1185) | |||||
| 51 |
|
Ate (Yamatoneko Ameoshikuni Takahiko no Mikoto) | 806–809 | Emperor Heizei 平城天皇 |
Traditional dates[54] |
| 52 | 
|
Kamino | 809–823 | Emperor Saga 嵯峨天皇 |
Traditional dates[55] |
| 53 |
|
Ōtomo | 823–833 | Emperor Junna 淳和天皇 |
Traditional dates[56] |
| 54 |
|
Masara | 833–850 | Emperor Ninmyō 仁明天皇 |
Traditional dates[57] |
| 55 | 
|
Michiyasu | 850–858 | Emperor Montoku 文徳天皇 |
Traditional dates[58] |
| 56 | 
|
Korehito | 858–876 | Emperor Seiwa 清和天皇 |
Traditional dates[59] |
| 57 | 
|
Sadaakira | 876–884 | Emperor Yōzei 陽成天皇 |
Traditional dates[60] |
| 58 | 
|
Tokiyasu | 884–887 | Emperor Kōkō 光孝天皇 |
Traditional dates[61] |
| 59 | 
|
Sadami | 887–897 | Emperor Uda 宇多天皇 |
Traditional dates[62] |
| 60 | 
|
Atsuhito | 897–930 | Emperor Daigo 醍醐天皇 |
Traditional dates[63] |
| 61 |
|
Yutaakira | 930–946 | Emperor Suzaku 朱雀天皇 |
Traditional dates[64] |
| 62 | 
|
Nariakira | 946–967 | Emperor Murakami 村上天皇 |
Traditional dates[65] |
| 63 |
|
Norihira | 967–969 | Emperor Reizei 冷泉天皇 |
Traditional dates[66] |
| 64 |
|
Morihira | 969–984 | Emperor En'yū 円融天皇 |
Traditional dates[67] |
| 65 | 
|
Morosada | 984–986 | Emperor Kazan 花山天皇 |
Traditional dates[68] |
| 66 | 
|
Kanehito | 986–1011 | Emperor Ichijō 一条天皇 |
Traditional dates[69] |
| 67 | 
|
Okisada/Iyasada | 1011–1016 | Emperor Sanjō 三条天皇 |
Traditional dates[70] |
| 68 |
|
Atsuhira | 1016–1036 | Emperor Go-Ichijō 後一条天皇 |
Traditional dates[71] |
| 69 |
|
Atsunaga/Atsuyoshi | 1036–1045 | Emperor Go-Suzaku 後朱雀天皇 |
Traditional dates[72] |
| 70 |
|
Chikahito | 1045–1068 | Emperor Go-Reizei 後冷泉天皇 |
Traditional dates[73] |
| 71 | 
|
Takahito | 1068–1073 | Emperor Go-Sanjō 後三条天皇 |
Traditional dates[74] |
| 72 | 
|
Sadahito | 1073–1087 | Emperor Shirakawa 白河天皇 |
Traditional dates[75] |
| 73 |
|
Taruhito | 1087–1107 | Emperor Horikawa 堀河天皇 |
Traditional dates[76] |
| 74 | 
|
Munehito | 1107–1123 | Emperor Toba 鳥羽天皇 |
Traditional dates[77] |
| 75 | 
|
Akihito | 1123–1142 | Emperor Sutoku 崇徳天皇 |
Traditional dates[78] |
| 76 |
|
Narihito | 1142–1155 | Emperor Konoe 近衛天皇 |
Traditional dates[79] |
| 77 | 
|
Masahito | 1155–1158 | Emperor Go-Shirakawa 後白河天皇 |
Traditional dates[80] |
| 78 | 
|
Morihito | 1158–1165 | Emperor Nijō 二条天皇 |
Traditional dates[81] |
| 79 |
|
Yorihito | 1165–1168 | Emperor Rokujō 六条天皇 |
Traditional dates[82] |
| 80 | 
|
Norihito | 1168–1180 | Emperor Takakura 高倉天皇 |
Traditional dates[82] |
| 81 | 
|
Tokihito | 1180–1185 | Emperor Antoku 安徳天皇 |
Traditional dates[83] |
| Kamakura period (1185–1333) | |||||
| 82 | 
|
Takahira | 1183–1198 | Emperor Go-Toba 後鳥羽天皇 |
Traditional dates[84] |
| 83 | 
|
Tamehito | 1198–1210 | Emperor Tsuchimikado 土御門天皇 |
Traditional dates[85] |
| 84 | 
|
Morihira/Morinari | 1210–1221 | Emperor Juntoku 順徳天皇 |
Traditional dates[86] |
| 85 |
|
Kanehira/Kanenari | 1221 | Emperor Chūkyō 仲恭天皇 |
Traditional dates;[87] posthumously named (1870) |
| 86 | 
|
Yutahito | 1221–1232 | Emperor Go-Horikawa 後堀河天皇 |
Traditional dates[88] |
| 87 | 
|
Mitsuhito/Toshihito | 1232–1242 | Emperor Shijō 四条天皇 |
Traditional dates[89] |
| 88 | 
|
Kunihito | 1242–1246 | Emperor Go-Saga 後嵯峨天皇 |
Traditional dates[90] |
