سيانيد الأمونيوم

Ammonium cyanide
Ammonium cyanide.png
Ammonium-cyanide-3D-vdW.png
المُعرِّفات
رقم CAS
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
UNII
الخصائص
الصيغة الجزيئية NH4CN
كتلة مولية 44.0559 g/mol
المظهر colourless crystalline solid
الكثافة 1.02 g/cm3
نقطة الغليان
قابلية الذوبان في الماء very soluble
قابلية الذوبان very soluble in alcohol
البنية
البنية البلورية cubic
مركبات ذا علاقة
Ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium azide
Ammonium nitrate
Sodium cyanide
Potassium cyanide
مركـّبات ذات علاقة
Ammonia
Hydrogen cyanide
ما لم يُذكر غير ذلك، البيانات المعطاة للمواد في حالاتهم العيارية (عند 25 °س [77 °ف]، 100 kPa).
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مراجع الجدول

سيانيد الأمونيوم Ammonium cyanide هو مركب غير عضوي، صيغته NH4CN.

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الاستخدامات

Ammonium cyanide is generally used in organic synthesis. Being unstable, it is not shipped or sold commercially.


التحضير

Ammonium cyanide is prepared in solution by bubbling hydrogen cyanide into aqueous ammonia at a low temperature

HCN + NH3 (aq) → NH4CN (aq)

It may be prepared by the reaction of calcium cyanide and ammonium carbonate:

Ca(CN)2 + (NH4)2CO3 → 2 NH4CN + CaCO3

In dry state, ammonium cyanide is made by heating a mixture of potassium cyanide or potassium ferrocyanide with ammonium chloride and condensing the vapours into ammonium cyanide crystals:

KCN + NH4Cl → NH4CN + KCl

التفاعلات

Ammonium cyanide decomposes to ammonia and hydrogen cyanide, often forming a black polymer of hydrogen cyanide:[1]

NH4CN → NH3 + HCN

It undergoes salt metathesis reaction in solution with a number of metal salts to form metal–cyanide complexes.

Reaction with ketones and aldehydes yield aminonitriles, as in the first step of the Strecker amino acid synthesis:

NH4CN + CH3COCH3 → (CH3)2C(NH2)CN + H2O

السمية

The solid or its solution is highly toxic. Ingestion can cause death. Exposure to the solid can be harmful as it decomposes to highly toxic hydrogen cyanide and ammonia.

التحليل الكيميائي

Ammonium cyanide may be analyzed by heating the salt and trapping the decomposed products: hydrogen cyanide and ammonia in water at low temperatures. The aqueous solution is analyzed for cyanide ion by silver nitrate titrimetric method or an ion-selective electrode method, and ammonia is measured by titration or electrode technique.

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Matthews, Clifford N (1991). "Hydrogen cyanide polymerization: A preferred cosmochemical pathway". Bioastronomy: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life—The Exploration Broadens. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 390. pp. 85–87. doi:10.1007/3-540-54752-5_195. ISBN 978-3-540-54752-5.

المراجع

  • A. F. Wells, Structural Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1984.