شولجي

شولگي Shulgi
𒀭𒂄𒄀
Cylinder seal of Shulgi.jpg
Shulgi seal (drawing).jpg
ختم أسطواني لشولگي. النقش يقول "To Nuska, supreme minister of Enlil, his king, for the life of Shulgi, strong hero, King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad".[1] متحف اللوڤر.
ملك الامبراطورية السومرية الجديدة
العهدح. 2029 ق.م. – 1982 ق.م.
سبقهأور نمو
تبعهAmar-Sin
الأنجالAmar-Sin, Liwir-Mitashu
الأسرةأسرة أور الثالثة
الأبأور نمو
لوح أساس الملك شولگي
(ح. 2094–2046 ق.م.)
𒀭 𒐏𒋰𒁀
𒎏𒀀𒉌
𒂄𒄀
𒍑𒆗𒂵
𒈗 𒋀𒀊𒆠𒈠
𒈗𒆠𒂗
𒄀𒆠𒌵𒆤
𒂍𒀀𒉌
𒈬𒈾𒆕
DNimintabba.............. "For Nimintabba"BLANK ICON.png
NIN-a-ni..................... "his Lady,"
SHUL-GI.................... "Shulgi"
NITAH KALAG ga...... "the mighty man"
LUGAL URIM KI ma... "King of Ur"BLANK ICON.png
LUGAL ki en............... "King of Sumer"
gi ki URI ke................. "and Akkad,"
E a ni.......................... "her Temple"BLANK ICON.png
mu na DU................... "he built"[4]
لوح الأساس للمك شولگي (ح. 2094–2047 ق.م.)، لمعبد Nimintabba في أور. ME 118560 المتحف البريطاني.[2][3] النقش "لسيدته Nimintabba، شولگي الرجل القوي، ملك أور و ملك سومر وأكد, has built her Temple":[4] The traditional orientation is vertical, but modern transcription is based on the rotated script.

شولگي (𒀭𒂄𒄀 dŠulgi, formerly read as Dungi) بـاللغة السومرية) هو ثاني ملوك أسرة أور الثالثة بعد والده أور نمو مشرع أول قانون في بلاد الرافدين استمر حكمه لمدة 48 سنة (2029-1982 ق.م.) وهو من أكمل بناء زقورة أور الكبيرة بعد مقتل والده أور نمو بعد احدى المعارك مع الكوتيين.

شولگي هو ابن أور نمو حسب قائمة الملوك السومريين، استمر شولگي بنهج والده بمحاربة الكوتيين، كما قام أيضا باكمال بناء زقورة اور وبنى أيضا معابد وهناك من المصادر تعزى بناء معبد الإله ايساكيلا في بابل للملك شولگي كما أنه قام ببناء مدينة دير بعد طرد الكوتيين منها وبنى عدة معابد كما أنه قام بإنشاء عدة مدن و قرى و شوارع كما يعزى إليه أنه أول من بنى أماكن استراحات او مقاهي في الطرق من اجل الاستراحة.

وزن نصف-مينا (248 جرام)، يحمل اسم الملك شولگي

كما افتخر شولگي بقدرته العدْو بسرعات فائقة لمسافات طويلة. فقد ادعى في العام السابع من حكمه أنه ركض من نيپور إلى أول، وهي مسافة ليس أقل من 160 كيلومتر.[5] ويشير كرامر إلى شولگي بأنه "أول بطل عداء مسافات طويلة."[6]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

حياته وعمله

شولگي كان ابن Ur-Nammu king of Ur – according to one later text (CM 48), by a daughter of the former king Utu-hengal of Uruk – and was a member of the Third dynasty of Ur. Year-names are known for all 48 years of his reign, providing a fairly complete contemporary view of the highlights of his career.[7]

Shulgi is best known for his extensive revision of the scribal school's curriculum. Although it is unclear how much he actually wrote, there are numerous praise poems written by and directed towards this ruler. He proclaimed himself a god in his 23rd regnal year.[8]

Some early chronicles castigate Shulgi for his impiety: The Weidner Chronicle (ABC 19)[9] states that "he did not perform his rites to the letter, he defiled his purification rituals". CM 48[10] charges him with improper tampering with the rites, composing "untruthful stelae, insolent writings" on them. The Chronicle of Early Kings (ABC 20)[11] accuses him of "criminal tendencies, and the property of Esagila and Babylon he took away as booty."


