بالاكوت
بالاكوت
بالاکوٹ Balakot | |
|---|---|
 | |
  بالاكوت | |
| الإحداثيات: 34°32′N 73°21′E / 34.54°N 73.35°E | |
| البلد |  پاكستان |
| الإقليم | خيبر پختونخوا |
| الضلع | ضلع مانسهرة |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC+5 (PST) |
| عدد البلدات | 1 |
| عدد المجالس الاتحادية | 12 |
بالاكوت (أردو: بالاکوٹ ؛ Balakot) هي بلدة في ضلع مانسهرة في إقليم خيبر پختونخوا في پاكستان. The town was destroyed during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, but was later rebuilt with the assistance of the Government of Pakistan and Saudi Public Assistance for Pakistan Earthquake Victims (SPAPEV),[1] a Saudi relief organisation.
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الجغرافيا
Balakot is located on the right bank of the Kunhar River. It is almost at two third of the length of river from it its origin at Lake Dharam Sar deep in the Kaghan Valley, before it confluence with Jehlum River.
The lower area below Balakot, sometimes referred to as Nainsukh Valley, is temperate while Kaghan Valley above Balakot City is cold enough to turn the whole area to freezing in the winter. Kaghan valley is a pleasant summer destination. Its upper part from Naran upstream lacks the monsoon but the lower part get it well and so is forested.
Balakot is now expanding city and centre among distant northern parts of Pakistan. Smaller hamlets are located in the terraced mountains around it.
المناخ
Balakot has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall in Balakot is much higher than in most other parts of Pakistan. The heaviest rainfall occurs either in late winter (February–March) associated with frontal systems, or in the monsoon season (June–August); however, all months see significant rainfall on average.
| Climate data for بالاكوت | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 24.4 (75.9) |
25.2 (77.4) |
31.1 (88.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
43.3 (109.9) |
42.1 (107.8) |
41.2 (106.2) |
39.7 (103.5) |
35.2 (95.4) |
33.9 (93.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
24.7 (76.5) |
43.3 (109.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) |
15.2 (59.4) |
19.3 (66.7) |
25.9 (78.6) |
31.3 (88.3) |
35.5 (95.9) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.2 (88.2) |
31.0 (87.8) |
27.4 (81.3) |
22.2 (72.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
25.1 (77.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.1 (46.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
19.3 (66.7) |
24.3 (75.7) |
28.1 (82.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
25.9 (78.6) |
24.0 (75.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
14.2 (57.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
18.5 (65.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.2 (36.0) |
3.8 (38.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
17.4 (63.3) |
20.7 (69.3) |
21.2 (70.2) |
20.6 (69.1) |
17.1 (62.8) |
11.3 (52.3) |
6.1 (43.0) |
3.1 (37.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −3 (27) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−1 (30) |
3.9 (39.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
10.0 (50.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
5.2 (41.4) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
−3 (27) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 105.4 (4.15) |
156.1 (6.15) |
195.9 (7.71) |
122.5 (4.82) |
80.5 (3.17) |
107.3 (4.22) |
384.3 (15.13) |
311.4 (12.26) |
100.8 (3.97) |
48.9 (1.93) |
44.0 (1.73) |
87.5 (3.44) |
1٬744٫6 (68.68) |
| Source: NOAA (1971-1990) [2] | |||||||||||||
الإدارة
Balakot is one of the main cities of Mansehra District. It serves as the chief city of Balakot Tehsil, which is the largest Tehsil of Mansehra District. It has also a Union Council and administers the many surrounding smaller towns and villages.[3]
التاريخ
التاريخ المبكر
The known history of the city is not well recorded before the British Period. Archaeologists from Hazara University, however, have found terracotta remains and terracotta figurines from distant points in the high altitudes around the area.[4] They might shed light on earlier inhabitants of the area.
