سبايس (قنبلة)

Spice
Spice bomb front.JPG
Close-up front view of a Spice-guided bomb
النوعGuided bomb
مكان الأصلIsrael
تاريخ الخدمة
في الخدمة2003
يستخدمهIsraeli Air Force
Indian Air Force
Hellenic Air Force
تاريخ الانتاج
الصانعRafael Advanced Defense Systems
المواصفات
الوزن453 kg, 907 kg, or 113 kg (1000, 2000, or 250 pounds)
الرأس الحربيMk. 83 or Mk. 84 warheads
الدقة3 m CEP
منصة
الإطلاق
F-15, F-16, Panavia Tornado, Gripen, Mirage 2000, Sukhoi-30 MKI, Tejas Mk2

The "SPICE" ("Smart, Precise Impact, Cost-Effective") is an Israeli-developed,[1] EO/GPS- guidance kit used for converting air-droppable unguided bombs into precision-guided bombs.[2]

The featured guidance system is a derivative of the respective system used in the "Popeye" (AGM-142 Have Nap) air-to-surface missile. The "Spice" family of guided bombs are a product of an Israeli company Rafael Advanced Defense Systems.[3] It achieved initial operational capability in 2003, in Israeli Air Force F-16 squadrons.

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Introduction

The "Spice" guided bomb features technology not typically seen in most EO-guided bombs, such as the GBU-15. It combines the advantages of satellite guidance (allowing it to engage camouflaged and hidden targets; to provide a "drop-and-forget" option for several such targets simultaneously, and to operate in all weather and lighting conditions), and those of electro-optical guidance (such as the ability to provide "man-in-the-loop" guidance for higher precision; the ability to engage relocatable targets; lower CEP than that of satellite-guided munitions; and independence from external information sources like satellites) into one bomb – reducing the number of munitions (and hence, payload) that an aircraft has to carry for a given strike mission, increasing its combat radius and maneuverability.[2] This multiple guidance methods selectability is especially useful in an "information warfare" battlefield, where an aircraft might approach a surface target while it is, for example, masked with smoke (in which case satellite guidance would be required) or moving around (in which case electro-optical guidance would be required).

The "Spice" kit can be fitted with up to 100 targets pre-flight that can be accessed and selected in-flight.

Since it has a total of 12 control surfaces in 3 groups (fore, mid-body and tail), the "Spice" has a glide range of about 60 kilometers. This allows a striking aircraft to release a bomb at a target without entering the threat envelope of most short- and medium-range air defense systems which offers it some protection. This is achieved while saving the higher costs associated with propelled munitions.


Operational history

On February 26, 2019, the Indian Air Force claims that its Mirage 2000s targeted an militant training camp near the town of Balakot in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan using SPICE 2000 munitions.[4][5][6] This claim by the Indian government was not confirmed by the international sources.[7][8][9][10]

During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, the Israeli Air Force used Spice bombs against Al-Sharouk Tower in Gaza. The attack destroyed two residential buildings, killing 6 Palestinian civilians and one Syrian.[11][بحاجة لمصدر][12]

Operation

An unguided bomb fitted with a Spice kit can contain up to 100 images of its potential targets.

The bomb is then loaded on a strike aircraft. In the pylon to which the bomb is attached, there is a data link between the aircraft's cockpit and the bomb.

As the aircraft flies in the air and approaches a target, either the weapon systems officer (WSO – the back seater in such aircraft as the F-15E Strike Eagle or F-16I Sufa) or pilot (in single-seat aircraft) can use the TV/IIR display in the cockpit to see the image the bomb sends to them. Once they have selected one of the preprogrammed targets or manually fed the bomb with a target (by feeding it with either an image or geographical coordinates to home on), the bomb is ready for release into a guided trajectory.

Once the bomb is released, it begins searching for its target to acquire it and home in on it. This can be done in several ways:

First, there is pure CCD or IIR (for low lighting conditions) image matching, when the guidance section uses algorithms to match the target image in its memory with the image provided by the seeker and align the center of the seeker's FOV with the desired image (a guidance method known as DSMAC).