الاسم

Early uncertainties about the reading of cuneiform led to the readings "Shulgi" and "Dungi" being common transliterations before the end of the 19th century. However, over the course of the 20th century, the scholarly consensus gravitated away from dun towards shul as the correct pronunciation of the 𒂄 sign. The spelling of Shulgi's name by scribes with the diĝir determinative reflects his deification during his reign, a status and spelling previously claimed by his Akkadian predecessor Naram-Sin.[12]

Personal glorification

Text of the "Self-praise of Shulgi (Shulgi D)".

Shulgi also boasted about his ability to maintain high speeds while running long distances. He claimed in his 7th regnal year to have run from Nippur to Ur, a distance of not less than 100 miles.[5] Kramer refers to Shulgi as "The first long distance running champion."[13]

Shulgi wrote a long royal hymn to glorify himself and his actions, in which he refers to himself as "the king of the four-quarters, the pastor of the black-headed people".[14]

Shulgi claimed that he spoke Elamite as well as he spoke Sumerian.[12]

النزاعات المسلحة

While Der had been one of the cities whose temple affairs Shulgi had directed in the first part of his reign, in his 20th year he claimed that the gods had decided that it now be destroyed, apparently as some punishment. The inscriptions state that he "put its field accounts in order" with the pick-axe. His 18th year-name was Year Liwir-mitashu, the king's daughter, was elevated to the ladyship in Marhashi, referring to a country east of Elam and her dynastic marriage to its king, Libanukshabash. Following this, Shulgi engaged in a period of expansionism at the expense of highlanders such as the Lullubi, and destroyed Simurrum (another mountain tribe) and Lulubum nine times between the 26th and 45th years of his reign.[15] In his 30th year, his daughter was married to the governor of Anshan; in his 34th year, he was already levying a punitive campaign against the place. He also destroyed Kimash and Humurtu (cities to the east of Ur, somewhere in Elam) in the 45th year of his reign.[15] Ultimately, Shulgi was never able to rule any of these distant peoples; at one point, in his 37th year, he was obliged to build a large wall in an attempt to keep them out.[5]

سوسا

King Shulgi carnelian bead
(c. 2094–2047 BC)
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆤
𒎏𒀀𒉌
𒀭𒂄𒄀
𒍑𒆗𒂵
𒈗 𒋀𒀊𒆠𒈠
𒈗𒆠𒂗
𒄀𒆠𒌵𒆤
𒉆𒋾𒆷𒉌𒂠
𒀀𒈬𒈾𒊒
DNinlil.......................... "For Ninlil"BLANK ICON.png
NIN-a-ni....................... "his Lady,"
DSHUL-GI.................... "Shulgi"
NITAH KALAG ga........ "the mighty man"
LUGAL URIM KI ma..... "King of Ur"
LUGAL kien-................. "King of Sumer"
gi kiURIke..................... "and Akkad,"
nam-ti-la-ni-sze3........... "for his life"BLANK ICON.png
a mu-na-ru................... "dedicated (this)"
Carnelian bead, elongated (7 cm), Harappan style, provenance unknown. Bearing a cuneiform commemorative inscription of Shulgi, dedicating the bead to the goddess Ninlil: "To Ninlil, his Lady, Shulgi, mighty man, king of Ur, king of the lands of Sumer and Akkad, dedicated (this bead) for his (own) life". British Museum, BM 129493[16][17][18][19] This type of carnelian bead was probably imported from India.[20]