Old graveyards also suggest the linkages toward pre-Muslim occupants who later converted to Islam.[5]
سلطنة المغل
Mughals ultimately had this place under their control and there is a local tradition of Mughal Queen, Nur Jahan, while on the way to Kashmir, used the route below Balakot near Garhi Habibullah Khan.
السيخ
The historical records give a detailed account of the Tehreek-ul-Mujahideen from Raebareli under the Syed Ahmad Barelvi and Shah Ismail. They were accompanied by many followers who believe Syed Ahmad to be a Khalifah, i.e. Caliph, from Raebareli and some local followers of Swati and Syed clans. Balakot was a refuge to them after being ousted from Swabi and Amb State. The Sikhs, under the banner of Lahore Durbar fought the defining battle against this movement and killed every one in general. However, there are local tradition of revering different sites in the hills, by making small stone enclosure,where the blood of the wounded Mujahideen was supposedly spelled. They name it as, 'Shaheed'. For the sake of this event, Balakot City is sometime also referred to as, Shuhada ki Sarzameen, i.e. The Land of Martyrs. Sikh Army tried to penetrate from the Garhi Habibullah (15 km downstream) with armies from Kashmir but were put to hold till the reinforcement arrived from Lahore via Timri near Shinkiari. On a little mound in the north of the city, by the Rou Nala, the Battle of Balakot was fought on May 6, 1831. Sikhs became victorious and all the Mujahideens including Syed Ahmad and Shah Ismail were killed.[6]
Mahtab Singh, a writer of the history of Hazara to the wish of James Abbot, writes that Sikhs, to stop the movement to continue any further, reopened the grave of Syed Ahmad and set the body into the Kunhar Rive[7]r. It may possibaly be right as in Talhatta 10 km down stream another grave is also dedicated to him. Local tradition also support that it is the head buried here.
It was a brutal and fearsome rule which ended after James Abbot's coming in Hazara and things changed after he incited local chiefdom against Sikhs in his own bid. There have been many skirmishes between locals and Shiks forces. One famous event happened in 1844 when Gulab Singh, Maharaja of Kashmir sent a campaign to Chilas under Diwan Ibrahim, which was effectively destroyed by local populations in Kaghan Valley at Diwan Bela, named after him.
الحكم البريطاني
After James Abbot coming to the region in early 1840s, Sikhs were kept in check in upper Hazara. And he was able to wage war on Sikhs with this local support in Haripur. It was brutal rule of Sikhs which made him lead local chiefs and their forces. He sat in Balakot and distributed the land to the people in a summary settlement.[8]
During the War of Independence 1857, no local chief is reported to have revolted. It is rather the other side of the history that local chiefs helped British Army to bring down mutineers of Hoti Garrission, Mardan. 55th Native Infantry mutineers were trying to seek refuge in Kashmir State, however they were only able to cross Indus in Kohistan and went up the hilly route and caught near Lake Dudipatsar by local forces of the Kaghan chiefs, Kohistanis and Gujjars. The whole gorge is now known as Purbi Nar means the gorge of Eastern People i.e. people from Bengal. Few escaped and captured by Kashmir State and then handed over to British Army for execution.[8]
Rest of the British Period gone well and many remains of British Period structures can be seen. Examples are Dakbungalows at Burawai (now ruined PWD Rest House), Lalazar, Battakundi, Naran (now WAPDA Rest House), Kamal Ban, Sharan, Shogran, Balakot can be seen. There are number of bridges also found.
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الاستقلال 1947
Oral tradition says that there were many Hindu and Sikh inhabitants, most of whom were Khatris who decided to leave for India after partition. No reports of any riots emerged out of the time. However, the parties were launched to put the Kashmir State Army on hold along current Line of Control from all the villages around Balakot.