| 89 | 
|
Hisahito | 1246–1260 | Emperor Go-Fukakusa 後深草天皇 |
Traditional dates[91] |
| 90 | 
|
Tsunehito | 1260–1274 | Emperor Kameyama 亀山天皇 |
Traditional dates[92] |
| 91 | 
|
Yohito | 1274–1287 | Emperor Go-Uda 後宇多天皇 |
Traditional dates[93] |
| 92 | 
|
Hirohito | 1287–1298 | Emperor Fushimi 伏見天皇 |
Traditional dates[94] |
| 93 | 
|
Tanehito | 1298–1301 | Emperor Go-Fushimi 後伏見天皇 |
Traditional dates[95] |
| 94 | 
|
Kuniharu | 1301–1308 | Emperor Go-Nijō 後二条天皇 |
Traditional dates[96] |
| 95 | 
|
Tomihito | 1308–1318 | Emperor Hanazono 花園天皇 |
Traditional dates[97] |
| 96 | 
|
Takaharu | 1318–1339 | Emperor Go-Daigo 後醍醐天皇 |
Traditional dates;[98] Southern Court |
| Northern Court (1331–1392) | |||||
|
Kazuhito | 1331–1333 | Emperor Kōgon 光厳天皇 |
Traditional dates[99] | |
|
Yutahito | 1336–1348 | Emperor Kōmyō 光明天皇 |
Traditional dates[100] | |
|
|
Okihito | 1348–1351 | Emperor Sukō 崇光天皇 |
Traditional dates[101] | |
|
Iyahito | 1352–1371 | Emperor Go-Kōgon 後光厳天皇 |
Traditional dates[102] | |
|
Ohito | 1371–1382 | Emperor Go-En'yū 後円融天皇 |
Traditional dates[103] | |
|
Motohito | 1382–1392 | Emperor Go-Komatsu 後小松天皇 |
Traditional dates;[104] reunified courts in 1392; see 100 below | |
| Muromachi period and Azuchi–Momoyama period (1333–1603) | |||||
| 97 | 
|
Norinaga/Noriyoshi | 1339–1368 | Emperor Go-Murakami 後村上天皇 |
Traditional dates;[105] Southern Court |
| 98 |
|
Yutanari | 1368–1383 | Emperor Chōkei 長慶天皇 |
Traditional dates;[106] Southern Court |
| 99 | 
|
Hironari | 1383–1392 | Emperor Go-Kameyama 後亀山天皇 |
Traditional dates;[107] Southern Court |
| 100 |
|
Motohito | 1392–1412 | Emperor Go-Komatsu 後小松天皇 |
Traditional dates;[108] reunified courts; see also entry in Northern Court section above |
| 101 |
|
Mihito | 1412–1428 | Emperor Shōkō 称光天皇 |
Traditional dates[109] |
| 102 | 
|
Hikohito | 1428–1464 | Emperor Go-Hanazono 後花園天皇 |
Traditional dates[110] |
| 103 |
|
Fusahito | 1464–1500 | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado 後土御門天皇 |
Traditional dates[111] |
| 104 |
|
Katsuhito | 1500–1526 | Emperor Go-Kashiwabara 後柏原天皇 |
Traditional dates[112] |
| 105 | 
|
Tomohito | 1526–1557 | Emperor Go-Nara 後奈良天皇 |
Traditional dates[113] |
| 106 | 
|
Michihito | 1557–1586 | Emperor Ōgimachi 正親町天皇 |
Traditional dates[114] |
| 107 | 
|
Kazuhito/Katahito | 1586–1611 | Emperor Go-Yōzei 後陽成天皇 |
Traditional dates[115] |
| Edo period (1603–1867) | |||||
| 108 | 
|
Kotohito | 1611–1629 | Emperor Go-Mizunoo (Go-Minoo) 後水尾天皇 |
Traditional dates[116] |
| 109 | 
|
Okiko | 1629–1643 | Empress Meishō 明正天皇 |
Traditional dates[117] |
| 110 | 
|
Tsuguhito | 1643–1654 | Emperor Go-Kōmyō 後光明天皇 |
Traditional dates[118] |
| 111 | 
|
Nagahito | 1655–1663 | Emperor Go-Sai 後西天皇 |
Traditional dates[119] |
| 112 | 
|
Satohito | 1663–1687 | Emperor Reigen 霊元天皇 |
Traditional dates[120] |
| 113 | 
|
Asahito/Tomohito | 1687–1709 | Emperor Higashiyama 東山天皇 |
Traditional dates[121] |
| 114 | 
|
Yasuhito/Yoshihito | 1709–1735 | Emperor Nakamikado 中御門天皇 |
Traditional dates[122] |
| 115 | 
|
Teruhito | 1735–1747 | Emperor Sakuramachi 桜町天皇 |
Traditional dates[123] |
| 116 | 
|
Toohito | 1747–1762 | Emperor Momozono 桃園天皇 |