Shulgi is known to have made dedications at Susa, as foundation nails with his name, dedicated to god Inshushinak have been found there.[21] One of the votive foundation nails reads: "The god 'Lord of Susa,' his king, Shulgi, the mighty male, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, the..., his beloved temple, built.".[22][23][24] An etched carnelian bead, now located in the Louvre Museum (Sb 6627) and inscribed with a dedication by Shulgi was also found in Susa, the inscription reading: "Ningal, his mother, Shulgi, god of his land, King of Ur, King of the four world quarters, for his life dedicated (this)".[25][26][27]

The Ur III dynasty had held control over Susa since the demise of Puzur-Inshushinak, and they built numerous buildings and temples there. This control was continued by Shulgi as shown by his numerous dedications in the city-state.[28] He also engaged in marital alliances, by marrying his daughters to rulers of eastern territories, such as Anšan, Marhashi and Bashime.[28]

  • Votive tablet of Shulgi, excavated in Susa: "For the goddess Ninhursag of Susa, his Lady, Shulgi, the great man, King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, built her temple ". Louvre Museum, Sb 2884.[29][30]

    Votive tablet of Shulgi, excavated in Susa: "For the goddess Ninhursag of Susa, his Lady, Shulgi, the great man, King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, built her temple ". Louvre Museum, Sb 2884.[29][30]

  • Foundation nail dedicated by Shulgi to the Elamite god Inshushinak, found in Susa. Louvre Museum

    Foundation nail dedicated by Shulgi to the Elamite god Inshushinak, found in Susa. Louvre Museum

  • Carnelian bead with dedicatory inscription by Shulgi, found in Susa. Louvre Museum, Sb 6627

    Carnelian bead with dedicatory inscription by Shulgi, found in Susa. Louvre Museum, Sb 6627

العصرنة

Shulgi apparently led a major modernization of the Third Dynasty of Ur.[12] He improved communications, reorganized the army, reformed the writing system and weight and measures, unified the tax system and created a strong bureaucracy.[12] He also promulgated the law code known as the Code of Ur-Nammu after his father.[12]

أسماء الأعوام

One of the terracotta tablets listing the Year names of Shulgi, from year 6 (𒈬𒄊𒂗𒆤𒆠[𒋫...]: "The year the road from Nippur [was straightened]") to year 21a in this view, the other year names being inscribed on the back. A fragment is missing in this tablet (at the top), corresponding to the first five-year names and the last seven-year names of Shulgi.[31] This is an Old Babylonian copy (ca. 1900-1600 BC) of an Akkadian original.[31] Museum of the Ancient Orient, Istanbul.

There are extensive remains for the year names of Shulgi, which have been entirely reconstructed from year 1 to year 48. Some of the most important are:[32]

1. Year : Šulgi is king
2. Year: The foundations of the temple of Ningubalag were laid
6. Year: The king straightened out the Nippur road
7. Year: The king made a round trip between Ur and Nippur (in one day)
10. Year: The royal mountain-house (the palace) was built
18. Year: Liwirmittašu, the daughter of the king, was elevated to the queenship of Marhashi
21c. Year: Der was destroyed
24. Year: Karahar was destroyed
25. Year: Simurrum was destroyed
27. Year after: "Šulgi the strong man, the king of the four corners of the universe, destroyed Simurrum for the second time"
27b. Year: "Harszi was destroyed"
30. Year: The governor of Anšan took the king's daughter into marriage
31. Year: Karhar was destroyed for the second time
32. Year: Simurrum was destroyed for the third time
34. Year: Anshan was destroyed
37. Year: The wall of the land was built
42. Year: The king destroyed Šašrum
44. Year: Simurrum and Lullubum were destroyed for the ninth time
45. Year: Šulgi, the strong man, the king of Ur, the king of the four-quarters, smashed the heads of Urbilum, Simurrum, Lullubum and Karhar in a single campaign
46. Year: Šulgi, the strong man, the king of Ur, the king of the four-quarters, destroyed Kimaš, Hurti and their territories in a single day

— Main year names of Shulgi[33]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

زواجه بأميرة من ماري

Shulgi was a contemporary of the Shakkanakku rulers of Mari, particularly Apil-kin and Iddi-ilum.[34][35] An inscription mentions that Taram-Uram, the daughter of Apil-kin, became the "daughter-in-law" of Ur-Nammu, and therefore the Queen of king Shulgi.[36][37] In the inscription, she called herself "daughter-in-law of Ur-Nammu", and "daughter of Apil-kin, Lugal ("King") of Mari", suggesting for Apil-kin a position as a supreme ruler, and pointing to a marital alliance between Mari and Ur.[38][39]

لقى ونقوش

  • Lugal Urimkima/ Lugal Kiengi Kiuri 𒈗𒋀𒀊𒆠𒈠𒈗𒆠𒂗𒄀𒆠𒌵, "King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, on a votive tablet of Shulgi. The final ke4 𒆤 is the composite of -k (genitive case) and -e (ergative case).[40]

    Lugal Urimkima/ Lugal Kiengi Kiuri 𒈗𒋀𒀊𒆠𒈠𒈗𒆠𒂗𒄀𒆠𒌵, "King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, on a votive tablet of Shulgi. The final ke4 𒆤 is the composite of -k (genitive case) and -e (ergative case).[40]

  • Shulgi completed the great Ziggurat of Ur

    Shulgi completed the great Ziggurat of Ur

  • Earrings inscribed in the name of Shulgi.[41]

    Earrings inscribed in the name of Shulgi.[41]

  • Seal of Shulgi, with Gilgamesh fighting a winged monster: "To Shulgi, son of the king, Ur-dumuzi the scribe, his servant".[42]

    Seal of Shulgi, with Gilgamesh fighting a winged monster: "To Shulgi, son of the king, Ur-dumuzi the scribe, his servant".[42]

  • Seal of Shulgi, with worshipper and seated deity: "Shulgi, the mighty hero, King of Ur, king of the four regions, Ur-(Pasag?) the scribe, thy servant".[42]

    Seal of Shulgi, with worshipper and seated deity: "Shulgi, the mighty hero, King of Ur, king of the four regions, Ur-(Pasag?) the scribe, thy servant".[42]

  • Mace head in the name of Shulgi (inscription upside down). British Museum.

    Mace head in the name of Shulgi (inscription upside down). British Museum.

  • Duck-shaped official weight of 2 mina, reign of Shulgi, from Ur, Iraq. British Museum.

    Duck-shaped official weight of 2 mina, reign of Shulgi, from Ur, Iraq. British Museum.

  • A tablet from the period of Shulgi, mentioning the "Meluhha" village in Sumer. British Museum, BM 17751.[43] "Meluhha" (𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠) actually appears on the beginning of the other side (column II, 1) in the sentence "The granary of the village of Meluhha".[44][43]

    A tablet from the period of Shulgi, mentioning the "Meluhha" village in Sumer. British Museum, BM 17751.[43] "Meluhha" (𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠) actually appears on the beginning of the other side (column II, 1) in the sentence "The granary of the village of Meluhha".[44][43]

  • Weight of +1⁄2 mina (actual weight 248 gr.) dedicated by King Shulgi and bearing the emblem of the crescent moon: it was used in the temple of the Moon-God at Ur. Diorite, beginning of the 21st century BC (Ur III). Louvre Museum, Department of Oriental Antiquities, Richelieu, first floor, room 2, case 6

    Weight of +1⁄2 mina (actual weight 248 gr.) dedicated by King Shulgi and bearing the emblem of the crescent moon: it was used in the temple of the Moon-God at Ur. Diorite, beginning of the 21st century BC (Ur III). Louvre Museum, Department of Oriental Antiquities, Richelieu, first floor, room 2, case 6

  • Tablet of Shulgi, glorifies the king and his victories on the Lullubi people and mentions the modern-city of Erbil and the modern-district of Sulaymaniyah, Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq

    Tablet of Shulgi, glorifies the king and his victories on the Lullubi people and mentions the modern-city of Erbil and the modern-district of Sulaymaniyah, Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq

انظر أيضاً

  ع • ن • ت مشاهير حكام سومر
الملوك قبل الطوفان ألوليم • دوموزيد الراعي • زيوسودرا الأسرة الثالثة من كيش كوبابا
الأسرة الأولى من كيش Etana • Enmebaragesi الأسرة الثالثة من أوروك لوگل-زاگى-سي
الأسرة الأولى من أوروك إنمركار • لوگل‌باندا • دوموزيد الصياد • گلگامش أسرة أكاد سرگون • (إنحدوانا)†  • رموش • مانيش‌توشو •
نرم-سن • شر-كالي-شري • دودو • Shu-turul
الأسرة الأولى من أور مس‌قلم‌دق* • مش‌آنى‌پادا • پوابي*
الأسرة الثانية من أوروك Enshakushanna الأسرة الثانية من لگش پوزر-ماما • گوديا
الأسرة الأولى من لگش اور-نانشه • إياناتوم • إن-أنا-توم الأول • إن‌تمنا • أوروك‌أگينا الأسرة الخامسة من أوروك اوتو-حگل
أسرة أدب Lugal-Anne-Mundu الأسرة الثالثة من اور اور نـَمـّو • شولگي • أمار-سين • شو-سين • إبي-سين
* مس‌قلم‌دق وپوابي، بالرغم من أنهما لم يكونا حكاماً، فقد اشتهرا بسبب اللقى في مقبرتيهما.

† إنحدوانا، بالرغم من أنها لم تكن حاكمة، فقد كانت كاهنة اشتهرت بأناشيدها.

الهامش

  1. ^ Full transcription: "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  2. ^ "Nimintabba tablet". British Museum.
  3. ^ Enderwitz, Susanne; Sauer, Rebecca (2015). Communication and Materiality: Written and Unwritten Communication in Pre-Modern Societies (in الإنجليزية). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 28. ISBN 978-3-11-041300-7.
  4. ^ أ ب "(للإلهة) Nimintabba، سيدته، شولگي الرجل القوي، ملك أور، وملك سومر وأكد، her house, built." in Expedition (in الإنجليزية). University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. 1986. p. 30.
  5. ^ أ ب ت Hamblin, William J. Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. New York: Routledge, 2006.
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  10. ^ "The kings of Ur (CM 48)". Archived from the original on 10 May 2006.
  11. ^ "Chronicle of early kings (ABC 20)". Archived from the original on 28 February 2006.
  12. ^ أ ب ت ث ج خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة DTP132
  13. ^ See his History Begins at Sumer, Chapter 31, "Shulgi of Ur: The First Long-Distance Champion".
  14. ^ "I am the king of the four-quarters, I am a shepherd, the pastor of the "black-headed people"" in Liverani, Mario (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-134-75084-9.
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  16. ^ (RIME 3/2, p. 161-162)
  17. ^ "DINGIR.NIN.LILA / NIN-A-NI / DINGIR.SHUL.GI / NITA-KALAG.GA / LUGAL URI/ .KI-MA / LUGAL.KI.EN / GI KI-URI3.KI / NAM.TI.LA NI.SHE3/ A MU.NA.RU." Inscription Translation: "To Ninlil, his lady, Shulgi, mighty man, King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, has dedicated (this stone) for the sake of his life." "cylinder seal / bead". British Museum.
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وصلات خارجية

ألقاب ملكية
سبقه
Ur-Nammu 		King of Ur, Sumer and Akkad
ca. 21st century BCE 		تبعه
Amar-Sin

قالب:Rulers of Sumer

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