زلزال 2005
The town was completely destroyed in a destructive earthquake on 8 October 2005. The fault almost passes through the main bazaar of Balakot. It follows the hilly area to the north up to Allai and leads to the Bagh in Azad Jammu & Kashmir from the villages of Balakot like Kanshian and Jabri Kaleesh. This fault line - the Balakot-Bagh fault - is said to be the source of the Kashmir earthquake.[9] The estimated death toll from the Balakot town and the districts in the affected Kashmir area was put at 73,000 with some sources claiming the number is over 80,000.[10] The hillside town of Balakot, comprising 12 union councils with a population of 30,000 people, was completely destroyed by the earthquake on 8 October 2005. Over 90 per cent of the houses were reduced to muddy smears. The survivors will be relocated to the New Balakot City, currently being developed near Mansehra.
The United Arab Emirates volunteered to rebuild this town into an improved one with housing colonies, schools, hospitals, and other civic facilities. However the Pakistan government has announced that the city will be relocated[11] about 20 km away at a safer spot with more earthquake-proof buildings (see section below).
مدينة بالاكوت الجديدة
After the earthquake, it was discovered that the city was built on geological fault lines and the government recommended moving the residents 15 miles away to Bakarial. Many residents, however, were reluctant to leave and vowed to rebuild the town.[12] The new site was decided to be renamed to "New Balakot City" and the original town of Balakot to be preserved as "national heritage".[13]
In 2011, it was reported that many residents of Balakot had been rebuilding their homes and businesses in the town, despite a government ban.[14]
A decade after the earthquake, the New Balakot City was still being constructed and many residents still lived in temporary earthquake-resistant shelters.[15] Amid the locals' discontent, the Pakistani government cited the problem of acquiring the land at Bakrayal as a reason for the delay due to a dispute between the national and provincial government as well as the landowners.[15] There are observers who also note that political patronage diverted aid away from those who need it.[10] There are those who started rebuilding their houses in the old city. By 2006, construction of New Balakot City resumed.[16]
معسكرات تدريب الإرهابيين
The WikiLeaks had leaked several documents in which it had indicated that Balakot has had several terror training camps where Jihadis are trained to conduct terrorist strikes in US and other countries.[17] One of the documents state -
Detainee has admitted to volunteering to fight Jihad against the US and its allies, remaining after the events of September 1lth to continue to fight, and receiving training from the JEM. Detainee received training in Balakot, PK, a location known to house a training camp that offers both basic and advanced terrorist training on explosives and artillery. Detainee is a probable member of the JEM and as such, if released would likely gravitate back to that Islamic extremist group. The JEM espouses Jihad against the US and is directly supported by Al-Qaida.[17]
ضربات سلاح الجو الهندي 2019
The region is notorious for having several terror training camps.[18][19] The Jaish-e-Mohammed terrorist group used to operate from the region.[20] According to a report published by Asian News International (ANI), the Indian Air Force (IAF) conducted a strike on terror camps allegedly located in Balakot on the early morning hours of February 26, 2019. Twelve Mirage 2000 jets carrying over 1000 kilograms of bombs were reportedly used for the attack.[21] This was apparently done in response to the attack on CRPF (Indian Reserved Forces) in Pulwama, India on 14th February 2019 in which over 44 CRPF personnel were killed.[22]
India's foreign secretary Vijay Gokhale stated that the IAF had conducted strikes against a Jaish-e-Mohammad training camp, in retaliation for the 2019 Pulwama attack which he said was orchestrated by the group. He claimed that the strikes were motivated by a "lack of Pakistani action on terrorism" combined with "imminent danger" from terrorists. He claimed that the strike resulted in large casualties for Jaish-e-Mohammad, and that the target was chosen to minimize damage to civilians following intelligence reports.[23] Earlier, the spokesperson of the Indian Defense Ministry said that he had no information about Pakistani allegations of airspace violations.[24]
The efficacy of this attack has been contested by Pakistan. According to official sources, the quick scrambling of Pakistani Air Force (PAF) jets resulted in the Indian aircraft retreating across the Line of Control,[25] in the process releasing their payloads. According to these sources, this included a fuel dump in free fall in an open area resulting in no casualties or damage.[26]
الأعراق
The areas includes diverse population groups of Hindko-speakers and Gujari-speaking Gujjars and Pashtuns. The main city area of Balakot is inhibited by Gujjar, Awan, Swati, Syed, Turk, Mughal and Hanki tribes.