Traditional dates[124] |
| 117 | 
|
Toshiko | 1762–1771 | Empress Go-Sakuramachi 後桜町天皇 |
Traditional dates[125] Last female Emperor. Abdicated; died in 1813 |
| 118 | 
|
Hidehito | 1771–1779 | Emperor Go-Momozono 後桃園天皇 |
Traditional dates[126] |
| 119 | 
|
Morohito | 1780–1817 | Emperor Kōkaku 光格天皇 |
Traditional dates[127] Died in 1840 |
| 120 | 
|
Ayahito | 1817–1846 | Emperor Ninkō 仁孝天皇 |
Traditional dates[128] |
| 121 | 
|
Osahito | 1846–1867 | Emperor Kōmei 孝明天皇 |
Last instance of an Emperor with multiple era names |
| Modern Japan (from 1867) | |||||
| 122 | 
|
Mutsuhito | 1867–1912 | Emperor Meiji 明治天皇 |
The first Emperor of the Empire of Japan |
| 123 | 
|
Yoshihito | 1912–1926 | Emperor Taishō 大正天皇 |
Crown Prince Hirohito served as Sesshō (摂政; "Regent") 1921–1926 |
| 124 | 
|
Hirohito | 1926–1989 | Emperor Shōwa 昭和天皇 |
Served as Sesshō (摂政; "Regent") 1921–1926. The last Emperor of the Empire of Japan |
| 125 | 
|
Akihito | 1989–2019 | {{N/A}} | Abdicated at the end of 30 April 2019, first to abdicate since Emperor Kōkaku. Referred to as Jōkō (上皇) in Japanese, and as "Emperor Emeritus" in English. He will be known as "Emperor Heisei" (平成天皇) posthumously |
| 126 | .jpg)
|
Naruhito | 2019–present | {{N/A}} | Ascended on 1 May 2019. Referred to as Kinjō Tennō (今上天皇; "the Reigning Emperor") or Tennō Heika (天皇陛下; "His Majesty the Emperor") in Japanese, and as "Emperor Naruhito" in English. He will be known as "Emperor Reiwa" (令和天皇) posthumously[129] |
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon (Nihon Ōdai Ichiran), pp. 1–3; Brown, Delmer M. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 249; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 84–88;
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 3–4; Brown, pp. 250–251; Varley, pp. 88–89.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د Brown, p. 248.
- ^ أ ب Titsingh, p. 4; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 4–5; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 5; Brown, pp. 251–252; Varley, p. 90.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 5–6; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 90–92.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 6; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 92–93.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 6–7; Brown, p. 252; Varley, p. 93.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 7–9; Brown, p. 253; Varley, pp. 93–95.
- ^ Yoshida, Reiji. "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl," Japan Times. March 27, 2007; retrieved 2013-8-22.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 9–10; Brown, pp. 253–254; Varley, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 11–14; Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 96–99.
- ^ Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 99–100; Titsingh, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Brown, pp. 254–255; Varley, pp. 100–101; Titsingh, p. 15.
- ^ Brown, p. 255; Varley, pp. 101–103; Titsingh, pp. 16–19.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 19–22; Brown, pp. 255–256; Varley, pp. 103–10.