Second, if the CCD\IIR seeker cannot acquire its target for any reason (such as visual obstructions), the bomb can automatically switch to GPS\INS guidance. This means that the bomb aspires to bring itself to the target's altitude at a known geographical location. The bomb receives data on its current location from GPS satellites, or from an inertial navigation system in the bomb itself, that has been fed, through the pylon datalink, with the dropping aircraft's coordinates a fraction of a second before the drop and can therefore calculate its coordinates from the dropping time and on.

Third, there is a manual "man-in-the-loop" guidance option, in which the WSO looks at a backseat TV display to see the seeker's view (sent to them through a RF command guidance datalink) and uses the backseat stick to control the bomb to the target. With a skilled WSO that has a "sensitive hand", this guidance method is potentially the most accurate one employed today for air-dropped munitions and has no measurable miss distance. Its main drawback is that it allows for only one bomb to be guided at a time.

Variants

  • Spice 1000. An add-on kit for 450 kg (1000 lb) warheads such as the MK-83, MPR1000, BLU-110, RAP-1000 and others. The weapon has deployable wings similar to the JSOW and the SDB that substantially increase its range to 100 km[13] and facilitate the integration to light fighter aircraft.
  • Spice 2000. An add-on kit for 900 kg (2000 lb) warheads such as the MK-84, BLU-109, RAP-2000 and others. This bombs were used by IAF's Mirage-2000 at Balakot in Pakistan.[14]
  • Spice 250. A 113 kg (249 lb) glide bomb designed as a complete system rather than an add-on kit, with a stand-off range of 54 nmi (100 km; 62 mi).[15]
  • Spice 250 ER. This new variant incorporates a micro-turbojet engine with an internal JP-8/10 fuel tank to deliver over the range of 150 km (81 nmi; 93 mi).[16][17]

Operators

Specifications

Spice-1000

See also

References

  1. ^ "Lockheed Martin, Rafael to market SPICE air-to-surface guidance kits". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  2. ^ أ ب "Lockheed Martin, Rafael sign understanding to market SPICE missile kits". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  3. ^ www.rafael.co.il https://www.rafael.co.il/spice-family/. Retrieved 2022-12-20. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ^ "'Get ready for our surprise': Pakistan warns India it will respond to airstrikes". the Guardian (in الإنجليزية). 2019-02-27. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  5. ^ "Pakistan to release Indian pilot captured in Kashmir attacks". the Guardian (in الإنجليزية). 2019-02-28. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  6. ^ "Pakistan says it has shot down Indian jets after Kashmir cross-border attack". the Guardian (in الإنجليزية). 2019-02-27. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  7. ^ "Robert Fisk: Israel is playing a big role in India's escalating conflict with Pakistan". The Independent (in الإنجليزية). 2019-02-28. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
  8. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Kumar, Hari; Yasir, Sameer (2019-03-02). "Deadly Shelling Erupts in Kashmir Between India and Pakistan After Pilot Is Freed". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
  9. ^ Gross, Judah Ari (February 26, 2019). "India used Israeli arms for strike inside Pakistan — report". The Times of Israel. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  10. ^ Snehesh Alex Philip (February 26, 2019). "IAF's Balakot strike lasted 21 mins, used 1,000 kg Israeli bombs fed with GPS coordinates". The Print.
  11. ^ "Brave Cameraman Unfazed By 500 Kmph Israeli Rockets Destroying Two Buildings Near Him". India Times. 14 May 2021. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021.
  12. ^ "Isreal's Bombardment Of Gaza".
  13. ^ ArmedForcesUpdate (17 November 2014). "Israeli Air force NASTY SURPRISE for Iran military" – via YouTube.قالب:Dead Youtube links
  14. ^ "Why Israel's Rafael defense system wants IAF to acquire the Spice 250 missiles". WION (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  15. ^ Israel to field lightweight Spice 250 bombs - Flightglobal.com, 24 May 2013
  16. ^ Update: Rafael unveils SPICE 250 ER development - janes.com, 03 February 2021
  17. ^ Rafael Unveils Turbojet-powered Spice Weapon. Aviation International News. 4 February 2021.
  18. ^ Israel’s F-35s will Carry the Spice 1000 Guided Weapons - defense-update.com, 11 Feb 2014

External links

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