Gallery
Balakot valley
Balakot in spring
Kunhar river near Balakot during July
المراجع
- ^ Saudi Public Assistance for Pakistan Earthquake Victims
- ^ "Balakot Climate Normals 1971-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
- ^ Tehsils & Unions in the District of Mansehra Archived 18 يوليو 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Index of /culture/documents/publications". unesco.org.pk. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
- ^ Ali1, Shah2, Hameed3,Ashfaq4, Muhammad5 (2011). "Archaeological Explorations in Balakot, District Mansehra, 2006-07: A Preliminary Report" (PDF). Pakistan Heritage. 3: 149–160.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/balakot-deserves-a-bollywood-encore/articleshow/68173459.cms
- ^ Panni, Sherbahadur Khan. Tareekh-i-Hazara. Lahore.
- ^ أ ب Watson, H.D. (1908). Gazetteer Of The Hazara District, 1907 (PDF). London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 160–161.
- ^ "Learning from Earthquakes: The Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005: Impacts in Pakistan" (PDF). EERI. February 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ أ ب "The Balakot Earthquake: Ten years on - OpenLearn - Open University". www.open.edu (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2018-06-19.
- ^ Over 80% of the building collapsed and several schools where most of the students were buried alive.BBC NEWS – Pakistan to move quake-hit town
- ^ Quake-Stricken Town Is to Move, Saddening Survivors, New York Times
- ^ New Balakot City: an unfulfilled promise to earthquake survivors
- ^ Ban on reconstruction violated in Balakot, The Dawn
- ^ أ ب "Broken city, broken promises in Kashmir". BBC News (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 2015-10-08. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
- ^ Sadaqat, Muhammad (2016-01-28). "New Balakot project: Construction of Bakriyal city to resume in a week - The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2018-06-19.
- ^ أ ب "DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Joint task force report leaked by WikiLeaks" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ "India destroys JeM terror camps: Where exactly is Balakot?". businesstoday. 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
- ^ VanSickle, Abbie (19 November 2016). "Small-Town "Terrorists" : The Infamous Post-9/11 California "Sleeper Cell" Case Continues to Unravel".
- ^ "Treasury Targets Pakistan-Based Terrorist Organizations Lashkar-E Tayyiba and Jaish-E Mohammed". www.treasury.gov.
- ^ "IAF Sources: 12 Mirage 2000 jets took part in the operation that dropped 1000 Kg bombs on terror camps across LOC, completely destroying itpic.twitter.com/BP3kIrboku". 25 February 2019.
- ^ ""India claims airstrikes on Pakistan 'terror camps' across disputed Kashmir border"". The Guardian. Retrieved Feb 26, 2019.
- ^ "Full statement of Foreign Secretary Vijay Gokhale on air strikes on JeM's largest training camp in Balakot". Mumbai Mirror (in الإنجليزية). 26 February 2019.
- ^ "Indian defense ministry says no information about air violations..." Reuters (in الإنجليزية). 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
- ^ Ghafoor, Maj Gen Asif (25 February 2019). "Indian aircrafts intruded from Muzafarabad sector. Facing timely and effective response from Pakistan Air Force released payload in haste while escaping which fell near Balakot. No casualties or damage". @OfficialDGISPR (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 26 February 2019.
- ^ "Pakistan releases pictures of Indian Air Force payload". www.thenews.com.pk (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 26 February 2019.
وصلات خارجية
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- CS1 الإنجليزية الأمريكية-language sources (en-us)
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- زلزال كشمير 2005
- Union councils of Mansehra District
- أماكن مأهولة في ضلع مانسهرة
- Cities destroyed by earthquakes