- ^ Brown, pp. 256–257; Varley, pp. 110–111; Titsingh, pp. 22–24.
- ^ Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 111; Titsingh, pp. 24–25.
- ^ Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 112; Titsingh, p. 25.
- ^ Brown, pp. 257–258; Varley, p. 112; Titsingh, p. 26.
- ^ Brown, p. 258; Varley, p. 113; Titsingh, p. 26.
- ^ Brown, p. 258; Varley, pp. 113–115; Titsingh, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Brown, p. 258–259; Varley, pp. 115–116; Titsingh, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Brown, p. 259; Varley, p. 116; Titsingh, pp. 29–30.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 30; Brown, p. 259-260; Varley, p. 117.
- ^ Brown, p. 260; Varley, pp. 117–118; Titsingh, p. 31.
- ^ Brown, pp. 260–261; Varley, pp. 17–18, 119–120; Titsingh, p. 31–32.
- ^ Brown, p. 261; Varley, pp. 120–121; Brown, p. 261; Titsingh, p. 33.
- ^ Brown, p. 261; Varley, p. 121; Titsingh, p. 33–34.
- ^ Brown, pp. 261–262; Varley, pp. 123–124; Titsingh, p. 34–36.
- ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds, p. 78; excerpt, "According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jinmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jinmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kinmei."
- ^ Varley, pp. 124–125; Brown, pp. 262–263; Titsingh, p. 36–37.
- ^ Brown, p. 263; Varley, pp. 125–126; Titsingh, p. 37–38.
- ^ Brown, p. 263; Varley, p. 126; Titsingh, p. 38–39.
- ^ Brown, pp. 263–264; Varley, pp. 126–129; Titsingh, pp. 39–42.
- ^ Brown, pp. 264–265; Varley, pp. 129–130; Titsingh, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Brown, pp. 265–266; Varley, pp. 130–132; Titsingh, pp. 43–47.
- ^ Brown, pp. 266–267; Varley, pp. 132–133; Titsingh, pp. 47–50.
- ^ Brown, p. 267; Varley, pp. 133–134; Titsingh, pp. 50–52.
- ^ Brown, p. 268; Varley, p. 135; Titsingh, pp. 52–56.
- ^ Brown, pp. 268–269; Varley, pp. 135–136; Titsingh, pp. 56–58.
- ^ Brown, pp. 268–269; Varley, pp. 135–136; Titsingh, pp. 58–59.
- ^ Brown, pp. 269–270; Varley, pp. 136–137; Titsingh, pp. 59–60.
- ^ Brown, pp. 270–271; Varley, pp. 137–140; Titsingh, pp. 60–63.
- ^ Brown, p. 271; Varley, p. 140; Titsingh, pp. 63–65.
- ^ Brown, p. 271–272; Varley, pp. 140–141; Titsingh, pp. 65–67.
- ^ Brown, pp. 272–273; Varley, pp. 141–143; Titsingh, pp. 67–73.
- ^ Brown, pp. 274–275; Varley, p. 143; Titsingh, pp. 73–75.
- ^ Brown, p. 275; Varley, pp. 143–144; Titsingh, pp. 75–78.
- ^ Brown, p. 276; Varley, pp. 144–147; Titsingh, pp. 78–81.
- ^ Brown, p. 276–277; Varley, pp. 147–148; Titsingh, pp. 81–85.
- ^ Brown, pp. 277–279; Varley, pp. 148–150; Titsingh, pp. 86–95.
- ^ Brown, pp. 279–280; Varley, p. 151; Titsingh, pp. 96–97.
- ^ Brown, pp. 280–282; Varley, pp. 151–164; Titsingh, pp. 97–102.
- ^ Brown, p. 282–283; Varley, p. 164; Titsingh, pp. 103–106.
- ^ Brown, pp. 283–284; Varley, pp. 164–165; Titsingh, pp. 106–112.
- ^ Brown, pp. 285–286; Varley, p. 165; Titsingh, pp. 112–115.
- ^ Brown, pp. 286–288; Varley, pp. 166–170; Titsingh, pp. 115–121.
- ^ Brown, pp. 288–289; Varley, pp. 170–171; Titsingh, pp. 121–124.
- ^ Brown, p. 289; Varley, pp. 171–175; Titsingh, pp. 124–125.
- ^ Brown, p. 289–290; Varley, pp. 175–179; Titsingh, pp. 125–129.
- ^ Brown, pp. 290–293; Varley, pp. 179–181; Titsingh, pp. 129–134.
- ^ Brown, pp. 294–295; Varley, pp. 181–183; Titsingh, pp. 134–138.
- ^ Brown, pp. 295–298; Varley, pp. 183–190; Titsingh, pp. 139–142.
- ^ Brown, p. 298; Varley, pp. 190–191; Titsingh, pp. 142–143.
- ^ Brown, pp. 299–300; Varley, pp. 191–192; Titsingh, pp. 144–148.
- ^ Brown, pp. 300–302; Varley, p. 192; Titsingh, pp. 148–149.
- ^ Brown, pp. 302–307; Varley, pp. 192–195; Titsingh, pp. 150–154.
- ^ Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 195; Titsingh, pp. 154–155.
- ^ Brown, pp. 307–310; Varley, pp. 195–196; Titsingh, pp. 156–160.
- ^ Brown, pp. 310–311; Varley, p. 197; Titsingh, pp. 160–162.
- ^ Brown, pp. 311–314; Varley, pp. 197–198; Titsingh, pp. 162–166.
- ^ Brown, pp. 314–315; Varley, pp. 198–199; Titsingh, pp. 166–168.
- ^ Brown, pp. 315–317; Varley, pp. 199–202; Titsingh, pp. 169–171.
- ^ Brown, pp. 317–320; Varley, p. 202; Titsingh, pp. 172–178.
- ^ Brown, pp. 320–322; Varley, pp. 203–204; Titsingh, pp. 178–181.
- ^ Brown, pp. 322–324; Varley, pp. 204–205; Titsingh, pp. 181–185.
- ^ Brown, pp. 324–326; Varley, p. 205; Titsingh, pp. 186–188.
- ^ Brown, p. 326–327; Varley, pp. 205–208; Titsingh, pp. 188–190.
- ^ Brown, pp. 327–329; Varley, pp. 208–212; Titsingh, pp. 191–194.
- ^ أ ب Brown, pp. 329–330; Varley, p. 212; Titsingh, pp. 194–195.
- ^ Brown, pp. 333–334; Varley, pp. 214–215; Titsingh, pp. 200–207.
- ^ Brown, pp. 334–339; Varley, pp. 215–220; Titsingh, pp. 207–221.
- ^ Brown, pp. 339–341; Varley, pp 220; Titsingh, pp. 221–230.
- ^ Brown, pp. 341–343, Varley, pp. 221–223; Titsingh, pp. 230–238.
- ^ Brown, pp. 343–344; Varley, pp. 223–226; Titsingh, pp. 236–238.
- ^ Brown, pp. 344–349; Varley, pp. 226–227; Titsingh, pp. 238–241.
- ^ Varley, p. 227; Titsingh, pp. 242–245.
- ^ Varley, pp. 228–231; Titsingh, pp. 245–247.
- ^ Varley, pp. 231–232; Titsingh, pp. 248–253.
- ^ Varley, pp. 232–233; Titsingh, pp. 253–261.
- ^ Varley, pp. 233–237; Titsingh, pp. 262–269.
- ^ Varley, pp. 237–238; Titsingh, pp. 269–274.
- ^ Varley, pp. 238–239; Titsingh, pp. 274–275.
- ^ Varley, p. 239; Titsingh, pp. 275–278.
- ^ Varley, pp. 239–241; Titsingh, pp. 278–281.
- ^ Varley, pp. 241–269; Titsingh, pp. 281–286, and Titsingh, p. 290–294.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 286–289.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 294–298.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 298–301.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 302–309.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 310–316.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 317–327.
- ^ Varley, pp. 269–270 | Titsingh, p. .
- ^ Titsingh, p. .
- ^ [Titsingh, p. ]–320.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 320–327.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 327–331.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 331–351.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 352–364.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 364–372.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 372–382.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 382–402.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 402–409.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 410–411.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 411–412.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 412–413.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 413.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 414–415.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 415–416.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 416–417.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 417–418.
- ^ Titisngh, pp. 418–419.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 419.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 419–420.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 420–421.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 421.
- ^ "Japan's Emperor thanks country, prays for peace before abdication". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
المراجع
- Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982). Lessons from History: the 'Tokushi yoron'. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. 10-ISBN 070221485X/13-ISBN 9780702214851; OCLC 157026188
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10-ISBN 0-520-03460-0; 13-ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. 10-ISBN 0-231-04940-4; 13-ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
وصلات خارجية
- تحويل قالب:ملوك اليابان
الكلمات الدالة: